RESUMO
Trithorax-related H3K4 methyltransferases, KMT2C and KMT2D, are critical epigenetic modifiers. Haploinsufficiency of KMT2C was only recently recognized as a cause of neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD), so the clinical and molecular spectrums of the KMT2C-related NDD (now designated as Kleefstra syndrome 2) are largely unknown. We ascertained 98 individuals with rare KMT2C variants, including 75 with protein-truncating variants (PTVs). Notably, â¼15% of KMT2C PTVs were inherited. Although the most highly expressed KMT2C transcript consists of only the last four exons, pathogenic PTVs were found in almost all the exons of this large gene. KMT2C variant interpretation can be challenging due to segmental duplications and clonal hematopoesis-induced artifacts. Using samples from 27 affected individuals, divided into discovery and validation cohorts, we generated a moderate strength disorder-specific KMT2C DNA methylation (DNAm) signature and demonstrate its utility in classifying non-truncating variants. Based on 81 individuals with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants, we demonstrate that the KMT2C-related NDD is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral and psychiatric problems, hypotonia, seizures, short stature, and other comorbidities. The facial module of PhenoScore, applied to photographs of 34 affected individuals, reveals that the KMT2C-related facial gestalt is significantly different from the general NDD population. Finally, using PhenoScore and DNAm signatures, we demonstrate that the KMT2C-related NDD is clinically and epigenetically distinct from Kleefstra and Kabuki syndromes. Overall, we define the clinical features, molecular spectrum, and DNAm signature of the KMT2C-related NDD and demonstrate they are distinct from Kleefstra and Kabuki syndromes highlighting the need to rename this condition.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 9 , Anormalidades Craniofaciais , Metilação de DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Face , Doenças Hematológicas , Deficiência Intelectual , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento , Doenças Vestibulares , Humanos , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Doenças Vestibulares/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Face/anormalidades , Face/patologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Masculino , Feminino , Doenças Hematológicas/genética , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/genética , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 9/genética , Criança , Metilação de DNA/genética , Pré-Escolar , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Adolescente , Hipertricose/genética , Mutação , Insuficiência de Crescimento/genética , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Cardiopatias CongênitasRESUMO
Recently, others and we identified de novo FBXO11 (F-Box only protein 11) variants as causative for a variable neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). We now assembled clinical and mutational information on 23 additional individuals. The phenotypic spectrum remains highly variable, with developmental delay and/or intellectual disability as the core feature and behavioral anomalies, hypotonia and various facial dysmorphism as frequent aspects. The mutational spectrum includes intragenic deletions, likely gene disrupting and missense variants distributed across the protein. To further characterize the functional consequences of FBXO11 missense variants, we analyzed their effects on protein expression and localization by overexpression of 17 different mutant constructs in HEK293 and HeLa cells. We found that the majority of missense variants resulted in subcellular mislocalization and/or reduced FBXO11 protein expression levels. For instance, variants located in the nuclear localization signal and the N-terminal F-Box domain lead to altered subcellular localization with exclusion from the nucleus or the formation of cytoplasmic aggregates and to reduced protein levels in western blot. In contrast, variants localized in the C-terminal Zn-finger UBR domain lead to an accumulation in the cytoplasm without alteration of protein levels. Together with the mutational data, our functional results suggest that most missense variants likely lead to a loss of the original FBXO11 function and thereby highlight haploinsufficiency as the most likely disease mechanism for FBXO11-associated NDDs.
