Effect of kidney disease on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 12.8% of patients undergoing surgery and is associated with increased mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a well-known risk for death and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Effects of AKI and CKD on patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) remain incompletely defined. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between acute and CKD and mortality in patients undergoing CAG. The cohort study included 49,194 patients in the multicenter cohort from January 2007 to December 2018. Cox regression analyses and Fine-Gray proportional subdistribution risk regression analysis are used to examine the association between kidney disease and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In the present study, 13,989 (28.4%) patients had kidney disease. During follow-up, 6144 patients died, of which 4508 (73.4%) were due to CVD. AKI without CKD (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.36-1.74), CKD without AKI (HR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.88-2.17), AKI with CKD (HR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.90-3.66), and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD; HR: 5.63, 95% CI: 4.40-7.20) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Adjusted HR (95% CIs) for cardiovascular mortality was significantly elevated among patients with AKI without CKD (1.78 [1.54-2.06]), CKD without AKI (2.28 [2.09-2.49]), AKI with CKD (3.99 [3.47-4.59]), and ESKD (6.46 [4.93-8.46]). In conclusion, this study shows that acute or CKD is present in up to one-third of patients undergoing CAG and is associated with a substantially increased mortality. These findings highlight the importance of perioperative management of kidney function, especially in patients with CKD.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 12.8% of patients undergoing surgery and is linked to a 22.2% increase in mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a well-known risk for death and cardiovascular events. Effects of AKI and CKD on patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) remain incompletely defined.What do the results of this study add? This study shows that kidney disease is present in up to one-third of patients undergoing CAG and is associated with a substantially increased mortality. AKI and CKD are independent predicators for mortality in patients undergoing CAG.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? These findings highlight the importance of perioperative management of kidney function, especially in patients with CKD.

The impact of the stress hyperglycemia ratio on the risk of contrast-associated acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a large real-world cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is an important complication in the perioperative period of coronary angiography (CAG). Dysglycemia is closely associated with the occurrence of CA-AKI. However, the association between stress hyperglycemia and CA-AKI in patients undergoing CAG remains unclear. The study aims to investigate the association of the stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) and CA-AKI under CAG in a large real-world cohort. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study, and patients undergoing CAG were enrolled. SHR is calculated by dividing the random blood glucose with the estimated average glucose derived from the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and subjects were divided into five groups according to SHR. The outcome was CA-AKI defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) or 1.5-fold higher than normal levels in 48 h. The association was assessed with logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analysis. RESULTS: In 19,965 participants (men: 73.3%, mean age: 63.1 ± 10.8 years) undergoing CAG, a total of 1,621 CA-AKI cases occurred. There were reverse J-shaped associations between the SHR and CA-AKI after adjustment for other confounding factors. Moreover, SHR improved the predictive effectiveness of the traditional Mehran score (AUC 0.65 vs 0.63, P < 0.001), a predictive model of CA-AKI in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. CONCLUSIONS: There were reverse J-shaped associations of SHR with CA-AKI risk among patients undergoing CAG, and the assessment of SHR before CAG may assist clinicians in identifying patients at higher risk of CA-AKI.

The High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and the Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Background: The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (CHR) is a novel biomarker associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between CHR and contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional research included 10,917 individuals who underwent PCI. CI-AKI was diagnosed using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KIDIGO) standard. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between CHR and CI-AKI, followed by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of participants to assess the clinical diagnostic performance of CHR on CI-AKI. Results: A total of 1037 patients (9.50%) developed CI-AKI after PCI. The age of individuals averaged 64.1 ± 11.1 years old, with 2511 females (23.0%). A multivariate logistic regression study revealed that higher CHR levels were linked to higher CI-AKI incidence rates ([Q4 vs. Q1]: odds ratio (OR) = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.42 to 2.54], p < 0.001). A restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a linear association between CHR and CI-AKI. ROC analysis indicated that CHR was an excellent predictor of CI-AKI (area under ROC curve = 0.606, 95% CI [0.588 to 0.624]). Conclusions: A high CHR level is strongly associated with increased CI-AKI incidence, suggesting that CHR may be an independent risk factor for CI-AKI. Clinical Trial registration: NCT05050877. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05050877?tab=results.

