Reassessing the July Effect: 30 Years of Evidence Show No Difference in Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to critically evaluate whether admission at the beginning versus end of the academic year is associated with increased risk of major adverse outcomes. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The hypothesis that the arrival of new residents and fellows is associated with increases in adverse patient outcomes has been the subject of numerous research studies since 1989. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of July Effect studies published before December 20, 2019, looking for differences in mortality, major morbidity, and readmission. Given a paucity of studies reporting readmission, we further analyzed 7 years of data from the Nationwide Readmissions Database to assess for differences in 30-day readmission for US patients admitted to urban teaching versus nonteach-ing hospitals with 3 common medical (acute myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke, and pneumonia) and 4 surgical (elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery, elective colectomy, craniotomy, and hip fracture) conditions using risk-adjusted logistic difference-in-difference regression. RESULTS: A total of 113 studies met inclusion criteria; 92 (81.4%) reported no evidence of a July Effect. Among the remaining studies, results were mixed and commonly pointed toward system-level discrepancies in efficiency. Metaanalyses of mortality [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.01 (0.98-1.05)] and major morbidity [1.01 (0.99-1.04)] demonstrated no evidence of a July Effect, no differences between specialties or countries, and no change in the effect over time. A total of 5.98 million patient encounters were assessed for readmission. No evidence of a July Effect on readmission was found for any of the 7 conditions. CONCLUSION: The preponderance of negative results over the past 30 years suggests that it might be time to reconsider the need for similarly-themed studies and instead focus on system-level factors to improve hospital efficiency and optimize patient outcomes.

Geographic Variation in the Utilization of and Mortality After Emergency General Surgery Operations in the Northeastern and Southeastern United States.

OBJECTIVE: To define geographic variations in emergency general surgery (EGS) care, we sought to determine how much variability exists in the rates of EGS operations and subsequent mortality in the Northeastern and Southeastern United States (US). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: While some geographic variations in healthcare are normal, unwarranted variations raise questions about the quality, appropriateness, and cost-effectiveness of care in different areas. METHODS: Patients ≥18 years who underwent 1 of 10 common EGS operations were identified using the State Inpatient Databases (2011-2012) for 6 states, representing Northeastern (New York) and Southeastern (Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Mississippi) US. Geographic unit of analysis was the hospital service area (HSA). Age-standardized rates of operations and in-hospital mortality were calculated and mapped. Differences in rates across geographic areas were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and variance quantified using linear random-effects models. Variation profiles were tabulated via standardized rates of utilization and mortality to compare geographically heterogenous areas. RESULTS: 227,109 EGS operations were geospatially analyzed across the 6 states. Age-standardized EGS operation rates varied significantly by region (Northeast rate of 22.7 EGS operations per 10,000 in population versus Southeast 21.9; P < 0.001), state (ranging from 9.9 to 29.1; P < 0.001), and HSA (1.9-56.7; P < 0.001). The geographic variability in age-standardized EGS mortality rates was also significant at the region level (Northeast mortality rate 7.2 per 1000 operations vs Southeast 7.4; P < 0.001), state-level (ranging from 5.9 to 9.0 deaths per 1000 EGS operations; P < 0.001), and HSA-level (0.0-77.3; P < 0.001). Maps and variation profiles visually exhibited widespread and substantial differences in EGS use and morality. CONCLUSIONS: Wide geographic variations exist across 6 Northeastern and Southeastern US states in the rates of EGS operations and subsequent mortality. More detailed geographic analyses are needed to determine the basis of these variations and how they can be minimized.

