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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of macrolide resistance and the underlying resistance mechanisms in Haemophilus influenzae (nâ=â2556) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (nâ=â510) collected between 2018 and 2021 from Bellvitge University Hospital, Spain. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by microdilution. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore technologies, and sequences were examined for macrolide resistance determinants and mobile genetic structures. RESULTS: Macrolide resistance was detected in 67 H. influenzae (2.6%) and 52 (10.2%) H. parainfluenzae strains and associated with resistance to other antimicrobials (co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline). Differences in macrolide resistance existed between the two species. Acquired resistance genes were more prevalent in H. parainfluenzae (35/52; 67.3%) than in H. influenzae (12/67; 17.9%). Gene mutations and amino acid substitutions were more common in H. influenzae (57/67; 85%) than in H. parainfluenzae (16/52; 30.8%). Substitutions in L22 and in 23S rRNA were only detected in H. influenzae (34.3% and 29.0%, respectively), while substitutions in L4 and AcrAB/AcrR were observed in both species. The MEGA element was identified in 35 (67.3%) H. parainfluenzae strains, five located in an integrative and conjugative element (ICE); by contrast, 11 (16.4%) H. influenzae strains contained the MEGA element (all in an ICE). A new ICEHpaHUB8 was described in H. parainfluenzae. CONCLUSIONS: Macrolide resistance was higher in H. parainfluenzae than in H. influenzae, with differences in the underlying mechanisms. H. parainfluenzae exhibits co-resistance to other antimicrobials, often leading to an extensively drug-resistant phenotype. This highlights the importance of conducting antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
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Background: Invasive pneumococcal disease due to serotype 3 (S3-IPD) is associated with high mortality rates and long-term adverse effects. The introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into the Spanish paediatric immunisation programme has not led to a decrease in the adult S3-IPD. We aimed to analyse the incidence, clinical characteristics and genomics of S3-IPD in adults in Spain. Methods: Adult IPD episodes hospitalized in a Southern Barcelona hospital were prospectively collected (1994-2020). For genomic comparison, S3-IPD isolates from six Spanish hospitals (2008-2020) and historical isolates (1989-1993) were analysed by WGS (Illumina and/or MinION). Findings: From 1994 to 2020, 270 S3-IPD episodes were detected. When comparing pre-PCV (1994-2001) and late-PCV13 (2016-2020) periods, only modest changes in S3-IPD were observed (from 1.58 to 1.28 episodes per 100,000 inhabitants year). In this period, the incidence of the two main lineages shifted from 0.38 to 0.67 (CC180-GPSC12) and from 1.18 to 0.55 (CC260-GPSC83). The overall 30-day mortality remained high (24.1%), though a decrease was observed between the pre-PCV (32.4%; 95.0% CI, 22.0-45.0) and the late-PCV13 period (16.7%; 95.0% CI, 7.5-32.0) (p = 0.06). At the same time, comorbidities increased from 77.3% (95.0% CI, 65.0-86.0) to 85.7% (95.0% CI, 71.0-94.0) (p = 0.69). There were no differences in clinical characteristics or 30-day mortality between the two S3 lineages. Although both lineages were genetically homogeneous, the CC180-GPSC12 lineage presented a higher SNP density, a more open pan-genome, and a major presence of prophages and mobile genetic elements carrying resistance genes. Interpretation: Adult S3-IPD remained stable in our area over the study period despite PCV13 introduction in children. However, a clonal shift was observed. The decrease in mortality rates and the increase in comorbidities suggest a change in clinical management and overall population characteristics. The low genetic variability and absence of clinical differences between lineages highlight the role of the S3 capsule in the disease severity. Funding: This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) "PI18/00339", "PI21/01000", "INT22/00096", "FI22/00279", CIBER "CIBERES-CB06/06/0037", "CIBERINFEC-CB21/13/00009" and MSD grant "IISP 60168".