Assuntos
Proteínas F-Box , Deficiência Intelectual , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genética , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/genética , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The ITPR1 gene encodes the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 ) receptor type 1 (IP3 R1), a critical player in cerebellar intracellular calcium signaling. Pathogenic missense variants in ITPR1 cause congenital spinocerebellar ataxia type 29 (SCA29), Gillespie syndrome (GLSP), and severe pontine/cerebellar hypoplasia. The pathophysiological basis of the different phenotypes is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify novel SCA29 and GLSP cases to define core phenotypes, describe the spectrum of missense variation across ITPR1, standardize the ITPR1 variant nomenclature, and investigate disease progression in relation to cerebellar atrophy. METHODS: Cases were identified using next-generation sequencing through the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study, the 100,000 Genomes project, and clinical collaborations. ITPR1 alternative splicing in the human cerebellum was investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: We report the largest, multinational case series of 46 patients with 28 unique ITPR1 missense variants. Variants clustered in functional domains of the protein, especially in the N-terminal IP3 -binding domain, the carbonic anhydrase 8 (CA8)-binding region, and the C-terminal transmembrane channel domain. Variants outside these domains were of questionable clinical significance. Standardized transcript annotation, based on our ITPR1 transcript expression data, greatly facilitated analysis. Genotype-phenotype associations were highly variable. Importantly, while cerebellar atrophy was common, cerebellar volume loss did not correlate with symptom progression. CONCLUSIONS: This dataset represents the largest cohort of patients with ITPR1 missense variants, expanding the clinical spectrum of SCA29 and GLSP. Standardized transcript annotation is essential for future reporting. Our findings will aid in diagnostic interpretation in the clinic and guide selection of variants for preclinical studies. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Assuntos
Aniridia , Anidrases Carbônicas , Ataxia Cerebelar , Deficiência Intelectual , Transtornos dos Movimentos , Degenerações Espinocerebelares , Humanos , Ataxia Cerebelar/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genética , Transtornos dos Movimentos/complicações , Atrofia , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/química , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/genética , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Anidrases Carbônicas/genética , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genéticaRESUMO
Germline pathogenic variants (GPVs) in the cancer predisposition genes BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, BRIP1, PALB2, RAD51D and RAD51C are identified in approximately 15% of patients with ovarian cancer (OC). While there are clear guidelines around clinical management of cancer risk in patients with GPV in BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6, there are few guidelines on how to manage the more moderate OC risk in patients with GPV in BRIP1, PALB2, RAD51D and RAD51C, with clinical questions about appropriateness and timing of risk-reducing gynaecological surgery. Furthermore, while recognition of RAD51C and RAD51D as OC predisposition genes has been established for several years, an association with breast cancer (BC) has only more recently been described and clinical management of this risk has been unclear. With expansion of genetic testing of these genes to all patients with non-mucinous OC, new data on BC risk and improved estimates of OC risk, the UK Cancer Genetics Group and CanGene-CanVar project convened a 2-day meeting to reach a national consensus on clinical management of BRIP1, PALB2, RAD51D and RAD51C carriers in clinical practice. In this paper, we present a summary of the processes used to reach and agree on a consensus, as well as the key recommendations from the meeting.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação N da Anemia de Fanconi , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Consenso , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação N da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Células Germinativas/patologia , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa/genética , Proteína 2 Homóloga a MutS/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Reino UnidoRESUMO
