Impact of head and neck cancer on partner's sociability.

INTRODUCTION: "Sociability" is defined as the range of experiences linking the subject to others. This is the first study to focus specifically on the impact of head and neck cancer on the sociability of patients' partners. METHOD: Data were collected via a dedicated questionnaire sent to patients' partners. The main endpoint was partner's self-assessment of the impact of the patient's disease on the partner's everyday life. The impact on sociability was analyzed with respect to: the circle of friends (friendship environment), unknown environment, known outside environment, necessary environment, and solitary activities. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy partners responded. Their everyday activities were impacted by the patient's disease in 71.5% of cases. The friendship environment was badly affected in 46.4% of cases. The unknown environment was affected in 44.0% of cases. Social practices related to the known outside environment were affected in 67.8% of cases, and the necessary environment in 26.0%; the number of solitary activities increased in 35.6% of cases. Social impact on patients' partners was thus considerable.

Osteoblastoma of the maxillary sinus in a child presenting with exophthalmos.

INTRODUCTION: Benign osteoblastoma is a rare fibrous bone tumour observed in children. Very few cases involving the paranasal sinuses have been reported. SUMMARY: A 10-year-old child presented with a 1-month history of right exophthalmos. Clinical and radiological assessment demonstrated a heterogeneous tumour with bone components occupying all of the maxillary sinus. Initial histology was in favour of fibrous dysplasia. Surgery was performed via a combined approach. After review of the histology slides, the final diagnosis was that of osteoblastoma. In view of the procedure performed and after consultation, no complementary treatment was proposed. A recurrence was observed 8months later. Right maxillectomy associated with total ethmoidectomy via a combined approach was performed to ensure complete resection of the tumour. A favourable course without recurrence was observed with a follow-up of 5 years. DISCUSSION: Osteoblastoma of the maxillary sinus is rare. CT assessment must be as precise as possible to avoid confusion with another tumour. The diagnosis can only be confirmed by histological examination. This case report is completed by a review of the literature with description of the main differential diagnoses.

Laryngeal preservation in ENT oncology. Retrospective series of 246 patients managed in the Caen University Hospital and François Baclesse Cancer Care Center between 1998 and 2008.

OBJECTIVES: A 10-year retrospective study investigated factors for survival and laryngeal preservation in advanced laryngeal, hypopharyngeal or epilaryngeal neoplasia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two hundred and forty-six patients with advanced cancer of the larynx (17.48%), hypopharynx (48.78%) or epilarynx (33.74%) undergoing primary organ-sparing treatment were included from 1998 to 2008. Treatment comprised chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy for 92.68% of patients, isolated radiation therapy for 1.6% and concomitant or sequential radiation-chemotherapy for 5.7%. General health status, history and tumor status were recorded. Factors influencing survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test and Cox models. RESULTS: Median overall survival of the population was 2.3 years and median laryngeal preservation 0.99 years in male patients and 2 years in female patients. Survival correlated significantly with body mass index (BMI; P=0.0004), WHO performance status (P=0.0064), alcohol consumption (P=0.0004) and cessation (P<0.0001) and also T stage (P=0.0038), initial laryngeal mobility (P=0.0002) and post-chemotherapy assessment (P<0.0001). Survival with functional larynx correlated with baseline BMI at first consultation (P=0.016), baseline WHO grade (P=0.0005), laryngeal mobility (P<0.0001), T staging (P=0.0009), and T and/or N chemotherapy response to a classical organ preservation protocol (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Over and above established criteria, the present study highlighted the importance of general health and nutritional status during treatment.

French Society of ENT (SFORL) guidelines for care pathway organization in head and neck oncology (short version). Early management of head and neck cancer.

Early management in oncology is based on coordination and high-quality exchange between the various health-care partners. The present guidelines are based on a literature search with levels of evidence. Treatment waiting time can be optimized by performing assessment as early as possible (Expert opinion), to limit the interval (ideally, less than 4 weeks) between first consultation and data collection. In the first specialist consultation, diagnostic work-up should be scheduled and the data required for management should be determined (Grade B). Work-up may be conducted on a day-care basis or with conventional admission (Expert opinion). The patient's medico-social context should be taken into account from the outset, with social work involvement whenever necessary (Expert opinion). Pain and nutritional management should be planned for (Grade A) and realistic therapeutic education be provided (Expert opinion). Community-hospital teamwork for supportive care should be optimized (Expert opinion). Management should be early and multidisciplinary, to shorten delay between diagnosis and treatment initiation.

Guidelines (short version) of the French Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Society (SFORL) on patient pathway organization in ENT: The therapeutic decision-making process.