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La transferencia de microbiota fecal (TMF) es un tratamiento eficaz y seguro para tratar la infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile. Es esencial extremar esfuerzos para que la TMF se realice con rigor y en base a los conocimientos científicos. La selección del donante de microbiota fecal es un punto clave del proceso para garantizar la seguridad del receptor. Es necesario disponer de protocolos de actuación que permitan a los clínicos actuar con las máximas garantías y minimizar los riesgos del procedimiento. Por este motivo, en Cataluña se ha constituido un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinario con el objetivo de establecer unas recomendaciones para la selección del donante de microbiota fecal.
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective and safe treatment to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. It is essential to make every effort to perform FMT rigorously and based on scientific knowledge. Selection of the fecal microbiota donor is a key point of the process to ensure recipient safety. It is necessary to have protocols of action that allow clinicians to act with the maximum guarantees and to minimize the risks of the procedure. For this reason, a multidisciplinary working group has been set up in Cataluña with the aim of establishing recommendations for the selection of the fecal microbiota donor.
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Humanos , Ciências da Saúde , Bacilos Gram-Positivos , Seleção do Doador , Transplante , Espanha , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis , EndocrinologiaRESUMO
Introduction The onset and spread of COVID-19 pandemic has forced clinical laboratories to rapidly expand testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2. This study evaluates the clinical performance of the TMA Procleix SARS-CoV-2 assay in comparison to the RT-PCR assay Allplex SARS-CoV-2 for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Methods Between November 2020 and February 2021, 610 upper-respiratory specimens received for routine SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing were prospectively collected and selected at the Hospital Universitari Vall dHebron and the Hospital Universitari Bellvitge in Barcelona, Spain. All samples were processed in parallel with the TMA and the RT-PCR assays, and results were compared. Discrepancies were retested by an additional RT-PCR method and the clinical history of these patients was reviewed. Results Overall, the level of concordance between both assays was 92.0% (κ, 0.772). Most discordant results (36/38, 94.7%) corresponded to samples testing positive with the TMA assay and negative with the RT-PCR method. Of these discrepant cases, most (28/36, 77.8%) were finally classified as confirmed or probable SARS-CoV-2 cases according to the discrepant analysis. Conclusion In conclusion, the TMA Procleix SARS-CoV-2 assay performed well for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a multisite clinical setting. This novel TMA assay demonstrated a greater sensitivity in comparison to RT-PCR methods for the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2. This higher sensitivity but also the qualitative feature of this detection of SARS-CoV-2 should be considered when making testing algorithm decisions (AU)
Introducción El inicio y la expansión de la pandemia por COVID-19 han forzado a los laboratorios clínicos a ampliar rápidamente la capacidad de detección de SARS-CoV-2. Evaluamos el rendimiento clínico del ensayo de TMA Procleix SARS-CoV-2 en comparación con el ensayo de RT-PCR Allplex SARS-CoV-2 para la detección cualitativa de ARN de SARS-CoV-2. Métodos Entre noviembre de 2020 y febrero de 2021 se seleccionaron prospectivamente 610 muestras del tracto respiratorio superior recibidas de rutina en el Hospital Universitario Vall dHebron y el Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge en Barcelona, España, para el diagnóstico molecular de SARS-CoV-2. Todas las muestras fueron procesadas en paralelo con los ensayos de TMA y RT-PCR, y se compararon los resultados. Las discrepancias se estudiaron por un método adicional de RT-PCR y se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Resultados En general, la concordancia entre ambos ensayos fue del 92,0% (κ, 0,772). La mayoría de los casos discrepantes (36/38, 94,7%) correspondían a muestras positivas con el ensayo de TMA y negativas con el método de RT-PCR. De estos, la mayoría (28/36, 77,8%) fueron finalmente clasificados como casos confirmados o probables de SARS-CoV-2 de acuerdo al análisis de discrepantes. Conclusión El ensayo de TMA Procleix SARS-CoV-2 funcionó bien para la detección cualitativa de ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en un entorno clínico multicéntrico. Este ensayo TMA demostró una mayor sensibilidad en comparación con métodos de RT-PCR para la detección molecular de SARS-CoV-2. Esta mayor sensibilidad, pero también el carácter cualitativo de esta detección de SARS-CoV-2, se deben considerar en el diagnóstico de