Impact of aerial humidity on seasonal malaria: an ecological study in Zambia.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal patterns of malaria cases in many parts of Africa are generally associated with rainfall, yet in the dry seasons, malaria transmission declines but does not always cease. It is important to understand what conditions support these periodic cases. Aerial moisture is thought to be important for mosquito survival and ability to forage, but its role during the dry seasons has not been well studied. During the dry season aerial moisture is minimal, but intermittent periods may arise from the transpiration of peri-domestic trees or from some other sources in the environment. These periods may provide conditions to sustain pockets of mosquitoes that become active and forage, thereby transmitting malaria. In this work, humidity along with other ecological variables that may impact malaria transmission have been examined. METHODS: Negative binomial regression models were used to explore the association between peri-domestic tree humidity and local malaria incidence. This was done using sensitive temperature and humidity loggers in the rural Southern Province of Zambia over three consecutive years. Additional variables including rainfall, temperature and elevation were also explored. RESULTS: A negative binomial model with no lag was found to best fit the malaria cases for the full year in the evaluated sites of the Southern Province of Zambia. Local tree and granary night-time humidity and temperature were found to be associated with local health centre-reported incidence of malaria, while rainfall and elevation did not significantly contribute to this model. A no lag and one week lag model for the dry season alone also showed a significant effect of humidity, but not temperature, elevation, or rainfall. CONCLUSION: The study has shown that throughout the dry season, periodic conditions of sustained humidity occur that may permit foraging by resting mosquitoes, and these periods are associated with increased incidence of malaria cases. These results shed a light on conditions that impact the survival of the common malaria vector species, Anopheles arabiensis, in arid seasons and suggests how they emerge to forage when conditions permit.

The Prostaglandin D2 Receptor CRTH2 Promotes IL-33-Induced ILC2 Accumulation in the Lung.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are rare innate immune cells that accumulate in tissues during allergy and helminth infection, performing critical effector functions that drive type 2 inflammation. ILC2s express ST2, the receptor for the cytokine IL-33, and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2), a receptor for the bioactive lipid prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). The IL-33-ST2 and the PGD2-CRTH2 pathways have both been implicated in promoting ILC2 accumulation during type 2 inflammation. However, whether these two pathways coordinate to regulate ILC2 population size in the tissue in vivo remains undefined. In this study, we show that ILC2 accumulation in the murine lung in response to systemic IL-33 treatment was partially dependent on CRTH2. This effect was not a result of reduced ILC2 proliferation, increased apoptosis or cell death, or differences in expression of the ST2 receptor in the absence of CRTH2. Rather, data from adoptive transfer studies suggested that defective accumulation of CRTH2-deficient ILC2s in response to IL-33 was due to altered ILC2 migration patterns. Whereas donor wild-type ILC2s preferentially accumulated in the lungs compared with CRTH2-deficient ILC2s following transfer into IL-33-treated recipients, wild-type and CRTH2-deficient ILC2s accumulated equally in the recipient mediastinal lymph node. These data suggest that CRTH2-dependent effects lie downstream of IL-33, directly affecting the migration of ILC2s into inflamed lung tissues. A better understanding of the complex interactions between the IL-33 and PGD2-CRTH2 pathways that regulate ILC2 population size will be useful in understanding how these pathways could be targeted to treat diseases associated with type 2 inflammation.

B cell-mediated antigen presentation promotes adverse cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. A primary driver of cardiovascular mortality is ischemic heart failure, a form of cardiac dysfunction that can develop in patients who survive myocardial infarction. Acute cardiac damage triggers robust changes in the spleen with rapid migration of immune cells from the spleen to the heart. Activating this "cardio-splenic" axis contributes to progressive cardiac dysfunction. The cardio-splenic axis has, therefore, been identified as a promising therapeutic target to prevent or treat heart failure. However, our understanding of the precise mechanisms by which specific immune cells contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling within the cardio-splenic axis remains limited. Here, we show that splenic B cells contribute to the development of heart failure via MHC II-mediated antigen presentation. We found that the adoptive transfer of splenic B cells from mice with ischemic heart failure promoted adverse cardiac remodeling and splenic inflammatory changes in naïve recipient mice. Based on single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of splenic B cells from mice with ischemic heart failure, we hypothesized that B cells contributed to adverse cardiac remodeling through antigen presentation by MHC II molecules. This mechanism was confirmed using transgenic mice with B cell-specific MHC II deletion, and by analyzing circulating B cells from humans who experienced myocardial infarction. Our results broaden our understanding of B lymphocyte biology, reshape current models of immune activation in response to myocardial injury, and point towards MHC II-mediated signaling in B cells as a novel and specific therapeutic target in chronic heart failure.