Learning From England's Best Practice Tariff: Process Measure Pay-for-Performance Can Improve Hip Fracture Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate England's Best Practice Tariff (BPT) and consider potential implications for Medicare patients should the US adopt a similar plan. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Since the beginning of the Affordable Care Act, Medicare has renewed efforts to improve the outcomes of older adults through introduction of an expanding set of alternative-payment models. Among trauma patients, recommended arrangements met with mixed success given concerns about the heterogeneous nature of trauma patients and resulting outcome variation. A novel approach taken for hip fractures in England could offer a viable alternative. METHODS: Linear regression, interrupted time-series, difference-in-difference, and counterfactual models of 2000 to 2016 Medicare (US), HES-APC (England) death certificate-linked claims (≥65 years) were used to: track US hip fracture trends, look at changes in English hip fracture trends before-and-after BPT implementation, compare changes in US-versus-English mortality, and estimate total/theoretical lives saved. RESULTS: A total of 806,036 English and 3,221,109 US hospitalizations were included. After BPT implementation, England's 30-day mortality decreased by 2.6 percentage-points (95%CI: 1.7-3.5) from a baseline of 9.9% (relative reduction 26.3%). 90- and 365-day mortality decreased by 5.6 and 5.4 percentage-points. 30/90/365-day readmissions also declined with a concurrent shortening of hospital length-of-stay. From 2000 to 2016, US outcomes were stagnant (P > 0.05), resulting in an inversion of the countries' mortality and >38,000 potential annual US lives saved. CONCLUSIONS: Process measure pay-for-performance led to significant improvements in English hip fracture outcomes. As efforts to improve US older adult health continue to increase, there are important lessons to be learned from a successful initiative like the BPT.

Assessing the Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Inequities in Blood Alcohol Testing After Trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol use remains a significant contributing factor in traumatic injuries in the United States, resulting in substantial patient morbidity and societal cost. Because of this, the American College of Surgeons Verification, Review, and Consultation Program requires the screening of 80% of trauma admissions. Multiple studies suggest that patients who use alcohol are subject to stigma by health care providers and may ultimately face legal and financial ramifications of a positive alcohol screening test. There is also evidence that sociodemographic factors may dictate drug and alcohol screening patterns among patients. Because this screening target is often not uniformly achieved among all patients presenting with injury, we sought to investigate whether there are any discrepancies in screening across sociodemographic groups. METHODS: We investigated the Trauma Quality Program Participant User File for all trauma cases admitted during 2017 and compared the rates of the serum alcohol screening test across different demographic factors, including race and ethnicity. We then performed an adjusted multivariable logistic regression to determine the odds ratio (OR) for receiving a test based on these demographic factors adjusted for hospital and clinical factors. RESULTS: There were 729,174 traumas included in the study. Of this group, 345,315 (47.4%) were screened with a serum alcohol test. Screening rates varied by injury mechanism and were highest among motorcycle crashes (66.0% of patients screened) and lowest among falls (32.8% of patients screened). Overall, Asian and Pacific Islander (52.5% screened), Black (57.7% screened), and other race (58.4% screened) had higher rates of alcohol screening than White patients (43.7% screened, P < 0.001). Similarly, Hispanic patients were screened at higher rates than non-Hispanic patients (56.4% screening versus 46.2% screening, P < 0.001). These differences persisted across nearly all injury categories. In multivariable logistic regression, Asian and Pacific Islanders were associated with the highest odds of being screened (OR 1.34, P < 0.001) followed by other race (OR 1.25, P < 0.001) in comparison to White patients. CONCLUSIONS: There are consistent and significant differences in alcohol screening rates across race and ethnicity, despite accounting for injury mechanism and comorbidities.

Defining Referral Regions for Inpatient Trauma Care: The Utility of a Novel Geographic Definition.

INTRODUCTION: Geographic variation is an inherent feature of the US health system. Despite efforts to account for geographic variation in trauma system strengthening, it remains unclear how trauma "regions" should be defined. The objective of this study is to evaluate the utility of a novel definition of Trauma Referral Regions (TRR) for assessing geographic variation in inpatient trauma across the age span of hospitalized trauma patients. METHODS: Using 2016-2017 State Inpatient Databases, we assessed the extent of geographic variability in three common metrics of hospital use (localization index, market share index, net patient flow) among TRRs and, as a comparison, trauma regions alternatively defined based on Hospital Referral Regions, Hospital Service Areas, and counties. RESULTS: A total of 860,593 admissions from 102 TRRs, 127 Hospital Referral Regions, 884 Hospital Service Areas, and 583 counties were included. Consistent with expectations for distinct trauma regions, TRR presented with high average localization indices (mean [standard deviation]: 83.4 [11.7%]), low market share indices (mean [standard deviation]: 11.9 [7.0%]), and net patient flows close to 1.00. Similar results were found among stratified pediatric, adult, and older adult patients. Associations between TRRs and variations in important demographic features (e.g., travel time by road to the nearest Level I or II Trauma Center) suggest that while indicative of standalone trauma regions, TRRs are also able to simultaneously capture critical variations in regional trauma care. CONCLUSIONS: TRRs offer a standalone set of geographic regions with minimal variation in common metrics of hospital use, minimal geographic clustering, and preserved associations with important demographic factors. They provide a needed, valid means of assessing geographic variation among trauma systems.

