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1.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther ; 45(2): 196-202, 2022 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34894412

RESUMO

Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) frequently develop painful conditions, such as traumatic injuries or osteoarthritis, necessitating the administration of pain-relieving medications. One of the preferred treatments is the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone because of the availability of oral formulations and the familiarity of its use in horses. For the main study, a single oral dose of phenylbutazone at 2 mg/kg was administered to healthy adult rhinoceros (n = 33) housed at six North American zoological institutions. Each rhinoceros had up to four blood samples collected under voluntary behavioural restraint at up to four predetermined time points (0, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 30 and 48 h). Drug analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The population pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with nonlinear mixed-effects modelling, and analysis showed a peak concentration (CMAX ) of 3.8 µg/ml at 1.8 h and an elimination half-life of 9 h. The concentrations achieved were similar to what has been reported for horses and were within the half maximal effective concentration for horses for at least 10 h. A multi-dose trial in five rhinoceros receiving 2 mg/kg orally once daily for five days found mild accumulation at a predicted factor of 1.2. This study represents the first pharmacokinetic data of phenylbutazone in any rhinoceros species.


Assuntos
Perissodáctilos , Fenilbutazona , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Cavalos
2.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 51(4): 1052-1055, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33480589

RESUMO

Over a period of 4 mo, an entire collection of seven Pine Barrens treefrogs (Hyla andersonii) died or were euthanized after developing pallor, generalized edema, and coelomic effusion. Necropsy revealed large numbers of strongyloidid nematodes within the small intestines associated with a moderate mucosal hyperplasia. Strongyloides sp. parasitic females, representing a novel species, were isolated from the fixed intestinal tract. This case report represents the first full description of strongyloidiasis in a tree frog army and highlights the potential of Strongyloides spp. as a cause of rapid mortality events associated with protein-losing enteropathy in frogs.


Assuntos
Anuros/parasitologia , Strongyloides/classificação , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Estrongiloidíase/veterinária , Animais , Feminino , Masculino
3.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 50(2): 457-460, 2019 Jun 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31260214

RESUMO

Two anesthetic protocols in adult giraffe were compared by retrospective study. Thirteen anesthesia records for medetomidine-ketamine (MK) and seven for medetomidine-ketamine with a potent opioid (MKO) were evaluated for differences in demographic, behavioral, drug, and respiratory parameters. Giraffe stood significantly more quickly with MKO vs MK though MK animals were physically restrained to preclude premature standing as part of normal recovery practices (5.5 min vs 21.4 min, P = 0.01). Regurgitation was recorded in 5/13 and resedation in 4/13 MK animals. The range of values for blood lactate was higher in MKO (5.18-11.25 mM/L) than in MK giraffe (0.78-6.08 mM/L). Despite limitations of a retrospective study, both MK and MKO giraffe anesthesia protocols exhibit benefits and side effects. Awareness and management of these factors will improve outcomes until standardized, prospective studies of giraffe immobilization offer more comprehensive guidance on protocol selection.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Anestesia/veterinária , Girafas , Ketamina/farmacologia , Medetomidina/farmacologia , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Dissociativos/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Dissociativos/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Dissociativos/farmacologia , Animais , Feminino , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/efeitos adversos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Injeções Intramusculares , Ketamina/administração & dosagem , Ketamina/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Medetomidina/administração & dosagem , Medetomidina/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos
4.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 48(4): 1016-1025, 2017 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29297798

RESUMO

Rhinoceros conservation efforts are essential to the survival of the species. One such effort is focused on using advanced reproductive technologies to produce viable northern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum cottoni) embryos for implantation into southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum) surrogates. Anesthesia may be required to facilitate necessary procedures in these surrogate rhinoceros, but commonly reported side effects including hypercapnia and hypoxemia limit anesthetic recumbency time due to animal safety concerns. Although many interventions have been attempted, success in improving these physiologic parameters to date is mixed. The objective of this report is to describe arterial pH (pHa), blood gas (PaO2 and PaCO2), bicarbonate, base excess, lactate, and cardiovascular (heart rate, direct arterial blood pressure) values recorded in seven intubated and ventilated female southern white rhinoceros anesthetized for reproductive examinations in a zoological park setting. Anesthetic induction was accomplished using etorphine, medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam. The primary hypotheses were that PaO2 and PaCO2 would improve after intubation and mechanical ventilation. Induction and recovery observations were also summarized. Physiologic and laboratory data were analyzed using a mixed linear regression model using ranks. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The PaO2 increased significantly ( P < 0.001) following ventilation from a median value of 58 (range, 38-67) to 123 (range, 42-184) mm Hg. The PaCO2 significantly ( P = 0.003) decreased from 63 (range, 55-73) to 52 (range, 30-75) mm Hg, with a corresponding improvement ( P = 0.068) in pHa from 7.33 (7.25-7.34) to 7.37 (7.24-7.58) units. Intubation and ventilation improve respiratory parameters and may facilitate safe prolongation of anesthetic duration in white rhinoceros.