SOX4 is a transcription factor with pleiotropic functions required for different developmental processes, such as corticogenesis. As with all SOX proteins, it contains a conserved high mobility group (HMG) and exerts its function via interaction with other transcription factors, such as POU3F2. Recently, pathogenic SOX4 variants have been identified in several patients who had clinical features overlapping with Coffin-Siris syndrome. In this study, we identified three novel variants in unrelated patients with intellectual disability, two of which were de novo (c.79G>T, p.Glu27*; c.182G>A p.Arg61Gln) and one inherited (c.355C>T, p.His119Tyr). All three variants affected the HMG box and were suspected to influence SOX4 function. We investigated the effects of these variants on transcriptional activation by co-expressing either wildtype (wt) or mutant SOX4 with its co-activator POU3F2 and measuring their activity in reporter assays. All variants abolished SOX4 activity. While our experiments provide further support for the pathogenicity of SOX4 loss-of-function (LOF) variants as a cause of syndromic intellectual disability (ID), our results also indicate incomplete penetrance associated with one variant. These findings will improve classification of novel, putatively pathogenic SOX4 variants.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas , Deficiência Intelectual , Fatores de Transcrição SOXC , Humanos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Micrognatismo/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOXC/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an inherited tumour predisposition syndrome and a paradigm for the importance of early diagnosis and surveillance. However, there is limited information on the "real world" management of VHL disease. METHODS: A national audit of VHL disease in the United Kingdom. RESULTS: VHL disease was managed mostly via specialist clinics coordinated through regional clinical genetics services (but frequently involving additional specialties). Over the study period, 19 genetic centres saw 842 individuals (393 males, 449 females) with a clinical and/or molecular diagnosis of VHL disease and 74 individuals (35 male, 39 female) with a prior risk of 50% (affected parent). All centres offered retinal, central nervous system and abdominal surveillance to affected individuals and at-risk relatives though surveillance details differed between centres (but complied with international recommendations). Renal lesions detected on the first surveillance scan were, on average, larger than those detected during subsequent scans and the larger the diameter at detection the greater the likelihood of early intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In a state-funded health care system individuals with a rare inherited cancer predisposition syndrome are generally able to access appropriate surveillance and patient management is improved compared to historical data. The "real world" data from this study will inform the future development of VHL management protocols.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Doença de von Hippel-Lindau , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina Estatal , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor Von Hippel-Lindau/genética , Doença de von Hippel-Lindau/genéticaRESUMO
We identified individuals with variations in ACTL6B, a component of the chromatin remodeling machinery including the BAF complex. Ten individuals harbored bi-allelic mutations and presented with global developmental delay, epileptic encephalopathy, and spasticity, and ten individuals with de novo heterozygous mutations displayed intellectual disability, ambulation deficits, severe language impairment, hypotonia, Rett-like stereotypies, and minor facial dysmorphisms (wide mouth, diastema, bulbous nose). Nine of these ten unrelated individuals had the identical de novo c.1027G>A (p.Gly343Arg) mutation. Human-derived neurons were generated that recaptured ACTL6B expression patterns in development from progenitor cell to post-mitotic neuron, validating the use of this model. Engineered knock-out of ACTL6B in wild-type human neurons resulted in profound deficits in dendrite development, a result recapitulated in two individuals with different bi-allelic mutations, and reversed on clonal genetic repair or exogenous expression of ACTL6B. Whole-transcriptome analyses and whole-genomic profiling of the BAF complex in wild-type and bi-allelic mutant ACTL6B neural progenitor cells and neurons revealed increased genomic binding of the BAF complex in ACTL6B mutants, with corresponding transcriptional changes in several genes including TPPP and FSCN1, suggesting that altered regulation of some cytoskeletal genes contribute to altered dendrite development. Assessment of bi-alleic and heterozygous ACTL6B mutations on an ACTL6B knock-out human background demonstrated that bi-allelic mutations mimic engineered deletion deficits while heterozygous mutations do not, suggesting that the former are loss of function and the latter are gain of function. These results reveal a role for ACTL6B in neurodevelopment and implicate another component of chromatin remodeling machinery in brain disease.
