Prevention of ICU-acquired infection with decontamination regimen in immunocompromised patients: a pre/post observational study.

PURPOSE: Although the proportion of immunocompromised patients admitted to the ICU is increasing, data regarding specific management, including acquired infection (ICU-AI) prophylaxis, in this setting are lacking. We aim to investigate the effect of multiple-site decontamination regimens (MSD) in immunocompromised patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective pre-/post-observational study in 2 ICUs in Bretagne, western France. Adults who required mechanical ventilation for 24 h or more were eligible. During the study period, MSD was implemented in participating ICUs in addition to standard care. It consists of the administration of topical antibiotics (gentamicin, colistin sulfate, and amphotericin B), four times daily in the oropharynx and the gastric tube, 4% chlorhexidine bodywash once daily, and a 5-day nasal mupirocin course. RESULTS: Overall, 295 immunocompromised patients were available for analysis (151 in the post-implementation group vs 143 in the pre-implementation group). Solid organ cancer was present in 77/295 patients while immunomodulatory treatments were noticed in 135/295. They were 35 ICU-AI in 29/143 patients in the standard-care group as compared with 10 ICU-AI in 9/151 patients in the post-implementation group (p < 0.001). In a multivariable Poisson regression model, MSD was independently associated with a decreased incidence of ICU-AI (incidence rate ratio = 0.39; 95%CI [0.20-0.87] p = 0.008). There were 35/143 deaths in the standard-care group as compared with 22/151 in the post-implementation group (p = 0.046), this difference remained in a multivariable Cox model (HR = 0.58; 95CI [0.34-0.95] p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, MSD appeared to be associated with improved outcomes in critically ill immunocompromised patients.

Staphylococcus capitis isolated from bloodstream infections: a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units.

To increase the knowledge about S. capitis in the neonatal setting, we conducted a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) covering 56.6% of French NICU beds. We demonstrated 14.2% of S. capitis BSI (S.capBSI) among nosocomial BSIs. S.capBSI incidence rate was 0.59 per 1000 patient-days. A total of 55.0% of the S.capBSIs were late onset catheter-related BSIs. The S. capitis strains infected preterm babies (median gestational age 26 weeks, median birth weight 855 g). They were resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides and belonged to the NRCS-A clone. Evolution was favorable in all but one case, following vancomycin treatment.

Opportunistic Pulmonary Bordetella hinzii Infection after Avian Exposure.

We report 2 cases of pulmonary Bordetella hinzii infection in immunodeficient patients. One of these rare cases demonstrated the potential transmission of the bacteria from an avian reservoir through occupational exposure and its persistence in humans. We establish bacteriologic management of these infections and suggest therapeutic options if needed.

Prevention of acquired invasive fungal infection with decontamination regimen in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a pre/post observational study.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infections acquired in the intensive care unit (AFI) are life-threating complications of critical illness. However, there is no consensus on antifungal prophylaxis in this setting. Multiple site decontamination is a well-studied prophylaxis against bacterial and fungal infections. Data on the effect of decontamination regimens on AFI are lacking. We hypothesised that multiple site decontamination could decrease the rate of AFI in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: We conducted a pre/post observational study in 2 ICUs, on adult patients who required mechanical ventilation for >24 h. During the study period, multiple-site decontamination was added to standard of care. It consists of amphotericin B four times daily in the oropharynx and the gastric tube along with topical antibiotics, chlorhexidine body wash and nasal mupirocin. RESULTS: In 870 patients, there were 27 AFI in 26 patients. Aspergillosis accounted for 20/143 of ventilator-associated pneumonia and candidemia for 7/75 of ICU-acquired bloodstream infections. There were 3/308 (1%) patients with AFI in the decontamination group and 23/562 (4%) in the standard-care group (p = 0.011). In a propensity-score matched analysis, there were 3/308 (1%) and 16/308 (5%) AFI in the decontamination group and the standard-care group respectively (p = 0.004) (3/308 vs 11/308 ventilator-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, respectively [p = 0.055] and 0/308 vs 6/308 candidemia, respectively [p = 0.037]). CONCLUSION: Acquired fungal infection is a rare event, but accounts for a large proportion of ICU-acquired infections. Our study showed a preventive effect of decontamination against acquired fungal infection, especially candidemia.Take home messageAcquired fungal infection (AFI) incidence is close to 4% in mechanically ventilated patients without antifungal prophylaxis (3% for pulmonary aspergillosis and 1% for candidemia).Aspergillosis accounts for 14% of ventilator-associated pneumonia and candidemia for 9% of acquired bloodstream infections.Immunocompromised patients, those infected with SARS-COV 2 or influenza virus, males and patients admitted during the fall season are at higher risk of AFI.Mechanically ventilated patients receiving multiple site decontamination (MSD) have a lower risk of AFI.