la infección (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Betacoronavirus/genética , RNA Viral , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) constitute an important cause of hospital-acquired infection associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost. The aim of these guidelines is to provide updated recommendations for the diagnosis and management of CRBSI in adults. Prevention of CRBSI is excluded. Experts in the field were designated by the two participating Societies (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica and the Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias). Short-term peripheral venous catheters, non-tunneled and long-term central venous catheters, tunneled catheters and hemodialysis catheters are covered by these guidelines. The panel identified 39 key topics that were formulated in accordance with the PICO format. The strength of the recommendations and quality of the evidence were graded in accordance with ESCMID guidelines. Recommendations are made for the diagnosis of CRBSI with and without catheter removal and of tunnel infection. The document establishes the clinical situations in which a conservative diagnosis of CRBSI (diagnosis without catheter removal) is feasible. Recommendations are also made regarding empirical therapy, pathogen-specific treatment (coagulase-negative staphylococci, Sthaphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp, Gram-negative bacilli, and Candida spp), antibiotic lock therapy, diagnosis and management of suppurative thrombophlebitis and local complications (AU)
La bacteriemia relacionada con catéteres (BRC) constituye una causa importante de infección hospitalaria y se asocia con elevada morbilidad, mortalidad y costo. El objetivo de esta guía de práctica clínica es proporcionar recomendaciones actualizadas para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la BRC en pacientes adultos. De este documento se excluye la prevención de la BRC. Expertos en la materia fueron designados por las 2 sociedades participantes (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica y Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias). Los catéteres venosos periféricos a corto plazo, los catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados y de largo plazo, los catéteres tunelizados y los catéteres de hemodiálisis están incluidos por estas guías. El panel identificó 39 temas claves que fueron formulados de acuerdo con el formato PICO. La fuerza de las recomendaciones y la calidad de la evidencia se clasificaron de acuerdo con las directrices de la ESCMID. Se hacen recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de BRC con y sin extracción de catéter y de la infección en túnel. El documento establece las situaciones clínicas en las que es factible un diagnóstico conservador de CRBSI (diagnóstico sin retirada de catéter). También se hacen recomendaciones con respecto a la terapia empírica, el tratamiento específico según el patógeno identificado (estafilococos coagulasa negativos, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp, bacilos gramnegativos y Candida spp), la terapia con sellado del catéter, el diagnóstico, así como el tratamiento de la tromboflebitis supurativa y las complicaciones locales (AU)
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Humanos , Conferências de Consenso como Assunto , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/microbiologia , Tromboflebite/terapia , Sociedades Médicas/organização & administração , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/diagnóstico , Catéteres/microbiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/normas , Unidades de Cuidados Coronarianos/normas , Tromboflebite/complicações , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
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Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Resistência a Meticilina , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Glicopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Resistência a Medicamentos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Resistência a VancomicinaRESUMO
Both bacteremia and infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus are common and severe diseases. The prognosis may darken not infrequently, especially in the presence of intracardiac devices or methicillin-resistance. Indeed, the optimization of the antimicrobial therapy is a key step in the outcome of these infections. The high rates of treatment failure and the increasing interest in the influence of vancomycin susceptibility in the outcome of infections caused by both methicillin-susceptible and - resistant isolates has led to the research of novel therapeutic schemes. Specifically, the interest raised in recent years on the new antimicrobials with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci has been also extended to infections caused by susceptible strains, which still carry the most important burden of infection. Recent clinical and experimental research has focused in the activity of new combinations of antimicrobials, their indication and role still being debatable. Also, the impact of an appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment has acquired relevance in recent years. Finally, it is noteworthy the impact of the implementation of a systematic bundle of measures for improving the outcome. The aim of this clinical guideline is to provide an ensemble of recommendations in order to improve the treatment and prognosis of bacteremia and infective endocarditis caused by S. aureus, in accordance to the latest evidence published