Assuntos
Actinas/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Dendritos/patologia , Epilepsia/etiologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/patologia , Mutação , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/etiologia , Neurônios/patologia , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Dendritos/metabolismo , Epilepsia/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Lactente , Masculino , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/patologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Germline mutations in fundamental epigenetic regulatory molecules including DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) are commonly associated with growth disorders, whereas somatic mutations are often associated with malignancy. We profiled genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in DNMT3A c.2312G > A; p.(Arg771Gln) carriers in a large Amish sibship with Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome (TBRS), their mosaic father, and 15 TBRS patients with distinct pathogenic de novo DNMT3A variants. This defined widespread DNA hypomethylation at specific genomic sites enriched at locations annotated as genes involved in morphogenesis, development, differentiation, and malignancy predisposition pathways. TBRS patients also displayed highly accelerated DNA methylation aging. These findings were most marked in a carrier of the AML-associated driver mutation p.Arg882Cys. Our studies additionally defined phenotype-related accelerated and decelerated epigenetic aging in two histone methyltransferase disorders: NSD1 Sotos syndrome overgrowth disorder and KMT2D Kabuki syndrome growth impairment. Together, our findings provide fundamental new insights into aberrant epigenetic mechanisms, the role of epigenetic machinery maintenance, and determinants of biological aging in these growth disorders.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/genética , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , Epigênese Genética , Transtornos do Crescimento/genética , Mutação , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Amish/genética , Criança , Metilação de DNA , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Face/anormalidades , Doenças Hematológicas/genética , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Masculino , Metiltransferases , Morfogênese/genética , Síndrome , Doenças Vestibulares/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Mutations that perturb normal pre-mRNA splicing are significant contributors to human disease. We used exome sequencing data from 7833 probands with developmental disorders (DDs) and their unaffected parents, as well as more than 60,000 aggregated exomes from the Exome Aggregation Consortium, to investigate selection around the splice sites and quantify the contribution of splicing mutations to DDs. Patterns of purifying selection, a deficit of variants in highly constrained genes in healthy subjects, and excess de novo mutations in patients highlighted particular positions within and around the consensus splice site of greater functional relevance. By using mutational burden analyses in this large cohort of proband-parent trios, we could estimate in an unbiased manner the relative contributions of mutations at canonical dinucleotides (73%) and flanking noncanonical positions (27%), and calculate the positive predictive value of pathogenicity for different classes of mutations. We identified 18 patients with likely diagnostic de novo mutations in dominant DD-associated genes at noncanonical positions in splice sites. We estimate 35%-40% of pathogenic variants in noncanonical splice site positions are missing from public databases.
Assuntos
Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Mutação , Sítios de Splice de RNA , Exoma , Humanos , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Biallelic variants in TBC1D24, which encodes a protein that regulates vesicular transport, are frequently identified in patients with DOORS (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, intellectual disability [previously referred to as mental retardation], and seizures) syndrome. The aim of the study was to identify a genetic cause in families with DOORS syndrome and without a TBC1D24 variant. METHODS: Exome or Sanger sequencing was performed in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of DOORS syndrome without TBC1D24 variants. RESULTS: We identified the same truncating variant in ATP6V1B2 (NM_001693.4:c.1516C>T; p.Arg506*) in nine individuals from eight unrelated families with DOORS syndrome. This variant was already reported in individuals with dominant deafness onychodystrophy (DDOD) syndrome. Deafness was present in all individuals, along with onychodystrophy and abnormal fingers and/or toes. All families but one had developmental delay or intellectual disability and five individuals had epilepsy. We also describe two additional families with DDOD syndrome in whom the same variant was found. CONCLUSION: We expand the phenotype associated with ATP6V1B2 and propose another causal gene for DOORS syndrome. This finding suggests that DDOD and DOORS syndromes might lie on a spectrum of clinically and molecularly related conditions.
Assuntos
Epilepsia , Deficiência Intelectual , Unhas Malformadas , ATPases Vacuolares Próton-Translocadoras , Epilepsia/genética , Exoma , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Unhas Malformadas/genética , Fenótipo , ATPases Vacuolares Próton-Translocadoras/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: ADP ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARFGEFs) are a family of proteins implicated in cellular trafficking between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane through vesicle formation. Among them is ARFGEF1/BIG1, a protein involved in axon elongation, neurite development, and polarization processes. ARFGEF1 has been previously suggested as a candidate gene for different types of epilepsies, although its implication in human disease has not been well characterized. METHODS: International data sharing, in silico predictions, and in vitro assays with minigene study, western blot analyses, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS: We identified 13 individuals with heterozygous likely pathogenic variants in ARFGEF1. These individuals displayed congruent clinical features of developmental delay, behavioral problems, abnormal findings on brain magnetic resonance image (MRI), and epilepsy for almost half of them. While nearly half of the cohort carried de novo variants, at least 40% of variants were inherited from mildly affected parents who were clinically re-evaluated by reverse phenotyping. Our in silico predictions and in vitro assays support the contention that ARFGEF1-related conditions are caused by haploinsufficiency, and are transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion with variable expressivity. CONCLUSION: We provide evidence that loss-of-function variants in ARFGEF1 are implicated in sporadic and familial cases of developmental delay with or without epilepsy.