B cell-mediated antigen presentation promotes adverse cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. A primary driver of cardiovascular mortality is ischemic heart failure, a form of cardiac dysfunction that can develop in patients who survive myocardial infarction. Acute cardiac damage triggers robust changes in the spleen with rapid migration of immune cells from the spleen to the heart. Activating this "cardio-splenic" axis contributes to progressive cardiac dysfunction. The cardio-splenic axis has, therefore, been identified as a promising therapeutic target to prevent or treat heart failure. However, our understanding of the precise mechanisms by which specific immune cells contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling within the cardio-splenic axis remains limited. Here, we show that splenic B cells contribute to the development of heart failure via MHC II-mediated antigen presentation. We found that the adoptive transfer of splenic B cells from mice with ischemic heart failure promoted adverse cardiac remodeling and splenic inflammatory changes in naïve recipient mice. Based on single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of splenic B cells from mice with ischemic heart failure, we hypothesized that B cells contributed to adverse cardiac remodeling through antigen presentation by MHC II molecules. This mechanism was confirmed using transgenic mice with B cell-specific MHC II deletion, and by analyzing circulating B cells from humans who experienced myocardial infarction. Our results broaden our understanding of B lymphocyte biology, reshape current models of immune activation in response to myocardial injury, and point towards MHC II-mediated signaling in B cells as a novel and specific therapeutic target in chronic heart failure.

Myocardial B cells have specific gene expression and predicted interactions in Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy.

Introduction: Growing evidence from animal models indicates that the myocardium hosts a population of B cells that play a role in the development of cardiomyopathy. However, there is minimal data on human myocardial B cells in the context of cardiomyopathy. Methods: We integrated single-cell and single-nuclei datasets from 45 healthy human hearts, 70 hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and 8 hearts with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Interactions between B cells and other cell types were investigated using the CellChat Package. Differential gene expression analysis comparing B cells across conditions was performed using DESeq2. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity, KEGG, and GO pathways analysis. Results: We identified 1,100 B cells, including naive B cells and plasma cells. B cells showed an extensive network of interactions within the healthy myocardium that included outgoing signaling to macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes, and incoming signaling from endothelial cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts. This niche relied on ECM-receptor, contact, and paracrine interaction; and changed significantly in the context of cardiomyopathy, displaying disease-specific features. Differential gene expression analysis showed that in the context of DCM both naive and plasma B cells upregulated several pathways related to immune activation, including upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, upregulation of leukocyte extravasation, and, in naive B cells, antigen presentation. Discussion: The human myocardium contains naive B cells and plasma cells, integrated into a diverse and dynamic niche that has distinctive features in healthy myocardium, DCM, and ARVC. Naive myocardial-associated B cells likely contribute to the pathogenesis of human DCM.

Myocardial B cells have specific gene expression and predicted interactions in dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Introduction: Growing evidence from animal models indicates that the myocardium hosts a population of B cells that play a role in the development of cardiomyopathy. However, there is minimal data on human myocardial B cells in the context of cardiomyopathy. Methods: We integrated single-cell and single-nuclei datasets from 45 healthy human hearts, 70 hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and 8 hearts with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Interactions between B cells and other cell types were investigated using the CellChat Package. Differential gene expression analysis comparing B cells across conditions was performed using DESeq2. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity, KEGG, and GO pathways analysis. Results: We identified 1,100 B cells, including naive B cells and plasma cells. Cells showed an extensive network of interactions within the healthy myocardium that included outgoing signaling to macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes, and incoming signaling from endothelial cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts. This niche relied on ECM-receptor, contact, and paracrine interactions; and changed significantly in the context of cardiomyopathy, displaying disease-specific features. Differential gene expression analysis showed that in the context of DCM both naive and plasma B cells upregulated several pathways related to immune activation, including upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, upregulation of leukocyte extravasation, and, in naive B cells, antigen presentation. Discussion: The human myocardium contains naive B cells and plasma cells, integrated into a diverse and dynamic niche that has distinctive features in healthy, DCM, and ARVC. Naive myocardial-associated B cells likely contribute to the pathogenesis of human DCM.

Immunologic changes are detectable in the peripheral blood transcriptome of clinically asymptomatic Chagas cardiomyopathy patients.

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected parasitic disease that affects approximately 6 million individuals worldwide. Of those infected, 20-30% will go on to develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), and ultimately many of these individuals will progress to advanced heart failure. The mechanism by which this progression occurs is poorly understood, as few studies have focused on early CCC. In this study, we sought to understand the physiologic changes associated with T. cruzi infection and the development of CCC. We analyzed gene expression in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic Chagas patients with early structural heart disease, Chagas patients without any signs or symptoms of disease, and Chagas-negative patients with and without early structural heart disease. Our analysis shows that early CCC was associated with a downregulation of various peripheral immune response genes, with gene expression changes suggestive of reduced antigen presentation and T cell activation. Notably, these genes and processes were distinct from those of early cardiomyopathy in Chagas-negative patients, suggesting that the processes mediating CCC may be unique from those mediating progression to other cardiomyopathies. This work highlights the importance of the immune response in early CCC, providing insight into the early pathogenesis of this disease. The changes we have identified may serve as biomarkers of progression and could inform strategies for the treatment of CCC in its early stages, before significant cardiac damage has occurred.