Anticoagulation is Associated with Increased Mortality in Splenic Injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Anticoagulation (AC) is associated with worse outcomes after trauma in some but not all studies. To further investigate the effect of AC on outcomes in patients with splenic injury, we analyzed the Trauma Quality Programs Participant Use File (PUF) METHODS: The 2017 PUF was used to identify adult (18+ y) with all mechanisms and grades of splenic injury. Demographics, comorbidities, hospital course and outcomes were compared between AC and non-AC patients. RESULTS: A total of 18,749 patients were included, 622 were on AC. The AC patients were older but had comparable gender composition to non-AC patients. Injury Severity Score (18.2 versus 22.5) and rates of serious (AIS ≥ 3) injury were all lower in the AC group (P = 0.001). AC patients received fewer units of RBC (5.7 versus 8.0 units, P < 0.001) and FFP (3.9 versus 5.4 units, P < 0.001) in the first 24 h but underwent angiography at similar rates (23.6 versus 24.5%, P = 0.8). Among those who underwent angiography, patients were more likely to undergo embolization if they were on AC (89.7 versus 73.9%, P = 0.04). Rates of splenic surgery were comparable (19.3 versus 21.5%, P = 0.2) between AC versus non-AC patients. Median LOS was longer in AC patients (6.3 versus 5.6 d, P = 0.002). AC patients had a higher mortality (13.3 versus 7.0%, P = 0.001). In a multivariable binary logistic regression, AC was an independent risk factor for mortality with OR 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1-1.9) CONCLUSIONS: Anticoagulation is associated with increased mortality in patients with splenic injury.

Choosing the Best Approach to Warfarin Reversal After Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Patients on warfarin with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage often have the warfarin effects pharmacologically reversed. We compared outcomes among patients who received 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), or no reversal to assess the real-world impact of PCC on elderly patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 150 patients on preinjury warfarin. Data were manually abstracted from the electronic medical record of an academic level 1 trauma center for patients admitted between January 2013 and December 2018. Outcomes were ICH progression on follow-up computed tomography scan, mortality, need for surgical intervention, and trends in the use of reversal agents. RESULTS: Of 150 patients eligible for analysis, 41 received FFP, 60 PCC, and 49 were not reversed. On multivariable analysis, patients not reversed [OR 0.25 95% CI (0.31-0.85)] and women [OR 0.38 95% CI (0.17-0.88)] were less likely to experience progression of their initial bleed on follow-up computed tomography while subdural hemorrhage increased the risk [OR 3.69 95% CI (1.27-10.73)]. There was no difference between groups in terms of mortality or need for surgery. Over time use of reversal with PCC increased while use of FFP and not reversing warfarin declined (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Male gender and using a reversal agent were associated with progression of ICH. Choice of reversal did not impact the need for surgery, hospital length of stay, or mortality. Some ICH patients may not require warfarin reversal and may bias studies, especially retrospective studies of warfarin reversal.