OBJECTIVES: The authors present the guidelines of the French Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Society (SFORL) for patient pathway organization in head and neck cancer, and in particular for multidisciplinary team meetings. The present article concerns the therapeutic decision-making process. METHODS: A multidisciplinary work group was entrusted with a review of the scientific literature on the above topic. Guidelines were drawn up, based on the articles retrieved and the group members' individual experience. They were then read over by an editorial group independent of the work group. The final version was established in a coordination meeting. The guidelines were graded as A, B, C or expert opinion, by decreasing level of evidence. RESULTS: It is recommended that: an organ specialist should contribute to all multidisciplinary meetings on head and neck cancer; all members of the multidisciplinary meeting should have specific knowledge in head and neck cancer; any referring physician who does not follow the multidisciplinary meeting's advice should justify that decision; there should be sufficient time to prepare, discuss and sum up the cases dealt with in the multidisciplinary team meeting.

[Isolated ST segment depression from V2 to V4 leads, an early electrocardiographic sign of posterior myocardial infarction]. / Le sous-décalage isolé du segment ST de V2 à V4, un signe électrocardiographique précoce d'infarctus du myocarde postérieur.

ST segment depression in leads V2 to V4 in a clinical and biochemical context of myocardial infarction is usually interpreted as a sign of non-Q wave anterior walls infarction. In order to determine if this clinical electric entity could indicate transmural posterior or posterolateral infarction, as recently suggested, we undertook a prospective study of 328 primary myocardial infarctions. Isolated ST depression in leads V2 to V4 was observed in 28 patients (8.5%). It was maximal in V3 (1.8 +/- 0.7 mm) or V4 (2 +/- 1 mm). The T wave was always positive. All these case had segmental wall motion abnormalities of the left ventricular posterolateral wall on 2D echocardiography. The Q wave confirming the transmural character of the infarct was observed in leads V7, V8 and V9 on average 33 hours after the onset of pain (10-56 hours) as did the increase in the R/S ratio in leads V1 and V2. Coronary angiography performed in 26 patients showed significant disease of the left circumflex artery in all cases. This was isolated (39%) or associated with left anterior descending (15%), right coronary artery disease (19%) or both (27%). In conclusion, isolated ST segment depression in leads V2-V4 in the clinical context of acute myocardial infarction indicates a transmural posterior localisation of the necrosis. It corresponds to reciprocal subepicardial posterior ischaemia. In cases of inferior infarction, it reflects postero-lateral extension rather than associated anterior wall ischemia.

Principles of disaster management. Lesson 7: Management leadership styles and methods.

This lesson explores the use of different management leadership styles and methods that are applied to disaster management situations. Leadership and command are differentiated. Mechanisms that can be used to influence others developed include: 1) coercion; 2) reward; 3) position; 4) knowledge; and 5) admiration. Factors that affect leadership include: 1) individual characteristics; 2) competence; 3) experience; 4) self-confidence; 5) judgment; 6) decision-making; and 8) style. Experience and understanding the task are important factors for leadership. Four styles of leadership are developed: 1) directive; 2) supportive; 3) participative; and 4) achievement oriented. Application of each of these styles is discussed. The styles are discussed further as they relate to the various stages of a disaster. The effects of interpersonal relationships and the effects of the environment are stressed. Lastly, leadership does not just happen because a person is appointed as a manager--it must be earned.

Fred C. Cuny Memorial Continuing Education Series. Lesson 10: group dynamics in disasters: managing work groups.

Groups are assigned or formed to perform tasks that one person cannot accomplish alone. This lesson describes the classification of work groups, group unity, leadership, motivation, recognition, conflict resolution, and remediation associated with managing groups and their activities. Advantages associated with group process include 1) the generation of better ideas, 2) ability to assume greater risks; make fewer errors; 3) the capacity for greater knowledge and 4) information, and for some problems, production of better decisions. Groups may be formal or informal. Formal groups may be organic, task-directed, or committees. Informal groups arise when it becomes obvious that a group will work better or may be formed by a discipline within the organization or through friendships. The size of the group its status within the organization, the goals established, and the dependence of the members on the group all may affect the cohesiveness of the group. Leadership of the group must keep the group focused on the objectives and enhancement of the efficiency of its operation and the quality of the decisions made by the group. Motivation of a group often is more difficult than is that for individuals and generally positive inducements work better than do negative measures such as coercion and reprimands. Roles are often informal and conferred by the group collectively. Often norms are established within groups that help the group deal with conflict. Inadequate performance within a formal group may require changes in the leadership, removal of a member or clique within the group, reduction of group size, and/or dissolution of the group. Understanding the dynamics of groups is an essential skill required of good managers.

Principles of disaster management. Lesson 13. Organizational development.

Change in any organization is difficult. Relief organizations constantly are evolving and changing form to adapt to different needs, demands, and environment. As the phases of a disaster evolve, adjustments must be made by relief organizations to meet the changing needs. The sequential processes used to manage change include recognition and diagnosis of the problem, identification of alternatives, recognition of limiting conditions, selection of a strategy for change, and implementing and monitoring the change. The techniques used to effect change may be classified as structural, management, or technological. Changes can occur in division of labor, content of the work, relationships with other workers, supervisory and/or technical skills, operations, and decision-making hierarchy. Approaches can be mandated from the top, worked out jointly by management and personnel, or implemented by the affected personnel. Implementation of changes has two dimensions: timing and scope. Whenever changes are implemented, the impact of the changes must be monitored and the effects compared with what was expected.