Effect of Missed Post-Procedure Creatinine Measurement on Sub-Acute Kidney Injury Following Coronary Angiography.

Serum creatinine (SCr) levels are essential for the diagnosis of kidney disease after coronary angiography (CAG). However, the influence of missed post-procedure SCr measurement in this situation is unclear. The present study included 14,127 patients undergoing CAG as part of the Cardiorenal ImprovemeNt registry II. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether a post-procedure SCr was measured within 3 days. The primary endpoint was acute kidney disease (AKD). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between post-procedure SCr and AKD. Of the 14,127 patients (61.6 ± 9.8 years, 34.2% females), 55.4% (n = 7822) did not have a post-procedure SCr measurement. The incidence of AKD was higher in the missed post-procedure SCr group (15.7 vs 11.9%; median follow-up 6.54 years). Multivariate logistic regression showed that missed post-procedure SCr measurement was associated with significantly higher risk of AKD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10-1.45, P < .001). The results were more significant in patients with normal renal function at baseline (aOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.16-1.60, P < .001). In our study, over half of the patients undergoing CAG missed their post-procedure SCr measurement. The missed post-procedure SCr group had a significantly higher risk of developing AKD compared with those with a post-procedure SCr measurement.

Renal Insufficiency Increases the Combined Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Dysfunction in Patients at High Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases.

BACKGROUND: The identification of asymptomatic structural and functional cardiac abnormalities can help us to recognize early and intervene in patients at pre-heart failure (HF). However, few studies have adequately evaluated the associations of renal function and left ventricular (LV) structure and function in patients at high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: Patients undergoing coronary angiography and/or percutaneous coronary interventions were enrolled from the Cardiorenal ImprovemeNt II (CIN-II) cohort study, and their echocardiography and renal function were assessed at admission. Patients were divided into five groups according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Our outcomes were LV hypertrophy and LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the associations of eGFR with LV hypertrophy and LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. RESULTS: A total of 5610 patients (mean age: 61.6 ± 10.6 years; 27.3% female) were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of LV hypertrophy assessed by echocardiography was 29.0%, 34.8%, 51.9%, 66.7%, and 74.3% for the eGFR categories >90, 61-90, 31-60, 16-30, and ≤15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or for patients needing dialysis, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that subjects with eGFR levels of ≤15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or needing dialysis (OR: 4.66, 95% CI: 2.96-7.54), as well as those with eGFR levels of 16-30 (OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 2.43-6.24), 31-60 (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.64-2.45), and 61-90 (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07-1.42), were significantly associated with LV hypertrophy. This reduction in renal function was also significantly associated with LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction (all P for trend <0.001). In addition, a per one unit decrease in eGFR was associated with a 2% heightened combined risk of LV hypertrophy and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients at high risk of CVD, poor renal function was strongly associated with cardiac structural and functional abnormalities. In addition, the presence or absence of CAD did not change the associations. The results may have implications for the pathophysiology behind cardiorenal syndrome.