Hospital Volume and Operative Mortality for General Surgery Operations Performed Emergently in Adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to answer 2 questions: first, to what degree does hospital operative volume affect mortality for adult patients undergoing 1 of 10 common emergency general surgery (EGS) operations? Second, at what hospital operative volume threshold will nearly all patients undergoing an emergency operation realize the average mortality risk? BACKGROUND: Nontrauma surgical emergencies are an underappreciated public health crisis in the United States; redefining where such emergencies are managed may improve outcomes. The field of trauma surgery established regionalized systems of care in part because studies demonstrated a clear relationship between hospital volume and survival for traumatic emergencies. Such a relationship has not been well-studied for nontrauma surgical emergencies. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all acute care hospitals in California performing nontrauma surgical emergencies. We employed a novel use of an ecological analysis with beta regression to investigate the relationship between hospital operative volume and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 425 acute care hospitals in California performed 165,123 EGS operations. Risk-adjusted mortality significantly decreased as volume increased for all 10 EGS operations (P < 0.001 for each); the relative magnitude of this inverse relationship differed substantially by procedure. Hospital operative volume thresholds were defined and varied by operation: from 75 cases over 2 years for cholecystectomy to 7 cases for umbilical hernia repair. CONCLUSIONS: Survival rates for nontrauma surgical emergencies were improved when operations were performed at higher-volume hospitals. The use of ecological analysis is widely applicable to the field of surgical outcomes research.

Urgent Care Centers Delay Emergent Surgical Care Based on Patient Insurance Status in The United States.

OBJECTIVE: Patients may call urgent care centers (UCCs) with urgent surgical conditions but may not be properly referred to a higher level of care. This study aims to characterize how UCCs manage Medicaid and privately insured patients who present with an emergent condition. METHODS: Using a standardized script, we called 1245 randomly selected UCCs in 50 states on 2 occasions. Investigators posed as either a Medicaid or a privately-insured patient with symptoms of an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Rates of direct emergency department (ED) referral were compared between insurance types. RESULTS: A total of 1223 (98.2%) UCCs accepted private insurance and 981 (78.8%) accepted Medicaid. At the 971 (78.0%) UCCs that accepted both insurance types, direct-to-ED referral rates for private and Medicaid patients were 27.9% and 33.8%, respectively. Medicaid patients were significantly more likely than private patients to be referred to the ED [odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.60]. Private patients who were triaged by a clinician compared to nonclinician staff were over 6 times more likely to be referred to the ED (OR 6.46, 95% CI 4.63-9.01). Medicaid patients were nearly 9 times more likely to have an ED referral when triaged by a clinician (OR 8.72, 95% CI 6.19-12.29). CONCLUSIONS: Only one-third of UCCs across the United States referred an apparent emergent surgical case to the ED, potentially delaying care. Medicaid patients were more likely to be referred directly to the ED versus privately insured patients. All patients triaged by clinicians were significantly more likely to be referred to the ED; however, the disparity between private and Medicaid patients remained.

Changes in Discharge to Rehabilitation: Potential Unintended Consequences of Medicare Total Hip Arthroplasty/Total Knee Arthroplasty Bundled Payments, Should They Be Implemented on a Nationwide Scale?

BACKGROUND: As a part of the 2010 Affordable Care Act, Medicare was committed to changing 50% of its reimbursement to alternative payment models by 2018. One strategy included introduction of "bundled payments" or a fixed price for an episode of care. Early studies of the first operative bundles for elective total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) suggest changes in discharge to rehabilitation. It remains unclear the extent to which such changes affect patient well-being. In order to address these concerns, the objective of this study is to estimate projected changes in discharge to various type of rehabilitation, 90-day outcomes, extent of therapy received, and patient health-related quality-of-life before and after introduction of bundled payments should they be implemented on a nationwide scale. METHODS: A nationwide policy simulation was conducted using decision-tree methodology in order to estimate changes in overt and patient-centered outcomes. Model parameters were informed by published research on bundled payment effects and anticipated outcomes of patients discharged to various types of rehabilitation. RESULTS: Following bundled payment introduction, discharge to inpatient rehabilitation facilities decreased by 16.9 percentage-points (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.5-17.3) among primary TKA patients (THA 16.8 percentage-points), a relative decline from baseline of 58.9%. Skilled nursing facility use fell by 24.0 percentage-points (95% CI 23.6-24.4). It was accompanied by a 36.7 percentage-point (95% CI 36.3-37.2) increase in home health agency use. Although simulation models predicted minimal changes in overt outcome measures such as unplanned readmission (TKA +0.8 percentage-points), changes in discharge disposition were accompanied by significant increases in the need for further assistive care (TKA +8.0 percentage-points) and decreases in patients' functional recovery and extent of therapy received. They collectively accounted for a 30% reduction in recovered motor gains. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate substantial changes in discharge to rehabilitation with accompanying declines in average functional outcomes, extent of therapy received, and health-related quality-of-life. Such findings challenge notions of reduced cost at no harm previously attributed to the bundled payment program and lend credence to concerns about reductions in access to facility-based rehabilitation.