Assuntos
Anestesia/veterinária , Gasometria/veterinária , Dióxido de Carbono/sangue , Oxigênio/sangue , Perissodáctilos/sangue , Respiração Artificial/veterinária , Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Bicarbonatos/sangue , Pressão Sanguínea , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Respiração Artificial/instrumentação , Respiração Artificial/métodos
5.
Zoo Biol ; 34(2): 193-7, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25653150

RESUMO

A 15-year-old, 113 kg intact male Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) was evaluated for weight loss, polydipsia, and intermittent hematuria. The tiger was immobilized for diagnostic testing including blood work, urinalysis, and abdominal ultrasound. Laboratory testing demonstrated macro- and microhematuria, azotemia, and an increased urine protein:creatinine ratio. Abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral ureterolithiasis as well as hydronephrosis and ureteral dilation. Ultrasonography performed 5 months later revealed worsening of the right-sided hydronephrosis and hydroureter and a decrease in the severity of dilation on the left side presumably from passage of the left-sided ureteral calculi. Nephroureteral decompression via the placement of a stent was elected. A pigtail ureteral catheter (8.2 French diameter) was placed in the right ureter via an antegrade percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound and fluoroscopic-guidance. Following stent placement, macrohematuria resolved although microhematuria was noted in opportunistic urine samples. Five months after stent placement, the azotemia had mildly progressed, the urine protein:creatinine ratio was improved, the right hydronephrosis and hydroureter had completely resolved, and the ureteral stent remained in the appropriate position. The tiger had clinically improved with a substantial increase in appetite, weight, and activity level. Ureteral stenting allowed for nephroureteral decompression in the captive large felid of this report, and no complications were encountered. Ureteral stenting provided a minimally invasive method of managing ureteral obstruction in this patient and could be considered in future cases due to the clinical improvement and low morbidity.


Assuntos
Stents/veterinária , Tigres , Obstrução Ureteral/veterinária , Animais , Masculino , Resultado do Tratamento , Ultrassonografia , Obstrução Ureteral/diagnóstico por imagem , Obstrução Ureteral/cirurgia
6.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 46(4): 929-33, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26667554

RESUMO

Protein electrophoresis has recognized applications in determining the health status of various species. While reference intervals for electrophoresis have been determined for psittacine and raptor species, there are none reported for Phoenicopteriformes species. Reference intervals for haptoglobin and protein fractions obtained by electrophoresis were determined for the American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) based on plasma samples from 39 captive birds. The reference intervals were as follows: haptoglobin, 0.17-0.8 mg/ml; total protein, 3.65-6.38 g/dl; prealbumin, 0.26-1.9 g/dl; albumin, 1.51-3.12 g/dl; α-1 globulin, 0.06-0.38 g/dl; α-2 globulin, 0.17-0.67 g/dl; ß globulin, 0.38-1.33 g/dl; γ globulin, 0.26-0.68 g/dl; albumin : globulin ratio, 0.93-2.17. As captive flamingos often suffer from pododermatitis, feet of all flamingos were scored to determine if pododermatitis would be reflected in the acute phase proteins. Spearman rank correlation was performed on each of the protein fractions and pododermatitis scores, and only albumin had a significant correlation. This indicates that albumin, as a negative acute phase protein, may be a marker for this disease process.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Fase Aguda/metabolismo , Aves/sangue , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Eletroforese/veterinária , Animais , Eletroforese/métodos , Valores de Referência
7.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 45(2): 437-40, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25000716

RESUMO

A 16-yr-old northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon) presented with a large, firm midcoelomic swelling. A complete blood count, survey radiographs, coelomic ultrasound, and fine needle aspirate of the mass were performed. Survey radiographs revealed a soft tissue opacity mass. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed the presence of the mass but could not aid in its visceral localization. After 2 weeks, the snake presented again because of continued anorexia and poor quality of life. Euthanasia was performed. Gross necropsy revealed a multilobulated mass attached to and effacing the splenopancreas. Histologically, the mass was composed of cuboidal to columnar neoplastic epithelial cells forming tubules surrounded by variable amounts of fibrovascular stroma. Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of other tissues revealed local invasion in the subserosa and tunica muscularis of the stomach, metastasis within the liver, in the mesovarium, and an intravascular metastasis within the ventricle of the heart surrounded by a thrombus.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/veterinária , Ductos Pancreáticos/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/veterinária , Serpentes , Neoplasias Esplênicas/veterinária , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Animais , Feminino , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Esplênicas/patologia
8.
J Avian Med Surg ; 28(1): 31-7, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24881151