Tanto la bacteriemia como la endocarditis infecciosa causada por Staphylococcus aureus son infecciones graves y frecuentes. El pronóstico puede verse ensombrecido por la presencia de dispositivos cardíacos o por la resistencia a meticilina. La optimización del tratamiento antimicrobiano es clave en los resultados. Las considerables tasas de fracaso terapéutico y la influencia de la susceptibilidad a vancomicina en el pronóstico, tanto de los episodios causados por cepas resistentes como sensibles a meticilina, ha conducido a la investigación de nuevos esquemas terapéuticos. Específicamente, el interés que en los últimos años han generado los nuevos antibióticos con actividad frente a cepas resistentes a meticilina se ha extendido a las cepas sensibles, que son aún responsables de la mayoría de los casos. Recientes estudios en el ámbito clínico y experimental se han centrado en la actividad de nuevas combinaciones, cuyo papel e indicación clínicas son aún objeto de debate. Por otro lado, la importancia de un tratamiento antibiótico empírico precoz y adecuado ha cobrado interés en los últimos años. Finalmente, cabe destacar el impacto que la instauración de un conjunto sistemático de medidas en el manejo de la bacteriemia estafilocócica tiene en el pronóstico global de la infección. Esta guía clínica reúne un conjunto de recomendaciones a la luz de la última evidencia científica, con el objeto de mejorar el tratamiento y pronóstico de la bacteriemia y endocarditis infecciosa causada por S. Aureus
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Humanos , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Endocardite Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Bacteremia and infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus are common and severe diseases. Optimization of treatment is fundamental in the prognosis of these infections. The high rates of treatment failure and the increasing interest in the influence of vancomycin susceptibility in the outcome of infections caused by both methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates have led to research on novel therapeutic schemes. The interest in the new antimicrobials with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci has been extended to susceptible strains, which still carry the most important burden of infection. New combinations of antimicrobials have been investigated in experimental and clinical studies, but their role is still being debated. Also, the appropriateness of the initial empirical therapy has acquired relevance in recent years. The aim of this guideline is to update the 2009 guidelines and to provide an ensemble of recommendations in order to improve the treatment of staphylococcal bacteremia and infective endocarditis, in accordance with the latest published evidence
La bacteriemia y la endocarditis infecciosa causadas por Staphylococcus aureus son enfermedades frecuentes y graves. El tratamiento antibiótico es clave en el éxito terapéutico. El reciente descubrimiento de la relación entre la susceptibilidad a vancomicina y el pronóstico de estas infecciones, tanto cuando en cepas resistentes como sensibles a meticilina, ha llevado a la investigación de nuevos tratamientos. El interés por los nuevos antibióticos con actividad frente a cepas resistentes a meticilina se ha extendido a las cepas sensibles, aún responsables de la mayor parte de infecciones. Estudios clínicos y experimentales han evaluado la eficacia de nuevas combinaciones de antimicrobianos, si bien su indicación no ha sido aún establecida. También la necesidad de un tratamiento inicial empírico correcto ha cobrado relevancia. El objetivo de este documento es actualizar el documento de consenso del 2009 y obtener un conjunto de recomendaciones para mejorar el tratamiento de la bacteriemia y endocarditis estafilocócicas, de acuerdo a la última evidencia científica publicada