Insurance Status Biases Trauma-system Utilization and Appropriate Interfacility Transfer: National and Longitudinal Results of Adult, Pediatric, and Older Adult Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between insurance status and the probability of emergency department admission versus transfer for patients with major injuries (Injury Severity Score >15) and other complex trauma likely to require higher-level trauma center (TC) care across the spectrum of TC care. BACKGROUND: Trauma systems were developed to facilitate direct transport and transfer of patients with major/complex traumatic injuries to designated TCs. Emerging literature suggests that uninsured patients are more likely to be transferred. METHODS: Nationally weighted Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (2010-2014) and longitudinal California State Inpatient Databases/State Emergency Department Databases (2009-2011) data identified adult (18-64 yr), pediatric (≤17 yr), and older adult (≥65 yr) trauma patients. Risk-adjusted multilevel (mixed-effects) logistic regression determined differences in the relative odds of direct admission versus transfer and outcome measures based on initial level of TC presentation. RESULTS: In all 3 age groups, insured patients were more likely to be admitted [eg, nontrauma center (NTC) private vs uninsured odds ratio (95% confidence interval): adult 1.54 (1.40-1.70), pediatric 1.95(1.45-2.61)]. The trend persisted within levels III and II TCs (eg, level II private vs uninsured adult 1.83 (1.30-2.57)] and among other forms of trauma likely to require transfer. At the state level, among transferred NTC patients, 28.5% (adult), 34.1% (pediatric), and 39.5% (older adult) of patients with major injuries were not transferred to level I/II TCs. An additional 44.3% (adult), 50.9% (pediatric), and 57.6% (older adult) of all NTC patients were never transferred. Directly admitted patients experienced higher morbidity [adult: 19.6% vs 8.2%, odds ratio (95% confidence interval):2.74 (2.17-3.46)] and mortality [3.3% vs 1.8%, 1.85 (1.13-3.04)]. CONCLUSIONS: Insured patients with significant injuries initially evaluated at NTCs and level III/II TCs were less likely to be transferred. Such a finding appears to result in less optimal trauma care for better-insured patients and questions the success of transfer-guideline implementation.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Longer-term Outcomes Among Emergency General Surgery Patients: The Unique Experience of Universally Insured Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether racial/ethnic disparities in 30/90/180-day mortality, major morbidity, and unplanned readmissions exist among universally insured older adult (≥65 years) emergency general surgery patients; vary by diagnostic category; and can be explained by variations in geography, teaching status, age-cohort, and a hospital's percentage of minority patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: As the US population ages and discussions surrounding the optimal method of insurance provision increasingly enter into national debate, longer-term outcomes are of paramount concern. It remains unclear the extent to which insurance changes disparities throughout patients' postacute recovery period among older adults. METHODS: Survival analysis of 2008 to 2014 Medicare data using risk-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models. RESULTS: A total of 6,779,649 older adults were included, of whom 82.8% identified as non-Hispanic white (NHW), 9.2% non-Hispanic black (NHB), 5.6% Hispanic, and 1.5% non-Hispanic Asian (NHA). Relative to NHW patients, each group of minority patients was significantly less likely to die [30-day NHB vs NHW hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.88 (0.86-0.89)]. Differences became less apparent as outcomes approached 180 days [180-day NHB vs NHW: 1.00 (0.98-1.02)]. For major morbidity and unplanned readmission, differences among NHW, Hispanic, and NHA patients were comparable. NHB patients did consistently worse. Efforts to explain the occurrence found similar trends across diagnostic categories, but significant differences in disparities attributable to geography and the other included factors that combined accounted for up to 50% of readmission differences between racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSION: The study found an inversion of racial/ethnic mortality differences and mitigation of non-NHB morbidity/readmission differences among universally insured older adults that decreased with time. Persistent disparities among nonagenarian patients and hospitals managing a regionally large share of minority patients warrant particular concern.