Principles of disaster management. Lesson 14. Criteria for assessing a program.

This lesson examines mechanisms that can be used for the evaluation of a program or project. The principal concern raised is whether the project has met its stated goals and objectives and whether the project has resulted in producing benefits to the affected society. Short-term (immediate) and long-term (developmental) contributions are discussed. The importance of projects contributing to increasing the absorbing capacity of the affected community for the next event is stressed. Twelve problems commonly encountered in program execution are defined. Optimal management attempts to identify potential pitfalls in advance, designing and implementing mechanisms to avoid them, and to deal with them if they should become manifest. Simply meeting the goals and objectives of the sponsoring organization is inadequate, as all responses must be coordinated and approved by the national coordinating agency. Thus, not only is the effectiveness of the project in meeting the defined goals and objectives important, but the project must be assessed in terms of the overall impact of the project on the society. Reference is made to using the structure provided by the Health Disaster Management: Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style as promulgated by the Task Force on Quality Control of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine and the Nordic Society of Disaster Medicine.

Principles of disaster management. Lesson 2: Program planning.

Many of the problems that develop in disaster management can be avoided with good program planning. Assessment following a disaster is essential. Needs assessment is essential in the early phases of a disaster and situation assessments become more important as the disaster process continues. Both are dynamic and continuous processes. Program planning requires setting policies, goals, and objectives with the end result of selection of strategies to accomplish the mission. Implementation of the strategies requires identification of funding sources, allocation of the resources, development management, and monitoring of the progress. Together, these elements should result in a balanced and successful program.

Principles of disaster management lesson 11: personnel evaluation.

A disaster manager must be able to evaluate staff members in order to make effective staffing decisions during the transitions between phases of a disaster and to help improve the performance of the operation by determining what aspects of an individual's work needs improvement. Criteria for personnel appraisal and measures of performance, objective or subjective, are essential to conduct a fair and thorough evaluation. Errors introduce bias into the appraisal in the form of a "halo" effect, harsh or lenient ratings, a central tendency error, or recency effect, but recognition of these errors helps reduce their effect. A results-based appraisal program is favored because it focuses on what the worker achieves. Regular appraisal periods are suggested for optimal improvement in performance. Suggestions are given for an effective personnel appraisal, such as focusing on positive work performance, being aware of biases in judging people, and being specific when citing examples of work performance.

Principles of disaster management lesson. 12: structuring organizations.

This lesson discusses various structures for organizations that have functional roles in disaster responses, relief, and/or management activities. It distinguishes between pyramidal and matrix structures, and notes the advantages and disadvantages of each in relation to disasters. Span of control issues are dissected including the impact of the "P" factor on the performance of disaster managers and workers including its relationship to the coordination and control function. The development of a Table of Organization and how it relates to departmentalization within an organization also is provided.

Fred C. Cuny Memorial Continuing Education series: principles of disaster management. Lesson 6: Personnel and personnel management.

Relief operations require capable responsible staff. This lesson discusses the types of staff and workers required. It stresses the importance of employing locals and refugees in filling many of these positions, and examines the role of volunteers, paid personnel, and expatriates and the issues involved.

Exclusive radiotherapy for stage T1-T2N0M0 lanryngeal cancer: retrospective study of 59 patients at CFB and CHU de Caen.

OBJECTIVE: Study of patients with stage T1N0M0 or T2N0M0 glottic cancer treated by exclusive radiotherapy and comparison of the survival and functional results of this series with those of the literature. METHOD: Retrospective study of stage T1N0M0 or T2N0M0 glottic cancers diagnosed between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2010 and treated by exclusive radiotherapy. Evaluation of survival, recurrence and larynx preservation rates. STUDY CENTRES: CLCC François-Baclesse and CHU de Caen. PATIENTS: Fifty-nine patients (53 men and sixwomen) treated for glottic cancer (57 squamous cell carcinomas, two verrucous carcinomas) comprising 51 T1N0M0 and eight T2N0M0 tumours. Treatment with exclusive radiotherapy (mean dose of 70 Grays limited to the thyroid cartilage for 57 patients, with lymph node irradiation for two patients). RESULTS: In this series, five (9.8%) patients with stage T1N0M0 glottic cancer and three patients (37.5%) with stage T2N0M0 glottic cancer relapsed, corresponding to a global recurrence rate of 13.6%. Three of the eight recurrences involved lymph nodes exclusively (N), two patients relapsed exclusively at the primary tumour site (T) and three patients presented local and lymph node recurrence (T and N). Treatment consisted of salvage total laryngectomy with bilateral cervical lymph node dissection in three cases, bilateral cervical lymph node dissection and sensitized radiotherapy in two cases, exclusive chemotherapy in one case, cervical lymph node dissection and cervical radiotherapy in one case. The last patient with recurrence died prior to salvage therapy. The larynx preservation rate was 94.9%. CONCLUSION: In comparison with the literature, treatment of stage T1-T2N0M0 glottic cancer by exclusive radiotherapy gives very good results, with a larynx preservation rate of 95%.