RESUMO

A 20-year-old Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) presented for severe left-sided head tilt and circling to the left. Peripheral vestibular disease associated with otitis media extending into the left quadrate bone was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Otoscopy confirmed a ruptured tympanic membrane, and a brainstem auditory evoked response test confirmed loss of hearing in the affected ear. Surgery to remove the caseous material and long-term medical therapy improved the bird's head tilt and quality of life. Otitis, hearing loss, and vestibular disease are rare in birds but can be managed after appropriate investigation. This is the first reported use of multiple advanced diagnostic tests and successful treatment of vestibular disease in a goose.


Assuntos
Anseriformes , Doenças das Aves/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/veterinária , Doenças Vestibulares/veterinária , 4-Butirolactona/análogos & derivados , 4-Butirolactona/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Clindamicina/administração & dosagem , Clindamicina/uso terapêutico , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos do Tronco Encefálico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico por imagem , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/terapia , Masculino , Meloxicam , Radiografia , Sulfonas/uso terapêutico , Tiazinas/uso terapêutico , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Doenças Vestibulares/diagnóstico
9.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 69(5): e3060-e3075, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35839756

RESUMO

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a worldwide distribution in humans and many other mammalian species. In late September 2021, 12 animals maintained by the Chicago Zoological Society's Brookfield Zoo were observed with variable clinical signs. The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in faeces and nasal swabs by qRT-PCR, including the first detection in animals from the families Procyonidae and Viverridae. Test positivity rate was 12.5% for 35 animals tested. All animals had been vaccinated with at least one dose of a recombinant vaccine designed for animals and all recovered with variable supportive treatment. Sequence analysis showed that six zoo animal strains were closely correlated with 18 human SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggestive of potential human-to-animal transmission events. This report documents the expanding host range of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/veterinária , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Viverridae
11.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract ; 21(2): 297-309, 2018 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29655471

RESUMO

Providing care for groups of animals is a major part of practicing zoologic medicine. Herd health is key to the mindset of a zoo clinician no matter the species encountered. Group treatment of amphibians and birds is common, but it is uncommon in reptiles and most mammals. The main reason groups of mammals are treated is for gastrointestinal parasitism. In addition to the classic examples of group treatment involving chemotherapeutics, zoo clinicians also practice herd health by preventing disease from entering the collection. Thorough disease screening via preshipment examinations, quarantine, and a rigorous necropsy protocol are vital tools to maintain a healthy collection.


Assuntos
Animais de Zoológico , Medicina Veterinária/métodos , Animais
12.
Am J Vet Res ; 75(2): 195-9, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24471756

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of meloxicam in rabbits when administered orally for 29 days. ANIMALS: 6 healthy rabbits. PROCEDURES: Meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) was administered to rabbits for 29 days. Blood was collected immediately before (time 0) and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after drug administration on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam. On day 30, an additional sample was collected 36 hours after treatment. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were quantified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Weekly plasma biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate any adverse physiologic effects. Rabbits were euthanatized for necropsy on day 31. RESULTS: Mean ± SD peak plasma concentrations of meloxicam after administration of doses 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 were 0.67 ± 0.19 µg/mL, 0.81 ± 0.21 µg/mL, 1.00 ± 0.31 µg/mL, 1.00 ± 0.29 µg/mL, and 1.07 ± 0.19 µg/mL, respectively; these concentrations did not differ significantly among doses 8 through 29. Results of plasma biochemical analyses were within reference ranges at all time points evaluated. Gross necropsy and histologic examination of tissues revealed no clinically relevant findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Plasma concentrations of meloxicam for rabbits in the present study were similar to those previously reported in rabbits that received 1. 0 mg of meloxicam/kg, PO every 24 hours, for 5 days. Results suggested that a dosage of 1. 0 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for up to 29 days may be safe for use in healthy rabbits.


Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Coelhos/metabolismo , Tiazinas/farmacocinética , Tiazóis/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/sangue , Área Sob a Curva , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Meloxicam , Coelhos/sangue , Tiazinas/administração & dosagem , Tiazinas/sangue , Tiazóis/administração & dosagem , Tiazóis/sangue
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