Assuntos
Epilepsia , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina , Haploinsuficiência , Deficiência Intelectual , Epilepsia/genética , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/genética , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genéticaRESUMO
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2) is one of the first proteins shown to be essential for normal learning and synaptic plasticity in mice, but its requirement for human brain development has not yet been established. Through a multi-center collaborative study based on a whole-exome sequencing approach, we identified 19 exceedingly rare de novo CAMK2A or CAMK2B variants in 24 unrelated individuals with intellectual disability. Variants were assessed for their effect on CAMK2 function and on neuronal migration. For both CAMK2A and CAMK2B, we identified mutations that decreased or increased CAMK2 auto-phosphorylation at Thr286/Thr287. We further found that all mutations affecting auto-phosphorylation also affected neuronal migration, highlighting the importance of tightly regulated CAMK2 auto-phosphorylation in neuronal function and neurodevelopment. Our data establish the importance of CAMK2A and CAMK2B and their auto-phosphorylation in human brain function and expand the phenotypic spectrum of the disorders caused by variants in key players of the glutamatergic signaling pathway.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Mutação/genética , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Linhagem Celular , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Ácido Glutâmico/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neurônios/patologia , Fosforilação/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A single variant in NAA10 (c.471+2T>A), the gene encoding N-acetyltransferase 10, has been associated with Lenz microphthalmia syndrome. In this study, we aimed to identify causative variants in families with syndromic X-linked microphthalmia. METHODS: Three families, including 15 affected individuals with syndromic X-linked microphthalmia, underwent analyses including linkage analysis, exome sequencing and targeted gene sequencing. The consequences of two identified variants in NAA10 were evaluated using quantitative PCR and RNAseq. RESULTS: Genetic linkage analysis in family 1 supported a candidate region on Xq27-q28, which included NAA10. Exome sequencing identified a hemizygous NAA10 polyadenylation signal (PAS) variant, chrX:153,195,397T>C, c.*43A>G, which segregated with the disease. Targeted sequencing of affected males from families 2 and 3 identified distinct NAA10 PAS variants, chrX:g.153,195,401T>C, c.*39A>G and chrX:g.153,195,400T>C, c.*40A>G. All three variants were absent from gnomAD. Quantitative PCR and RNAseq showed reduced NAA10 mRNA levels and abnormal 3' UTRs in affected individuals. Targeted sequencing of NAA10 in 376 additional affected individuals failed to identify variants in the PAS. CONCLUSION: These data show that PAS variants are the most common variant type in NAA10-associated syndromic microphthalmia, suggesting reduced RNA is the molecular mechanism by which these alterations cause microphthalmia/anophthalmia. We reviewed recognised variants in PAS associated with Mendelian disorders and identified only 23 others, indicating that NAA10 harbours more than 10% of all known PAS variants. We hypothesise that PAS in other genes harbour unrecognised pathogenic variants associated with Mendelian disorders. The systematic interrogation of PAS could improve genetic testing yields.
Assuntos
Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Variação Genética , Acetiltransferase N-Terminal A/genética , Acetiltransferase N-Terminal E/genética , Poli A , Alelos , Anoftalmia , Feminino , Genes Ligados ao Cromossomo X , Genótipo , Humanos , Escore Lod , Masculino , Microftalmia , Linhagem , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Inativação do Cromossomo XRESUMO
Purpose: To identify the genetic variation in two unrelated probands with congenital cataract and to perform functional analysis of the detected variants. Methods: Clinical examination and phenotyping, segregation, and functional analysis were performed for the two studied pedigrees. Results: A novel OCRL gene variant (c.1964A>T, p. (Asp655Val)) was identified. This variant causes defects in OCRL protein folding and mislocalization to the cytoplasm. In addition, the variant's location close to the Rab binding site is likely to be associated with membrane targeting abnormalities. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of early genetic diagnosis in infants with congenital cataract and show that mutations in the OCRL gene can present as apparently isolated congenital cataract.