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Humanos , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Endocardite Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidadeRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de una serie de casos de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) de 2 zonas geográficas con una frecuencia muy diferente de infecciones por SARM comunitario (SARM-Co). MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de pacientes ingresados en 2 instituciones de Argentina y España entre marzo de 2008 y junio de 2012. RESULTADOS: Se documentaron 16 casos de NAC causada por SARM. La frecuencia fue de 15 de 547 (2,7%) casos totales de NAC en el Hospital Rodolfo Rossi y uno de 1.258 (0,08%) en el Hospital de Bellvitge (p ≤ 0,001). La mayoría de pacientes fueron jóvenes y no presentaban comorbilidades. La afectación multilobar, la cavitación y la afectación cutánea fueron frecuentes. Todos los pacientes presentaron hemocultivos positivos. Cinco pacientes requirieron ingreso en la UCI. La mortalidad precoz (≤ 48 h) fue del 18,7%, y la global (≤ 30 días), del 25%. CONCLUSIONES: La NAC causada por SARM causa una elevada morbimortalidad y debe sospecharse en áreas con alta prevalencia de infección por SARM comunitario, en especial en pacientes jóvenes sin comorbilidades que presentan una NAC multilobar con cavitación. La mortalidad se asocia a shock séptico e insuficiencia respiratoria y en la mayoría de los casos fue precoz
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological and clinical features, treatment and prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in two different geographic regions where community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections have different frequencies. METHODS: Observational study of patients admitted to two hospitals (one in Argentina, the other in Spain) between March 2008 and June 2012. RESULTS: We documented 16cases of CAP caused by MRSA. MRSA accounted for 15 of 547 (2.7%) cases of CAP in Hospital Rodolfo Rossi and 1 of 1258 (0,08%) cases at the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (P ≤ .001). Most patients were young and previously healthy. Multilobar infiltrates, cavitation and skin and soft tissue involvement were frequent. All patients had positive blood cultures. Five patients required admission to the intensive care unit. Early mortality (≤ 48 hours) was 19%, and overall mortality (≤ 30 days) was 25%. CONCLUSION: CAP caused by MRSA causes high morbidity and mortality rates. It should be suspected in areas with a high prevalence of CA-MRSA infections, and especially in young and healthy patients who present with multilobar pneumonia with cavitation. Mortality is mainly related to septic shock and respiratory failure and occurs early in most cases
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Humanos , Pneumonia Estafilocócica/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Argentina/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates are associated with nosocomial infections, in which colonized patients act as a reservoir and source of cross-infection for other patients. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of K. pneumoniae was tested by microdilution using the commercial method MicroScan (Siemens). The genetic relatedness of K. pneumoniae strains was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR experiments were carried out to obtain primer sets and positive PCR products were purified and sequenced. From May 2007 until December 2009, 98 clonally related K. pneumoniae isolates were detected from clinical samples of 38 patients admitted to the University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain, including 27 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The most important sources of the isolates were: lower respiratory tract (n = 12), urine (n = 12), and blood (n = 11). The strains were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, tobramycin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin, and had diminished susceptibility to cefepime. All the isolates shared a common PFGE pattern related to sequence type 14 after MLST analysis. In K. pneumoniae isolates and their transconjugants, the bla(OXA-1) gene was located in the variable region of a class I integron that also contains the aac(6')Ib-cr gene. Sequencing of the quinolone resistance determinant regions of gyrA and parC revealed a S83F change in GyrA and no changes in ParC (AU)
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Humanos , beta-Lactamas , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Integrons/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Evolução Clonal/genética , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/métodosRESUMO
Los cultivos de vigilancia epidemiológica y la tipificación molecular han sido importantes aportaciones de la Microbiología Clínica al control de la infección nosocomial. En este documento se ofrece información sobre recogida, transporte, conservación y procesamiento de muestras para cultivos de vigilancia, criterios para la interpretación de los resultados y la emisión de los mismos en relación con las bacterias de mayor interés en infección nosocomial. Se incluyen Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM), Enterococcus spp. resistentes a glucopéptidos, enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), Acinetobacter baumannii multirresistente y Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenems. Esta información pretende aportar una aproximación general al problema, a partir de la cual el laboratorio desarrolle directrices propias, en función de las necesidades acordadas con el equipo multidisciplinar de control de infección nosocomial (AU)