Determination of factors associated with early readmission of patients with mental illness in two cities in Colombia during 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Early rehospitalisation in mental health units (SMHUs) is when a patient needs to be readmitted in the first 30 days after receiving discharge, and is mainly due to recurrent decompensation of their mental illness. This phenomenon is related to a worse prognosis and has an impact on the family, social and work environment. Absenteeism from work and additional hospital time are expenses for the health and employment system which have made rehospitalisation a phenomenon of special interest. The present study was carried out with the objective of exploring the factors associated with the readmission of patients with psychiatric illnesses treated in two MHUs during 2018, as well as those modifiable factors that act as protection for this condition. METHODS: Observational, descriptive study with analytical component of cases and controls in two MHUs in different cities of Colombia. Information was obtained by collecting data from the medical records of patients who were admitted between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. The data were collected between 20 February and 27 May 2019. The sample was composed of all the patients who met the criteria for early readmission in both institutions. The study group consisted of 113 patients: (28 cases and 85 controls), matched by by the variables: age, sex, place of hospitalisation and diagnosis. RESULTS: In the two hospital MHUs the diagnoses found were: depression (15.5%), bipolar affective disorder (33.1%) and schizophrenia (37.3%). In Bogotá, the most prevalent was depression (31.1%) and, in Tunja, it was schizophrenia (44.8%). For both institutions, the factor most associated with readmission was alcohol consumption, but other variables of treatment, family nucleus, and individual intervention were also associated with a greater probability of early readmission. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to demonstrate that the use of atypical and/or depot antipsychotics, hospitalisations longer than 15 days, and prescriptions of less than three drugs at discharge, reduce the number of early readmissions to MHUs.

Determination of Factors Associated with Early Readmission of Patients with Mental Illness in Two Cities in Colombia During 2018. / Determinación de los factores asociados con el reingreso temprano de pacientes con enfermedad mental en dos ciudades de Colombia durante 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Early rehospitalisation in mental health units (SMHUs) is when a patient needs to be readmitted in the first 30 days after receiving discharge, and is mainly due to recurrent decompensation of their mental illness. This phenomenon is related to a worse prognosis and has an impact on the family, social and work environment. Absenteeism from work and additional hospital time are expenses for the health and employment system which have made rehospitalisation a phenomenon of special interest. The present study was carried out with the objective of exploring the factors associated with the readmission of patients with psychiatric illnesses treated in two MHUs during 2018, as well as those modifiable factors that act as protection for this condition. METHODS: Observational, descriptive study with analytical component of cases and controls in two MHUs in different cities of Colombia. Information was obtained by collecting data from the medical records of patients who were admitted between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. The data were collected between 20 February and 27 May 2019. The sample was composed of all the patients who met the criteria for early readmission in both institutions. The study group consisted of 113 patients: (28 cases and 85 controls), matched by by the variables: age, sex, place of hospitalisation and diagnosis RESULTS: In the two hospital MHUs the diagnoses found were: depression (15.5%), bipolar affective disorder (33.1%) and schizophrenia (37.3%). In Bogotá, the most prevalent was depression (31.1%) and, in Tunja, it was schizophrenia (44.8%). For both institutions, the factor most associated with readmission was alcohol consumption, but other variables of treatment, family nucleus, and individual intervention were also associated with a greater probability of early readmission. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to demonstrate that the use of atypical and/or depot antipsychotics, hospitalisations longer than 15 days, and prescriptions of less than three drugs at discharge, reduce the number of early readmissions to MHUs.

Determinación de los factores asociados con el reingreso temprano de pacientes con enfermedad mental en dos ciudades de Colombia durante 2018 / Determination of Factors Associated with Early Readmission of Patients with Mental Illness in Two Cities in Colombia During 2018