Assuntos
Catarata/genética , Síndrome Oculocerebrorrenal/genética , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/genética , Mutação Puntual , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Sítios de Ligação , Catarata/congênito , Catarata/metabolismo , Catarata/patologia , Criança , Expressão Gênica , Hemizigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Oculocerebrorrenal/metabolismo , Síndrome Oculocerebrorrenal/patologia , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/química , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta , Dobramento de Proteína , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/química , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismoRESUMO
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is a multiple malformation syndrome comprising microcephaly, craniofacial anomalies, hearing loss, dysmorphic features, and, in some cases, esophageal atresia. Haploinsufficiency of a spliceosomal GTPase, U5-116 kDa/EFTUD2, is responsible. Here, we review the molecular basis of MFDM in the 69 individuals described to date, and report mutations in 38 new individuals, bringing the total number of reported individuals to 107 individuals from 94 kindreds. Pathogenic EFTUD2 variants comprise 76 distinct mutations and seven microdeletions. Among point mutations, missense substitutions are infrequent (14 out of 76; 18%) relative to stop-gain (29 out of 76; 38%), and splicing (33 out of 76; 43%) mutations. Where known, mutation origin was de novo in 48 out of 64 individuals (75%), dominantly inherited in 12 out of 64 (19%), and due to proven germline mosaicism in four out of 64 (6%). Highly penetrant clinical features include, microcephaly, first and second arch craniofacial malformations, and hearing loss; esophageal atresia is present in an estimated â¼27%. Microcephaly is virtually universal in childhood, with some adults exhibiting late "catch-up" growth and normocephaly at maturity. Occasionally reported anomalies, include vestibular and ossicular malformations, reduced mouth opening, atrophy of cerebral white matter, structural brain malformations, and epibulbar dermoid. All reported EFTUD2 mutations can be found in the EFTUD2 mutation database (http://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/EFTUD2).
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Perda Auditiva/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Disostose Mandibulofacial/genética , Microcefalia/genética , Mutação , Fatores de Alongamento de Peptídeos/genética , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Pequena U5/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Múltiplas/patologia , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Expressão Gênica , Haploinsuficiência , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/patologia , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/diagnóstico , Deficiência Intelectual/patologia , Disostose Mandibulofacial/diagnóstico , Disostose Mandibulofacial/patologia , Microcefalia/diagnóstico , Microcefalia/patologia , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Penetrância , Fenótipo , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Splicing de RNA , Spliceossomos/genéticaRESUMO
The 8p23.1 duplication syndrome (8p23.1 DS) is a recurrent genomic condition with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 58,000. The core 3.68 Mb duplication contains 32 genes of which five are currently candidates for the phenotypic features. Here we describe four patients and five families with eight microduplications of 8p23.1 ranging from 187 to 1082 kb in size and one atypical duplication of 4 Mb. These indicate that a minimal region of overlap (MRO) in medial 8p23.1 can give rise to features of 8p23.1 DS including developmental delay, dysmorphism, macrocephaly and otitis media, but not congenital heart disease (CHD). This MRO spans 776 kb (chr8:10,167,881-10,943,836 hg19) and contains SOX7 and seven of the other 32 core 8p23.1 DS genes. In centromeric 8p23.1, microduplications including GATA4 can give rise to non-syndromic CHD but the clinical significance of two smaller centromeric microduplications without GATA4 was uncertain due to severe neurological profiles not usually found in 8p23.1 DS. The clinical significance of three further 8p23.1 microduplications was uncertain due to additional genetic factors without which the probands might not have come to medical attention. Variable expressivity was indicated by the almost entirely unaffected parents in all five families and the mildly affected sibling in one. Intronic interruptions of six genes by microduplication breakpoint intervals had no apparent additional clinical consequences. Our results suggest that 8p23.1 DS is an oligogenetic condition largely caused by the duplication and interactions of the SOX7 and GATA4 transcription factors.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 8/genética , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Duplicação Gênica/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Deleção Cromossômica , Feminino , Fator de Transcrição GATA4/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , SíndromeRESUMO