Paradoxical Association Between Baseline Apolipoprotein B and Prognosis in Coronary Artery Disease: A 36,460 Chinese Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were identified targets for blood lipid management among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. However, previous studies reported an inverse correlation between baseline LDL-C concentration and clinical outcomes. This study aims to explore the definite association between baseline ApoB and long-term prognosis. METHODS: A total of 36,460 CAD patients admitted to Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital were enrolled and categorized into two groups: high ApoB (≥65 mg/dL) group and low ApoB (<65 mg/dL) group. The association between baseline ApoB and long-term all-cause mortality was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression analyses and restricted cubic splines. RESULTS: The overall mortality was 12.49% (n = 4,554) over a median follow-up period of 5.01 years. Patients with low baseline ApoB levels were paradoxically more likely to get a worse prognosis. There was no obvious difference in risk of long-term all-cause mortality when only adjusted for age, gender, and comorbidity (aHR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.99-1.16). When CONUT and total bilirubin were adjusted, the risk of long-term all-cause mortality would reduce in the low-ApoB (<65 mg/dL) group (aHR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96). In the fully covariable-adjusted model, patients in the ApoB <65 mg/d group had a 10.00% lower risk of long-term all-cause mortality comparing to patients with ApoB ≥65 mg/dL (aHR: 0.90; 95% CI:0.81-0.99). CONCLUSION: This study found a paradoxical association between baseline ApoB and long-term all-cause mortality. Malnutrition and bilirubin mainly mediate the ApoB paradox. Increased ApoB concentration remained linearly associated with an increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality.

Non-HDL cholesterol paradox and effect of underlying malnutrition in patients with coronary artery disease: A 41,182 cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were established as the target for blood lipid management among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Previous study reported a negative relation between baseline LDL-C levels and long-term prognosis. However, the association between baseline non-HDL-C concentration and clinical outcomes is unknown. METHODS: A total of 41,182 CAD patients admitted to Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital in China were included in this study from January 2007 to December 2018 and divided into two groups (non-HDL-C < 2.2 mmol/L, n = 3236; non-HDL-C ≥ 2.2 mmol/L, n = 37,946). The Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression analyses and restricted cubic splines were used to assess the association between non-HDL-C levels and long-term all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The overall mortality was 12.74% (n = 5247) over a median follow-up period of 5.20 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that low non-HDL-C levels were paradoxically associated with a worse prognosis. After adjustment for baseline confounders (e.g., age, sex and comorbidities, etc.), multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that low non-HDL-C levels (<2.2 mmol/L) were not significantly associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.93-1.14). After adjustment for nutritional status, the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with low non-HDL-C levels decreased (adjusted HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78-0.95). In the final multivariate Cox model adjusting for full covariates, low non-HDL-C level was related to better prognosis (adjusted HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.98). CONCLUSION: This study found a paradoxical association between baseline non-HDL-C concentration and long-term all-cause mortality. Malnutrition mainly mediates to the non-HDL-C paradox. Elevated non-HDL-C concentration is still a risk factor of long-term all-cause mortality after considering nutritional status.

Baseline Low-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol Modifies the Risk of All-Cause Death Associated With Elevated Lipoprotein(a) in Coronary Artery Disease Patients.

Background: The prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients is inconsistent in previous studies, and whether such value changes at different low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels is unclear. Methods and Findings: CAD patients treated with statin therapy from January 2007 to December 2018 in the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (NCT04407936) were consecutively enrolled. Individuals were categorized according to the baseline LDL-C at cut-off of 70 and 100 mg/dL. The primary outcome was 5-year all-cause death. Multivariate Cox proportional models and penalized spline analyses were used to evaluate the association between Lp(a) and all-cause mortality. Among 30,908 patients, the mean age was 63.1 ± 10.7 years, and 76.7% were men. A total of 2,383 (7.7%) patients died at 5-year follow-up. Compared with Lp(a) <50 mg/dL, Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL predicted higher all-cause mortality (multivariable adjusted HR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.31) in the total cohort. However, when analyzed within each LDL-C category, there was no significant association between Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL and higher all-cause mortality unless the baseline LDL-C was ≥ 100 mg/dL (HR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.04-1.36). The results from penalized spline analyses were robust. Conclusions: In statin-treated CAD patients, elevated Lp(a) was associated with increased risks of all-cause death, and such an association was modified by the baseline LDL-C levels. Patients with Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL had higher long-term risks of all-cause death compared with those with Lp(a) <50 mg/dL only when their baseline LDL-C was ≥ 100 mg/dL.