Implementation of surveillance culture programs and molecular typing are important contributions of Clinical Microbiology to the control of nosocomial infections. This document provides information on collection, transport, preservation, and processing of samples for surveillance culture, as well as the criteria for interpreting and reporting the results of relevant etiologic agents in nosocomial infection. This includes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus spp., enterobacteria producing extended-spectrum b -lactamases (ESBLs), multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Details on the available methods for rapid diagnosis are also presented. The information in this document attempts to provide a general approach to the problem and may be considered a starting point for laboratories that are developing their own guidelines, according to needs defined by the multidisciplinary nosocomial infection control team (AU)
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Humanos , Resistência a Medicamentos , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Resistência a Meticilina , Glicopeptídeos/farmacocinética , Lactamas/farmacocinética , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade , Acinetobacter baumannii/patogenicidade , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/patogenicidade , Manejo de Espécimes/métodosRESUMO
En los últimos años han aumentado los laboratorios de microbiología clínica que han incorporado sistemas automáticos para la determinación de la sensibilidad de los microorganismos a los antimicrobianos. La mayoría, mediante paneles o tarjetas de microdilución, obtienen valores de concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) que traducen en categorías clínicas (sensible, intermedio o resistente) e incorporan sistemas expertos para inferir mecanismos de resistencia. Este documento recoge las recomendaciones de un grupo de expertos, designados por GEMARA (Grupo de Estudio de los Mecanismos de Acción y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos) y MENSURA (Mesa Española de Normalización de la Sensibilidad y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos), para la inclusión de antimicrobianos y selección de concentraciones en los paneles de sensibilidad de los sistemas automáticos. Se definen diferentes categorías de antimicrobianos (A: deben incluirse en el panel de estudio; B: es recomendable su inclusión, y C: su inclusión es secundaria pero facilita la lectura interpretada) y grupos de antimicrobianos (0: no utilizados en clínica pero útiles para la detección de mecanismos de resistencia; 1: deben estudiarse e informarse como norma; 2: deben estudiarse de manera habitual e informarse selectivamente; 3: deben estudiarse en un segundo nivel e informarse selectivamente, y 4: deben estudiarse en patógenos urinarios aislados en orina y muestras relacionadas). Las concentraciones recomendadas cubren las concentraciones críticas o puntos de corte establecidos por EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing), CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) y MENSURA. Estos criterios redundarán en una mejor calidad de los resultados, una mejor detección de los mecanismos de resistencia y un cumplimiento del objetivo clínico del antibiograma (AU)
The number of clinical microbiology laboratories that have incorporated automatic susceptibility testing devices has increased in recent years. The majority of these systems determine MIC values using microdilution panels or specific cards, with grouping into clinical categories (susceptible, intermediate or resistant) and incorporate expert systems to infer resistance mechanisms. This document presents the recommendations of a group of experts designated by Grupo de Estudio de los Mecanismos de Acción y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (GEMARA, Study group on mechanisms of action and resistance to antimicrobial agents) and Mesa Española de Normalización de la Sensibilidad y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (MENSURA, Spanish Group for Normalizing Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Antimicrobial Resistance), with the aim of including antimicrobial agents and selecting concentrations for the susceptibility testing panels of automatic systems. The following have been defined: various antimicrobial categories (A: must be included in the study panel; B: inclusion is recommended; and C: inclusion is secondary, but may facilitate interpretative reading of the antibiogram) and groups (0: not used in therapeutics but may facilitate the detection of resistance mechanisms; 1: must be studied and always reported; 2: must be studied and selectively reported; 3: must be studied and reported at a second level; and 4: should be studied in urinary tract pathogens isolated in urine and other specimens). Recommended antimicrobial concentrations are adapted from the breakpoints established by EUCAST, CLSI and MENSURA. This approach will lead to more accurate susceptibility testing results with better detection of resistance mechanisms, and allowing to reach the clinical goal of the antibiogram (AU)