We investigated the role of maternal environmental factors in the aetiology of congenital heart disease (CHD). A population-based case-control study (242 CHD cases, 966 controls) was conducted using an iPad questionnaire for mother with linkage to maternity and first trimester prescription records. Risk of CHD was associated with low maternal education (OR adjusted for confounders 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.49), pregestational diabetes (OR 4.04; 95% CI 1.00-16.28), self-reported maternal clotting disorders (adjOR 8.55, 95%CI 1.51-48.44), prescriptions for the anticlotting medication enoxaparin (adjOR 3.22, 95%CI 1.01-10.22) and self-reported vaginal infections (adjOR 1.69, 95%CI 1.01-2.80). There was no strong support for the hypothesis that periconceptional folic acid supplements have a protective effect, but there was a protective effect of frequent consumption of folate rich fruits (adjOR 0.64, 95%CI 0.47-0.89). Compared to the most common pre-pregnancy dietary pattern, CHD risk was associated with a poor diet low in fruit and vegetables (adjOR 1.56, 95%CI 1.05-2.34). Mothers of cases reported more pregnancy related stress (adjOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.22-2.34) and multiple stressors (adjOR 1.94, 95%CI 0.83-4.53). We found no supportive evidence for CHD risk being associated with obesity, smoking, depression or antidepressant use in this population. Our findings add to the previous evidence base to show potential for public health approaches to help prevent CHD in future by modifying environmental factors. Independent confirmation should be sought regarding elevated CHD risk associated with maternal blood clotting disorders and their treatment, since we are the first to report this.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias Congênitas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Gestacional/patologia , Dieta , Feminino , Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Humanos , Lactente , Comportamento Materno , Saúde Mental , Obesidade/complicações , Gravidez , Probabilidade , Reprodução , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Estresse Psicológico/complicaçõesRESUMO
Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome (TBRS; OMIM 615879), also known as the DNMT3A-overgrowth syndrome, is an overgrowth intellectual disability syndrome first described in 2014 with a report of 13 individuals with constitutive heterozygous DNMT3A variants. Here we have undertaken a detailed clinical study of 55 individuals with de novoDNMT3A variants, including the 13 previously reported individuals. An intellectual disability and overgrowth were reported in >80% of individuals with TBRS and were designated major clinical associations. Additional frequent clinical associations (reported in 20-80% individuals) included an evolving facial appearance with low-set, heavy, horizontal eyebrows and prominent upper central incisors; joint hypermobility (74%); obesity (weight ³2SD, 67%); hypotonia (54%); behavioural/psychiatric issues (most frequently autistic spectrum disorder, 51%); kyphoscoliosis (33%) and afebrile seizures (22%). One individual was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia in teenage years. Based upon the results from this study, we present our current management for individuals with TBRS.
RESUMO
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a condition characterized by clubbing, arthropathy and periostosis of long tubular bones. Three variants of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are distinguished: pachydermoperiostosis, which shows as additional symptom pachydermia; cranio-osteoarthropathy, which has a decreased neurocranium ossification as additional feature; and a secondary form. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is also genetically heterogeneous, with evidence for both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance. We describe two sibs with cranio-osteoarthropathy and briefly review previously reported cases. The present cases demonstrate the phenotypic variability of the condition. The consanguinity in the present family and analysis of previously described cases support autosomal recessive inheritance for cranio-osteoarthropathy.