Ensuring Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Academic Surgery: An American Surgical Association White Paper.

OBJECTIVE: The leadership of the American Surgical Association (ASA) appointed a Task Force to objectively address issues related to equity, diversity, and inclusion with the discipline of academic surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Surgeons and the discipline of surgery, particularly academic surgery, have a tradition of leadership both in medicine and society. Currently, we are being challenged to harness our innate curiosity, hard work, and perseverance to address the historically significant deficiencies within our field in the areas of diversity, equity, and inclusion. METHODS: The ASA leadership requested members to volunteer to serve on a Task Force to comprehensively address equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic surgery. Nine work groups reviewed the current literature, performed primary qualitative interviews, and distilled available guidelines and published primary source materials. A work product was created and published on the ASA Website and made available to the public. The full work product was summarized into this White Paper. RESULTS: The ASA has produced a handbook entitled: Ensuring Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Academic Surgery, which identifies issues and challenges, and develops a set of solutions and benchmarks to aid the academic surgical community in achieving these goals. CONCLUSION: Surgery must identify areas for improvement and work iteratively to address and correct past deficiencies. This requires honest and ongoing identification and correction of implicit and explicit biases. Increasing diversity in our departments, residencies, and universities will improve patient care, enhance productivity, augment community connections, and achieve our most fundamental ambition-doing good for our patients.

Surgeons overestimate postoperative complications and death when compared with the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project risk calculator.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of postoperative morbidity and mortality is difficult particularly for complex patients. We hypothesize that surgeons overestimate the risk for complications and death after surgery in complex surgical patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: General surgery residents and attending surgeons estimated the likelihood of any morbidity, mortality, surgical site infection, pneumonia, and cardiac complications for seven complex scenarios. Responses were compared with the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project Surgical Risk Calculator. RESULTS: From 101 residents and 48 attending surgeons, overall response rate was 61.7%. For all seven clinical scenarios, there was no difference between resident and attending predictions of morbidity or mortality, with significant variation in estimates among participants. Mean percentages of the estimates were 25.8%-30% over the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project estimates for morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: General surgery residents and attending surgeons overestimated risks in complex surgical patients. These results demonstrate broad variance in and near universal overestimation of predicted surgical risk when compared with national, risk-adjusted models.

Trends of ureteral stent usage in surgery for diverticulitis.

BACKGROUND: Many believe that the use of ureteral stents in colorectal surgery for diverticulitis aids prevention and easier identification of ureteral injuries; others argue that the added time, cost, and risks of stent placement negate potential benefits. Even among providers who use stents, selective use is common. Among unclear consensus, it remains unknown if the use of stents is growing. MATERIALS: Patients in the National Inpatient Sample who underwent a partial colectomy or anterior rectal excision for diverticulitis between 2000 and 2013 were included (n = 811,071). Trends in ureteral stent use, multivariate logistic regression of factors influencing stent placement, and linear regression of length of stay (LOS) and costs associated with stent use were examined. RESULTS: Usage of ureteral stents increased from 6.66% in 2000 to 16.30% in 2013 (P < 0.0001). Rates of stent usage were higher with laparoscopic surgery (19.31% versus 12.31% open, P < 0.0001). Regression demonstrated patients in the Northeast (Midwest odds ratio (OR) 0.49 [0.37-0.66] P < 0.0001, South OR 0.60 [0.45-0.80] P = 0.0004, West OR 0.30 [0.22-0.41], P < 0.0001), and those whose admission was elective (OR 2.37 [2.08-2.69], P < 0.0001) were more likely to receive stents. Stent use was associated with an increased LOS (0.55 days, P < 0.0001) and cost ($1,983, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of ureteral stents in surgery for diverticulitis has steadily increased since 2000, despite the lack of consensus of their overall benefit. Stent usage is associated with laparoscopic surgery and varies widely among regions of the country. Further studies are required to truly understand the risk-benefit ratio of ureteral stenting and to determine if its increased use is warranted.