RESUMEN Introducción: La rehospitalización temprana en unidades de salud mental (USM) es la necesidad de hospitalización de un paciente en los primeros 30 días tras el alta, principalmente por descompensación recurrente de su enfermedad mental. Este fenómeno se relaciona con un peor pronóstico y tiene impacto en el entorno familiar, social y laboral. El ausentismo laboral y las estancias hospitalarias adicionales son gastos para el sistema de salud y de empleo que han hecho de la rehospitalización un fenómeno de especial interés. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de explorar los factores asociados con el reingreso de los pacientes con enfermedad psiquiátrica atendidos en 2 USM en 2018, así como aquellos modificables que actúen como protección contra esta condición. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo con componente analítico de tipo casos y controles en 2 USM de distintas ciudades de Colombia. Se obtuvo información por medio de una ficha de recolección de datos tomados de los registros de historias clínicas de los pacientes que ingresaron entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2018. La recolección de datos se hizo del 20 de febrero al 27 de mayo de 2019. Compusieron la muestra todos los pacientes que cumplían los criterios de reingreso temprano en ambas instituciones. El grupo de estudio estuvo conformado por 113 pacientes: 28 casos y 85 controles, emparejados por las variables edad, sexo, lugar de hospitalización y diagnóstico. Resultados: En las 2 USM hospitalarias, los diagnósticos encontrados fueron: depresión (15,5%), trastorno afectivo bipolar (33,1%) y esquizofrenia (37,3%); en Bogotá la más prevalente fue la depresión (31,1%) y en Tunja, la esquizofrenia (44,8%). Para ambas instituciones, el factor que más se asocia con el reingreso es el consumo de alcohol, pero otras variables de tratamiento, núcleo familiar e intervención individual también se asociaron con mayor probabilidad de reingreso temprano. Conclusiones: Se pudo demostrar que el uso de antipsicóticos atípicos y/o de depósito, las hospitalizaciones de más de 15 días y la prescripción de menos de 3 medicamentos al alta disminuyen el número de reingresos tempranos en las USM.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Early rehospitalisation in mental health units (SMHUs) is when a patient needs to be readmitted in the first 30 days after receiving discharge, and is mainly due to recurrent decompensation of their mental illness. This phenomenon is related to a worse prognosis and has an impact on the family, social and work environment. Absenteeism from work and additional hospital time are expenses for the health and employment system which have made rehospitalisation a phenomenon of special interest. The present study was carried out with the objective of exploring the factors associated with the readmission of patients with psychiatric illnesses treated in two MHUs during 2018, as well as those modifiable factors that act as protection for this condition. Methods: Observational, descriptive study with analytical component of cases and controls in two MHUs in different cities of Colombia. Information was obtained by collecting data from the medical records of patients who were admitted between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. The data were collected between 20 February and 27 May 2019. The sample was composed of all the patients who met the criteria for early readmission in both institutions. The study group consisted of 113 patients: (28 cases and 85 controls), matched by the variables: age, sex, place of hospitalisation and diagnosis. Results: In the two hospital MHUs the diagnoses found were: depression (15.5%), bipolar affective disorder (33.1%) and schizophrenia (37.3%). In Bogotá, the most prevalent was depression (31.1%) and, in Tunja, it was schizophrenia (44.8%). For both institutions, the factor most associated with readmission was alcohol consumption, but other variables of treatment, family nucleus, and individual intervention were also associated with a greater probability of early readmission. Conclusions: It was possible to demonstrate that the use of atypical and/or depot antipsychotics, hospitalisations longer than 15 days, and prescriptions of less than three drugs at discharge, reduce the number of early readmissions to MHUs.

Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento del cáncer de mama durante la pandemia de SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 en Colombia / Recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of breast cancer during the SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia

Resumen Bajo las nuevas condiciones generadas por la pandemia de COVID-19, los tratamientos para el cáncer de mama requieren algunas reorientaciones y cuidados que se exponen en este artículo. Se consideran aquí las tres fases de gravedad de la pandemia y los respectivos tratamientos que demandan en función de los lineamientos dictados por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia. Se trata de un conjunto de referencias para orientar las terapias y tratamientos, inspiradas en las políticas de salud regionales, nacionales e institucionales.

Abstract Under the new conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, breast cancer treatments requires some reorientations and cares that are discussed in this article. The three phases of severity of the pandemic and the respective treatments they require -based on the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia- are considered here. It is a set of references to guide therapies and treatments, inspired by regional, national and institutional health policies.

A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR AXILLARY LYMPH NODE PATHOLOGIC COMPLETE RESPONSE IN PREMENOPAUSAL BREAST CANCER PATIENTS AFTER NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN A L ATIN-AMERICAN POPULATION / Um modelo preditivo para a resposta patológica completa axilar em pacientes com câncer de mama premenopausal após quimioterapia adjuvante: estudo transversal em uma população latino-americana

Introduction: A large group of lymph node-positive breast cancer patients receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and subsequently undergo axillary lymph node dissection. It has been previously proposed that axillary lymph node dissection may be avoided ­ and it's associated reduced morbidity ­ in patients showing pathologic complete response. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a nomogram to predict axillary node pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients in order to guide the surgical treatment decision-making process for this group of patients. Methods: A cross-sectional, secondary data study was carried out between 2013-2016 on 222 lymph node-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by locoregional management, including axillary lymph node dissection. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of the axillary pathologic complete response with the different clinical and pathological variables. Variables found to be statistically significantly associated with axillary pCR (pathologic complete response) were used to create the logistic regression model and the nomogram in pre-menopausal patients. Axillary pCR was defined as absence of residual disease in the breast and of micro-metastasis in axillary lymph nodes. Samples with isolated tumor cells were considered as positive for residual disease. Results: a total of 222 patients were included, of which 131 were premenopausal at the time of diagnosis. Axillary pathologic complete response was observed in 55.7% (73 of 131) of patients, and was significantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumors (OR 2.59, 95%CI 1.21-5.53), progesterone receptor (PR) negative tumors (OR 2.63, 95%CI 1.28-5.38), and Her2 positive tumors (OR 0.40, 95%CI 0.19-0.84), for which a significant correlation with increased probability of achieving axillary pathologic complete response was evidenced. Conclusion: The performance of this model to predict axillary pCR in pre-menopausal patients was weak, and therefore the decision to avoid surgical axillary dissection should not be based solely on the developed nomogram. However, further studies may lead to validation of this model

Introdução: Um grande grupo de pacientes com câncer de mama linfonodo-positivo recebe quimioterapia neoadjuvante, que subsequentemente são submetidos a dissecção de linfonodos axilares. Foi proposto anteriormente que a dissecção de linfonodos axilares pode ser evitada ­ assim como a redução de sua morbidade - em pacientes que apresentam resposta patológica completa. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um nomograma para prever a resposta patológica do linfonodo axilar à quimioterapia neoadjuvante em pacientes com câncer de mama, a fim de orientar o processo de decisão do tratamento cirúrgico para este grupo de pacientes. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de dados secundários, entre os anos de 2013-2016 em 222 pacientes com câncer de mama linfonodo-positivo, que receberam quimioterapia neoadjuvante seguida de tratamento locorregional, incluindo dissecção de linfonodos axilares. A análise de regressão logística foi realizada para determinar a associação da resposta completa patológica axilar com as diferentes variáveis clínicas e patológicas. Variáveis estatisticamente associadas à pCR axilar (resposta completa patológica) foram usadas para criar o modelo de regressão logística e nomograma em pacientes na pré-menopausa. A pCR axilar foi definida como ausência de doença residual na mama e de micro-metástase nos linfonodos axilares. Amostras com células tumorais isoladas foram consideradas positivas para doença residual. Resultados: foram incluídos 222 pacientes, dos quais 131 estavam na prémenopausa no momento do diagnóstico. A resposta patológica axilar completa foi observada em 55,7% (73 de 131) dos pacientes, e foi significativamente associada a tumores negativos para receptores de estrogênio(RE) (OR 2,59; IC 95% 1,21-5,53) e negativos para receptores de progesterona (RP) (OR 2.63, IC 95% 1.28-5.38), e Her2 positivos (OR 0.40, IC 95% 0.19-0.84), para o qual foi evidenciada uma correlação significativa com o aumento da probabilidade de atingir resposta completa patológica axilar. Conclusão: O desempenho deste modelo para prever a pCR axilar em pacientes na pré-menopausa era fraco e, portanto, a decisão de evitar a dissecção axilar cirúrgica não deve ser baseada apenas no nomograma desenvolvido. No entanto, estudos posteriores podem levar à validação desse modelo

Complicaciones vasculares post-intervencionismo coronario percutáneo: 78 casos / Vascular complications post-percutaneous coronary intervention: 78 cases

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de complicaciones vasculares post intervención coronaria percutánea vía radial o femoral.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, se incluyeron 78 pacientes a quienes se les y relacionados con el procedimiento y la frecuenciade las complicaciones a partir de la historia clínica de cada paciente, en caso de presentar hematoma en sitio de punción, se realizará una observación directa para poder realizar Resultados: En 87.2% de pacientes se realizó cateterismo por la arterial radial. Un 10.2% presentó complicaciones vasculares, cuatro hematomas menores, tres hematomas mayores y un pseudoaneurisma. La frecuencia fue mayor en mujeres. Todos los pacientes se encontraban vivos al alta hospitalaria.Conclusiones: La mayoría de las intervenciones coronarias percutáneas se realizaron por vía radial y se presentó una baja tasa de complicaciones

AbstractDetecting the vascular complication rate after percutaneous coronary interventions by radial and femoral access.Methods: observational and prospective study, 78 patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention where included. Demographics, clinical and procedure related complications rate where evaluated.Results: in 87.2% patients, catheterizations is perform by the radial artery access. 10.2% had vascular complications, four minor and three major hematoma and one pseudoaneurism. The frequency of complications in patients with radial access was 10.2%. The frequency was higher in women and short size. Al patients were alive at hospital discharge.Conclusion: most of percutaneous coronary interventions were performed by radial approach with a low complication rate showed and no impact on mortality

Análisis de las causas de exodoncia en la población infantil atendida en una clínica universitaria / Causes of tooth extraction

Introducción: conocer las causas de exodoncia en la población infantil, tanto en la dentición temporal como en la permanente, es necesario para poder valorar el impacto de las medidas preventivas, así como para definir las actuaciones en materia de salud bucodental. Material y métodos: estudio de campo epidemiológico, observacional, descriptivo, transversal en la práctica clínica habitual, siendo la población de estudio los menores de 18 años que acuden a la clínica universitaria y a los que se les exodoncia uno o varios dientes. Resultados: se realizaron 97 exodoncias a 55 pacientes (4% de la población atendida), un 58,8% eran niñas. La media de edad fue de 8,69 años (desviación estándar [DE] 2,15). El tramo etario en el que se realizaron más exodoncias fue el de seis a diez años (52,6%). La alteración de la erupción dentaria (39,2%) fue la causa más frecuente de exodoncia, seguido por la caries (34%). En la población inmigrante la causa más frecuente fue la caries (69,56%). Conclusiones: es necesario implementar, desde las consultas de Pediatría y gabinetes de Odontología, medidas preventivas en la población de seis a diez años potenciando hábitos dietéticos y nutritivos que faciliten una correcta reabsorción de la dentición temporal, para disminuir el número de exodoncias y conseguir una correcta salud oral (AU)

Introduction: to know the causes of tooth extraction in child population, both deciduous and definitive dentition, is necessary to be able to appreciate the impact of the preventive measures, as well as determine the intervention in matters of oral health to get a healthy population. Materials and methodologies: epidemiologic, observational, descriptive and transversal study is designed in the usual practice of odontology. Its population consisted of people under the age of 18 who went to University clinic, and those who got one or more teeth extracted. Results: 97 removals were made to 55 patients (4% of treated population), 58.8% were female patients. The average age was 8.69 (EV 2.15). The most frequent age range to have teeth extracted was from 6 to 10 years old (52.6%). Dental growing disorder was the most frequent cause of tooth extraction (39.2%), followed by caries (34%). In inmigrant population the most frequent cause was the caries (69.76%). Conclusions: it is necessary to introduce, from pediatric consulting rooms in odontology, preventive measures in the population from 6 to 10 years old, reinforcing dietary and nutritional habits which facilitate a proper reabsorption of deciduous dentition, to decrease the number of extractions and to get a good oral health (AU)

Descriptive study of 20 patients with schizophrenia in Boyacá, Colombia / Estudio descriptivo de una muestra de pacientes con esquizofrenia residentes en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease with high genetic heterogeneity and complex inheritance. In Boyacá, Colombia, we studied a group of 20 schizophrenic patients (16 men and 4 women) to establish their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as well as their genetic and precipitating factors. The patients were analyzed using cytogenetic studies and a descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables. The disease frequently first manifested in young adults (average age of initiation: 22.5 years). The predominant subtype (8/20) was paranoid schizophrenia, and the onset was typically gradual (14/20). Precipitating factors were found in 15 patients: physical factors in nine patients, social factors in five patients and economic factor in one patient. All karyotypes were normal. Clinical features did not associate with either the sociodemographic characteristics or the genetic and predisposing factors, supporting the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Patients and their families received genetic counseling and explanations of the study's results, the possibility of recurrences and the risk of suffering the disease given an affected relative. Further and larger studies are required to determine if the factors evaluated in this study influence the development of the disease.

La esquizofrenia, enfermedad multifactorial, tiene gran heterogeneidad genética y herencia compleja. En Boyacá, Colombia, se estudió un grupo de 20 pacientes esquizofrénicos (16 hombres y cuatro mujeres) y se establecieron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas y los factores genéticos y precipitantes. Se hicieron estudio citogenético y un análisis descriptivo de las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Hubo predominio del comienzo de la enfermedad en adultos jóvenes (promedio de edad en el momento de la aparición: 22,5 años). Predominaron la esquizofrenia paranoide (8/20) con modo de aparición progresivo (14/20). Se hallaron factores precipitantes en 15 pacientes: físicos en nueve, sociales en cinco y económicos en uno. Todos los cariotipos fueron normales. Los rasgos clínicos no se asociaron con las características sociodemográficas ni con los factores genéticos y precipitantes, lo que evidencia gran heterogeneidad en las formas de manifestación de la enfermedad. Se dio asesoría genética a los pacientes y sus familias y se les explicaron los resultados, el riesgo de recurrencias y el de padecer la enfermedad cuando se tiene un pariente afectado. Es necesario analizar una serie mayor de casos, para poder determinar si los factores evaluados influyen en el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Unión de técnicas ortodónticas con flexicorticotomía periodontal para el manejo de tratamiento ideal / Aplication of orthodontic techniques and periodontal ridge split for the management of ideal treatment

La sociedad siempre se rige por patrones de estética facial que por obvias razones dan suma importancia a los componentes dentomaxilares. La odontología, en sus diferentes especialidades, se encarga de corregir anomalías que se presenten en dichos componentes tanto funcional como estéticamente. La ortodoncia específicamente trabaja, en lo que a posición dental se refiere, para lograr una armonía funcional y estética, haciendo uso de fuerzas mecánicas y aparatología diseñada especialmente para dicho fin, sin embargo, existen casos en los que es necesario recurrir a técnicas quirúrgicas periodontales complementarias debido a la presencia de crestas alveolares más densas de lo normal que impiden el rápido y eficiente movimiento que la ortodoncia requiere; para esto se aplica el procedimiento conocido como "flexicorticotomía", que consiste en realizar una fractura controlada con expansión ósea; para ello se utilizan expansores óseos progresivos y tras la separación de las tablas óseas se obtiene un surco con el diámetro y la profundidad adecuados para realizar el movimiento dentario con mayor facilidad. En este artículo se reporta un caso clínico en el que se realizó flexicorticotomía en una cresta demasiado estrecha, con el objetivo de corregir un diastema a nivel de órganos dentarios anteroinferiores, lo cual es estéticamente inaceptable para el paciente. Se consiguió el éxito del tratamiento ortodóntico, regeneración tisular adecuada y postoperatorio ideal sin complicaciones.

The society always is in force by patterns of aesthetic face that, for obvious reasons, give special importance to the components dento-maxilars. The dentistry in its different specialties is in charge to correct the anomalies that appear in those components as functionally as aesthetically. The orthodontics science specifically works, in the dental position, it refers to obtain a functional and aesthetic harmony, using mechanical forces and devices designed specially for this aim. Nevertheless, there are cases in which is necessary to use complementary periodontal surgical techniques due to the presence of denser alveolar crests (compared with the common and normal) that prevent the fast and efficient movement that the orthodontics science requires. For this, we have to apply the procedure known like flexicorticotomy that consists of realising a controlled fracture with bony expansion. For this purpose, we will use progressive bony expansors. Inmediately, we have to separate the cortical bone we need to obtain a furrow with diameter and the depth adapted to permit the dental movement more easily. In the present article, we report a clinical case in which a flexicorticotomy (in a too narrow crest) was made with the purpose of correcting interdental space concerning anteroinferior dental organs, which is aesthetically unacceptable for the patient. That is necessary to complete a successful work of the orthodontics treatment, suitable tissue regeneration and post-operative ideal without complications.

Relación entre la carga laboral de enfermería y la gravedad del paciente en unidades de cuidado intensivo de adultos / Relationship between the Nursing Workload and the Severity of the Patient's Condition in Adult Intensive Care Units / Relação entre carga de trabalho de enfermagem e estado grave do paciente em unidades de cuidados intensivos para adultos

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la demanda de carga laboral de enfermería y la gravedad del paciente en unidades de cuidados intensivos de adultos en la ciudad de Cartagena, en el mes de julio de 2008. Método: investigación de corte longitudinal. Muestra de 42 pacientes, se obtuvieron registros TISS-28 y registros Apache II. Se realizó el cálculo de media aritmética, desviación estándar y proporciones, así como el cálculo del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: participaron 42 pacientes; la media para la edad fue 58,2 años (IC 95% 52,1-64,4). El 51,3% fueron mujeres. Se obtuvieron 42 calificaciones del Apache II al ingreso de los pacientes a la UCI con un promedio de 28,9, de los cuales el 66,7% (28) tienen un mal pronóstico, y 188 calificaciones de TISS-28, con un promedio de 28,7c (IC 95% 25,7-31,7). El promedio de TISS de egreso fue de 25,7 (IC 95% 22,4-28,9) por paciente. El 61,9% de los pacientes perteneció a la clase III. La razón enfermera/paciente clase IV fue de 0,57 inferior a 1:1(1). Se encontró una asociación entre el Apache II y TISS-28 de 0,55 (0,501-0,75) y un coeficiente de determinación de 0,38 (p<0,05). Conclusiones: existe una moderada correlación entre el TISS-28 y el Apache II dejando ver sobrecarga de trabajo de enfermería en las UCI, lo que repercute en la atención directa al paciente crítico.

Objective: To determine the relationship between the demands of the nursing workload and the severity of the patient's condition in adult intensive care units in the city of Cartagena during July 2008. Methodo: This is a longitudinal study with a sample comprised of 42 patients. TISS-28 (Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System) and Apache II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) records were obtained. Arithmetic average, standard deviation and proportions were calculated, as was the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: In this study involving a total of 42 patients, the average age was 58.2 years (IC 95% 52.1-64.4), and 51.3 percent of the patients in the sample were women. Forty-two (42) Apache II evaluations were obtained when the patients were admitted to the ICU, with an average of 28.9, and 66.7 percent if the patients (28) have a poor prognosis. There were 188 TISS-28 scores, with an average of 28.7 (IC 95% 25.7 - 31.7) per patient. The average TISS upon release from the ICU was 25.7 (95% CI 22.4 to 28.9) per patient. In all, 61.9 per cent of the patients were Class III. The nurse/ Class IV patient ratio was 0.57 less than 1:1. The study found a relationship of 0.55 between Apache II and TISS-28. (0.501-0.75) and a coefficient of determination equal to 0.38 (p<0.05). Conclusions: There is a moderate correlation between TISS-28 and Apache II that shows an overload of nursing work in intensive care units. This has repercussions on the direct care provided to critical patients.

Objetivo: determinar a relação entre a demanda por carga de trabalho de enfermagem e estado grave do paciente em unidades de cuidados intensivos para adultos na cidade de Cartagena em julho de 2008. Método: pesquisa longitudinal. Amostra de 42 pacientes. Lograram-se registros TISS-28 e Apache II. Calculou-se a média aritmética, o desvio padrao e proporções, o cálculo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: 42 pacientes participaram. A idade média foi de 58,2 anos (IC 95%, 52,1-64,4). O 51,3% eram mulheres. Na UCI obtiveram-se 42 registros de APACHE II na admissão dos pacientes, com uma média de 28,9 no qual 66,7% (28) têm um mau prognóstico, e 188 do TISS-28 registros com uma média de 28,7 (IC 95%, 25,7-31,7). O TISS médio de saída foi de 25,7 (IC 95%, 22,4-28,9) por paciente. O 61,9% dos pacientes pertenciam à classe III. A relação enfermeira/paciente foi 0,57 de Classe IV, menos de 1:1 (1). Entre APACHE II e TISS-28 achou-se uma relação de 0,55 (0,501-0,75) e um coeficiente de determinação de 0,38 (p < 0,05). Conclusóes: existe correlação moderada entre o TISS-28 e II Apache, que mostra sobrecarga de trabalho de enfermagem nas UCI. Esta situação influência no atendimento direto de pacientes críticos.

Anormalidades cromosómicas y esquizofrenia / Cromosomal abnormalities and schizophrenia

Introducción: La esquizofrenia es un trastorno mental que afecta a la población mundial, con una prevalencia del 1% y con heredabilidad hasta del 80%. Se han postulado cuatro enfoques para identificar genes de susceptibilidad y establecer marcadores moleculares asociados con la enfermedad: estudios de ligamiento genético, convergencia genómica, asociación y anormalidades cromosómicas. Objetivo: Mostrar anormalidades cromosómicas reportadas en pacientes con esquizofrenia como parte de los factores genéticos hallados en esta patología. Método: Se hizo una selección estratégica de 68 artículos publicados desde 1954 hasta 2008 en bases de datos científicas, clasificando las alteraciones de tipo numérico, estructural y mosaicos, tomando en cuenta sus contribuciones al estudio y relevancia. Resultados: Los cromosomas principalmente involucrados fueron, en orden de mayor a menor frecuencia, 18, 9, 11, 1, X, 22 y 21. En cuanto al tipo de anormalidad se encontraron alteraciones estructurales, mosaicismos, numéricas y también polimorfismos. Las anormalidades estructurales principalmente fueron translocaciones recíprocas balanceadas. Conclusiones: Con esta revisión no solamente se logró un acercamiento hacia la estimación de la frecuencia de estos hallazgos, sino tener un referente del tipo y frecuencia de estas alteraciones para evaluar el factor genético de la esquizofrenia, encaminados a comprender su patogenia...

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects the world population with a prevalence of 1% and a hereditability of up to 80% . Four approaches have been postulated to identify susceptibility genes and to establish molecular markers associated with the disease: Genetic linkage studies, genomic convergence, association, and chromosomal abnormalities. Objective: To show chromosomal abnormalities reported in patients with schizophrenia as part of the genetic factors found in this condition. Methods: A strategic selection was made of 68 articles published from 1954 to 2008 in scientific databases, and numerical, structural and mosaical type alterations were classified, taking into account their contributions to the study and relevance. Results: The mainly involved chromosomes were, in order of frequency, 18, 9, 11, 1, X, 22 and 21. As to type of abnormalities, structural and numerical alterations were found, as well as mosaicims and polymorphisms. Conclusions: With this review not only the calculation of the frequency of these findings was made more possible, but it also provided a reference of the type and frequency of these alterations to evaluate the genetic factor of schizophrenia, aimed at understanding its pathogeny...

Trastorno de identidad sexual / Sexual Identity disorder

El trastorno de identidad sexual, conocido también como trastorno de identidad de género (TIG), es aún una entidad difícil de diagnosticar y consecuentemente, difícil de tratar. Su adecuado diagnóstico y rápido tratamiento atenúa en parte la interferencia que este ejerce sobre el funcionamiento global del individuo y de su grupo familiar, además, disminuye la incidencia de complicaciones médicas y psiquiátricas que se asocian comúnmente con este trastorno. Teniendo en cuenta que este amerita un tratamiento médico integral y conociendo la poca disponibilidad de evidencia relacionada, hemos decidido realizar una revisión de la literatura médica disponible, en donde se tratan temas como la definición, el diagnóstico diferencial, la etiología, los datos epidemiológicos y los diferentes tratamientos que han hecho que en la actualidad se pueda brindar un adecuado manejo a estos pacientes, acercándolos a un nivel de funcionamiento aceptable.

The Sexual Identity Disorder (SID), also known as Gender Identity Disorder (GID), still is a disease difficult in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Therefore a quick and proper diagnosis and treatment is mandatory to minimize the possible interference among the patient’s family group and the patient’s function. By doing this, we can also prevent the medical and psychiatry complications, quite frequently associated with this disorder. Taking in consideration these facts, we have decided to make a revision of the available medical literature, where subjects such as definitions, differential diagnosis, etiology, epidemiology data and all available treatments, for these patients to be managed properly, making them to function in the best possible way.