Multiple-site decontamination in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: A real-life study.

INTRODUCTION: Decontamination regimen decreases acquired infection (ICU-AI) incidence but has remained controversial, mostly because it contains a course of intravenous antibiotic. Multiple-site decontamination (MSD), which does not include systemic antibiotics, has been less widely studied but is associated with lower risks of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), bloodstream infection (BSI) and multidrug resistant micro-organism (MDRO) acquisition. We aimed to confirm these favorable outcomes. METHODS: A prospective pre/post-observational study was conducted in 5 ICUs in western France. Among them, 4 implemented MSD, whereas the fifth applied standard care (SC) throughout the study period. Patients who required intubation were eligible for study and divided into two groups: the MSD group if they were admitted to an ICU that already implemented MSD, or the SC group. The primary objective was to measure ICU-AI incidence. RESULTS: Close to 1400 (1346) patients were available for analysis (334 in the MSD and 1012 patients in the SC group). In a multivariable Poisson regression model, MSD was independently associated with decreased incidence of ICU-AI (IRR = 0.33; 95 %CI [0.18-0.60] p < 0.001). Non-parsimonious propensity-score matching resulted in 334 patient-pairs with well-balanced baseline characteristics. There was a lower incidence of ICU-AI(6.3 % vs 20.7 % p < 0.001), VAP (3.6 % vs 16.2 % p < 0.001) and BSI (3.0 % vs 7.2 % p = 0.029) in the MSD group as compared with the SC group. Five (1.5 %) and 11 (3.3 %) patients respectively acquired MDRO (p = 0.206). CONCLUSION: MSD is associated with decreased risk of ICU-AI, VAP and BSI, with no increase in MDRO acquisition.

Prediction of pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Predictors of ICU-acquired pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) are not well-established in critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), making IPA commonly misdiagnosed and anti-fungal therapy delayed. We aimed to develop a clinical score for prediction of IPA among patients with VAP. METHODS: Mechanically ventilated patients who developed VAP in 4 ICUs in Bretagne, Western France, were included. The score was constructed in a learning cohort, based on predictors of IPA in logistic regression model, and validated in a validation cohort. RESULTS: Among 1636 mechanically ventilated patients, 215 developed VAP but only 39 developed IPA (4 possible and 35 probable/putative) (18%). Most cases (31/39) were documented through a positive broncho-alveolar sample culture. Independent predictors of IPA were immunodepression (including onco-hematological disorder, immunomodulatory treatment, solid organ transplant, neutropenia < 0.5G/L and high-dose steroids ≥ 1 mg/kg/day of prednisolone equivalent) (p = 0.001; score = 1 point) and lymphocyte count at admission < 0.8 G/L (p = 0.019; score = 1 point). Operational values of the predictive score in the learning/validation cohort were 50%/52% sensitivity and 90%/87% specificity, respectively, for high PiPa score (score = 2) and 94%/91% sensitivity and 44%/46% specificity, respectively, for moderate PiPa score (score = 1). Finally, the AUC for the prediction of IPA was 0.783 in the learning cohort and 0.770 in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: We evaluated a clinical score with good predictive value which may help to predict IPA in patient with VAP. External validation will be needed to confirm our preliminary findings.

Identification of Workers at Increased Risk of Infection During a COVID-19 Outbreak in a Meat Processing Plant, France, May 2020.