Relationship between duration of preoperative symptoms and postoperative ileus for small bowel obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with postoperative ileus and increased resource utilization for patients who undergo operative intervention for small-bowel obstruction are not extensively studied. We evaluated the association between total duration of preoperative symptoms and postoperative outcomes in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgery for small-bowel obstruction (2013-2016). Clinical data were recorded. Total duration of preoperative symptoms included all symptoms before operation, including those before presentation. Primary endpoint was time to tolerance of diet. Secondary endpoints included length of stay, total parenteral nutrition use, and intensive care unit admission. Association between variables and outcomes was analyzed using univariable analysis, multivariable Poisson modeling, and t-test to compare groups. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were included. On presentation, the median duration of symptoms before hospitalization was 2 d (range 0-18 d). Total duration of preoperative symptoms was associated with time to tolerance of diet on univariable analysis (Pearson's moment correlation: 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.028-0.5, P = 0.03). On multivariable analysis, ascites was correlated with time to tolerance of diet (P < 0.01), but total duration of preoperative symptoms (P = 0.07) was not. Length of stay (Pearson's correlation: 0.24, 95% confidence interval: -0.02 to 0.47, P = 0.07) was not statistically different in patients with longer preoperative symptoms. Symptom duration was not statistically associated with intensive care unit (P = 0.18) or total parenteral nutrition (P = 0.3) utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that preoperative ascites correlated with increased time to tolerance of diet, and duration of preoperative symptoms may be related to postoperative ileus.

Assessing trends in laparoscopic colostomy reversal and evaluating outcomes when compared to open procedures.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic colostomy reversal has emerged as a viable option for Hartmann's reversal but the trends in national adoption and postoperative complications are unknown. This study evaluates the practice trends for laparoscopic colostomy and compares complications, length of stay, and operative times between laparoscopic and open colostomy reversal. METHODS: All patients who had open or laparoscopic colostomy reversal surgery (current procedure codes: 44227 and 44626) between 2005 and 2014 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Data collected included patient demographics, comorbid conditions, postsurgical diagnosis, and estimated probabilities of morbidity and mortality. Univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression models and linear regression models were employed to evaluate the associations between various outcomes and surgical specialties. RESULTS: The reported volume of both open and laparoscopic colostomy reversal surgeries increased over time, but the percentage of open reversal surgery decreased from 100% in 2005 to 74.2% in 2014. The average annual increase in percentage of laparoscopic colostomy reversal surgery was 2.87%. The complication rates of open colostomy reversal surgery were significantly higher than the rates of laparoscopic colostomy reversal surgery (P < 0.0001). Although there were fluctuations, the complication rates remained constant over the 9-year study period for both open and laparoscopic colostomy reversal surgeries. The total hospital length of stay among patients who had laparoscopic colostomy reversal surgery was shorter compared to patients who had open colostomy reversal surgery [mean change (MC) = -1.77 days, P < 0.0001]. Similarly, a shorter operation time was also observed for patients who had laparoscopic colostomy reversal surgery (MC = -26.48 min, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Based on the NSQIP database, laparoscopic colostomy reversal is increasing steadily year over year from 2005 to 2014 in NSQIP participating hospitals. Overall complication rates and length of stay are significantly lower and sustained throughout the study period for laparoscopic reversal.

Laparoscopic colectomy reduces complications and hospital length of stay in colon cancer patients with liver disease and ascites.

BACKGROUND: Ascites increases perioperative complications and risk of death, but is not an absolute contraindication for colectomy in patients with colon cancer. It remains unclear whether postoperative risks can be minimized using a laparoscopic versus open approach. METHODS: Data were retrospectively analyzed from 2152 patients with ascites who underwent laparoscopic or open partial colectomy with diagnosis of colon cancer from 2005 to 2013 using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Postoperative outcomes were analyzed using two-sample tests of proportions and two-sample T tests. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) or ß coefficients for postoperative complications, hospital length of stay, and 30-day mortality were calculated using multivariable logistic or linear regression. P values <0.05 two-tailed were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 205 patients (9.53%) with ascites underwent laparoscopic colectomy (LC). There was no significant difference in operative time between laparoscopic versus open surgery (145 vs. 146 min, P = 0.69). LC was associated with decreased likelihood of overall complications (adjusted OR 0.7 95% CI 0.4-1.0, P = 0.046) and shorter hospital length of stay (9 days vs. 15 days, adjusted ß = -4.2, 95% CI -7.7 to -0.7, P = 0.018). There was no difference in 30-day mortality (adjusted OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.50-1.35, P = 0.429). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic colectomy decreases postoperative complications and hospital length of stay in patients with colon cancer and ascites. Laparoscopic approach should be considered for patients in this high-risk population.

Comparison of Outcomes in Below-Knee Amputation between Vascular and General Surgeons.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence to suggest outcomes may be related to surgeon experience or skill level. Lower extremity amputations are performed by both general surgeons (GSs) and vascular surgeons (VSs); however, the effect of specialty on postoperative outcome in below-knee amputation is not known. This retrospective study compares outcomes in below-knee amputations (BKA) between VS and GS. METHODS: Patients who underwent below-knee amputations between 2005 and 2014 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database. Data collected included patient demographics, comorbid conditions, and indication for procedures. Univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression models and linear regression models were employed to evaluate the associations between various outcomes and indications for surgery, emergency and teaching status, and surgical specialty. RESULTS: Amputations performed by GSs experienced an increased risk of developing pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-1.86), pulmonary embolism (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.10-4.01), and sepsis (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.59). When stratified by indications for BKA, similar outcomes were noted between GS and VS if indication for surgery was diabetes or peripheral vascular disease; however, there was increased risk of pneumonia (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.26-2.74), sepsis (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.39-2.75), and death (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.04-2.07, P = 0.027) when GS performed BKA for infectious indications. Overall complications were higher when GS performed BKA emergently (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01-1.36). CONCLUSION: There are less postoperative complications when VSs performed BKA for infectious indications, during emergencies, and at nonteaching hospitals. Clinicians should consider vascular consultation for these specific scenarios.

External Validation of University of Wisconsin's Clinical Criteria for Obtaining Maxillofacial Computed Tomography in Trauma.

OBJECTIVES: Patients sustaining multisystem trauma are at risk for oral and maxillofacial fractures. Although the University of Wisconsin established criteria to help guide the clinician in obtaining additional cross-sectional imaging to evaluate possible facial fractures, it has not been externally validated. Our aim was to evaluate whether the University of Wisconsin's Criteria is generalizable to external institutions through validation and to report modern practice patterns at a level 1 trauma center. METHODS: A retrospective case study was performed of all patients who had computed tomography of the facial bones (CT face) at a tertiary, academic, Level 1 trauma center over the 6-month period ending on June 30, 2015. The electronic medical record was reviewed for the 5 University of Wisconsin criteria (bony step off or instability, periorbital ecchymosis, malocclusion, tooth absence, and glasgow coma scale). Final interpretation of CT face findings by board-certified radiologists (facial fractures, intracranial hemorrhage, and cervical spine injury) were also captured. Our modeling was similar to that described by the reference study, the internal validation study. Sensitivity, specificity, negative, and positive predictive values with 95% confidence intervals were evaluated. A P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The presence of any ≥1 of the 5 criteria identified on physical examination resulted in 81% sensitivity for any facial fracture, which is lower than the sensitivity initially described (98%) and subsequently internally validated (97%). The absence of all 5 physical examination criteria had a negative predictive value of 60%, again lower than that initially described (87%) and then internally validated (81%). CONCLUSION: We were unable to validate the University of Wisconsin criteria for predicting facial fractures. These criteria may be institutionally specific and not generalizable to other trauma centers. Further research to refine the criteria for CT of the face is needed to improve resource allocation.