Pseudomonas pharmafabricae sp. nov., Isolated From Pharmaceutical Wastewater.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated ZYSR67-ZT, was isolated from a pharmaceutical wastewater sample collected from a chemical factory in Zhejiang, China. The strain was motile by a single polar flagellum and grew at 4-42 °C (optimum, 35 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, 6.0) and 0-5.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0%). Based on multilocus sequence analysis using 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoB and rpoD, the strain ZYSR67-ZT formed a distinct phylogenetic group in the genus Pseudomonas. The average nucleotide identity values between strain ZYSR67-ZT and the closely related 10 type strains of the Pseudomonas species were 75.8-78.6%. The in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values indicated that strain ZYSR67-ZT and the type strains of the Pseudomonas shared 21.4-23.1% DNA relatedness. The predominant isoprenoid quinone system was ubiquinone-9 while ubiquinone-8 was present in trace amounts. The major fatty acids (> 10%) identified were C12:0, C16:0, C18:1 ω7c and summed features 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2OH). The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content was 62.6 mol%. On the basis of morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, together with the results of phylogenetic analysis, strain ZYSR67-ZT was proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, named Pseudomonas pharmafabricae sp. nov.. The type strain is ZYSR67-ZT (= CGMCC 1.15498T = JCM 31306T).

Arthrobacter liuii sp. nov., resuscitated from Xinjiang desert soil.

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile actinobacterium, designated DSXY973(T), was isolated from soil samples collected from Xinjiang desert using medium supplemented with resuscitation-promoting factor, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that DSXY973(T) belonged to the genus Arthrobacter and was most closely related to Arthrobacter oryzae JCM 15922(T) with 97.1 % similarity. The DNA G+C content was 67.6 %. Cells of strain DSXY973(T) mainly contained MK-9(H2), and the cell wall contained l-lysine as the primary diamino acid. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Strain DSXY973(T) was positive for catalase and negative for oxidase activity. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and phenotypic properties, strain DSXY973(T) represents a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter, for which the name Arthrobacter liuii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSXY973(T) ( = CGMCC1.12778(T) = JCM 19864(T)).

Rhodococcus soli sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from soil using a resuscitative technique.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming strain, designated DSD51W(T), was isolated using a resuscitative technique from a soil sample collected from Kyoto park, Japan, and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the isolate were typical of those of members of the genus Rhodococcus. Strain DSD51W(T) was found to form a coherent cluster with Rhodococcus hoagii ATCC 7005(T), Rhodococcus equi NBRC 101255(T), Rhodococcus defluvii Call(T) and Rhodococcus kunmingensis YIM 45607(T) as its closest phylogenetic neighbours in 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. However, the DNA-DNA hybridization values with the above strains were 58.2 ± 2.2, 58.4 ± 1.9, 45.1 ± 1.4 and 40.3 ± 4.7 %, respectively. In combination with differences in physiological and biochemical properties, strain DSD51W(T) can be concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus soli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DSD51W(T) (=KCTC 29259(T) = JCM 19627(T) = DSM 46662(T) = KACC 17838(T)).

Gordonia jinhuaensis sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium, isolated from a VBNC (viable but non-culturable) state in pharmaceutical wastewater.

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped actinobacterial strain, designated as ZYR 51(T), was isolated from pharmaceutical wastewater in Jinhua city, Zhejiang province, Eastern China. Isolation was aided by using a resuscitation-promoting factor, suggesting the strain was recovered from a viable but non-culturable state. Strain ZYR 51(T) was characterized by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth was found to occur at 10-45 °C, pH 6.0-10.0 and 0-9 % NaCl (w/v). Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated that strain ZYR 51(T) belongs to the genus Gordonia and showed low level similarities (below 97 %) with all other members of this genus. The strain was found to possess meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP), along with MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquonine. Mycolic acids were found to be present. C16:0 (34.9 %), 10-methyl C18:0 (30.3 %), iso-C18:0(8.2 %), and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c as define by MIDI; 18.8 %) were identified as the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain ZYR 51(T) was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and some unknown lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ZYR 51(T) was determined to be 67.7 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Gordonia, for which the name Gordonia jinhuaensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain is ZYR 51(T) (=CGMCC 1.12827(T) = NBRL B-59111(T) = NBRC 110001(T)).

Culture-dependent and culture-independent characterization of potentially functional biphenyl-degrading bacterial community in response to extracellular organic matter from Micrococcus luteus.

Biphenyl (BP)-degrading bacteria were identified to degrade various polychlorinated BP (PCB) congers in long-term PCB-contaminated sites. Exploring BP-degrading capability of potentially useful bacteria was performed for enhancing PCB bioremediation. In the present study, the bacterial composition of the PCB-contaminated sediment sample was first investigated. Then extracellular organic matter (EOM) from Micrococcus luteus was used to enhance BP biodegradation. The effect of the EOM on the composition of bacterial community was investigated by combining with culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The obtained results indicate that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were predominant community in the PCB-contaminated sediment. EOM from M. luteus could stimulate the activity of some potentially difficult-to-culture BP degraders, which contribute to significant enhancement of BP biodegradation. The potentially difficult-to-culture bacteria in response to EOM addition were mainly Rhodococcus and Pseudomonas belonging to Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria respectively. This study provides new insights into exploration of functional difficult-to-culture bacteria with EOM addition and points out broader BP/PCB degrading, which could be employed for enhancing PCB-bioremediation processes.

Rhodococcus kyotonensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from soil.

A polyphasic study was undertaken to establish the taxonomic position of an isolate, strain DS472(T), from soil in Kyoto, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that this strain constitutes a new subline within the genus Rhodococcus, with Rhodococcus yunnanensis YIM 70056(T) and Rhodococcus fascians DSM 20669(T) as its nearest phylogenetic neighbours (98.2 and 97.8 % sequence similarity, respectively). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed 36 and 29 % relatedness between the isolate and its phylogenetic relatives, R. yunnanensis and R. fascians, respectively. Chemotaxonomic characteristics, including the major quinone MK-8(H(2)), predominant fatty acids C(16 : 0), C(18 : 1)omega9c and 10-methyl C(18 : 0), the presence of cell-wall chemotype IV and mycolic acids, were consistent with the properties of members of the genus Rhodococcus. The DNA G+C content was 64.5 mol%. On the basis of both phenotypic and genotypic evidence, strain DS472(T) represents a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus kyotonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain DS472(T) (=IAM 15415(T)=CCTCC AB206088(T)).