On 13 May 2020, a COVID-19 cluster was detected in a French processing plant. Infected workers were described. The associations between the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the socio-demographic and occupational characteristics were assessed in order to implement risk management measures targeting workers at increased risk of contamination. Workers were tested by RT-PCR from samples taken during screening campaigns. Workers who tested positive were isolated and their contacts were quarantined. Workers were described and associations with the SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed through risk ratios using multivariable Poisson regression. Of the 1347 workers, 87.5% were tested: 140 cases were identified; 4 were hospitalised, including 2 admitted to intensive care. In the company, the cluster remained limited to deboning and cutting activities. The attack rate was 11.9% in the company, reaching 16.6% in the cutting department. Being an employee of a subcontractor significantly increased the risk of infection by 2.98 [1.81-4.99]. In the cutting department, an association with virus infection was found for a group of non-French speaking workers from the same Eastern European country (RR = 2.67 [1.76-4.05]). They shared accommodation or carpooled more frequently than the other cases. The outbreak investigation revealed a significantly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for workers of subcontractors and some foreign-born workers. There are many such populations in meat processing plants; the observed associations and the ways in which these workers are contaminated need to be confirmed by further work. Prevention campaigns should now target these workers. Environmental risk factors in the workplace setting remain to be clarified.

Emergence of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis in Children After the Discontinuation of Mandatory Bacillus Calmette and GuÉrin Immunization in France.

Eighty-five children were diagnosed with culture-confirmed nontuberculous mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis within the MYCOMED surveillance network from 2004 to 2013. The mean incidence sharply increased from 0.57 to 3.7 per 100,000 children per year, after the discontinuation of mandatory bacillus Calmette and Guérin immunization in 2007. Cases were documented as Mycobacterium avium (62.3%), Mycobacterium intracellulare (15.3%) and Mycobacterium lentiflavum (12.9%). Outcome was favorable in all, with or without surgery or antimycobacterial treatment.

Use of human papillomavirus genotyping and biomarkers for targeted screening of anal dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Screening for anal dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is not standardized. High-resolution imaging is not adequate for mass screening, and anal cytology requires expertise. New biomarkers, selected because of their use in cervical cancer mass screening, have been originally tested for targeted and easy-to-perform screening. METHODS: 120 HIV-infected individuals (males 96.4%, mean age 47±11 years) were referred for clinical examination, anoscopy, and cytological studies on anal swab. Dysplasia grading, Human Papilloma Virus genotyping, E6/E7mRNA detection and p16(INK4A)/Ki-67 immunostaining were performed. High-grade lesions were histologically confirmed by anal biopsies after high-resolution anoscopy. RESULTS: Among the 120 anal swabs analyzed, 36 (30%) had low grade and 6 (5%) had high-grade lesions. Virus genotype was identified in 88 patients (73.3%), and 77 (64.2%) were positive for high-risk genotype(s). High-risk genotype was associated to low-grade or high-grade lesions with a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.51. For E6/E7mRNA, sensitivity and specificity for low-grade and high-grade lesions were, respectively, 0.88 and 0.78. Combination of genotyping, E6/E7mRNA and p16(INK4A)/Ki-67 appropriately ruled out dysplasia in 55% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Three routine biomarkers may avoid unnecessary invasive procedures with the perspective of an improvement of patient compliance. A decision making algorithm, based on the combination of these three biomarkers, is proposed.

Oral Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli as a reservoir of ß-lactam resistance genes facilitating infections with multiresistant bacteria.

Many ß-lactamases have been described in various Gram-negative bacilli (Capnocytophaga, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, etc.) of the oral cavity, belonging to class A of the Ambler classification (CepA, CblA, CfxA, CSP-1 and TEM), class B (CfiA) or class D in Fusobacterium nucleatum (FUS-1). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ß-lactams are variable and this variation is often related to the presence of plasmids or other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that modulate the expression of resistance genes. DNA persistence and bacterial promiscuity in oral biofilms also contribute to genetic transformation and conjugation in this particular microcosm. Overexpression of efflux pumps is facilitated because the encoding genes are located on MGEs, in some multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, similar to conjugative transposons harbouring genes encoding ß-lactamases. All these facts lead us to consider the oral cavity as an important reservoir of ß-lactam resistance genes and a privileged place for genetic exchange, especially in commensal strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli.