Clinical factors associated with success in applying laparoscopy in the management of small bowel obstruction at a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive techniques have become standard approaches for many common surgical problems. However, the routine use of laparoscopy in the management of small bowel obstruction (SBO) has yet to be fully standardized. The objective of this study was to determine clinical factors associated with success of laparoscopy in managing SBO. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by identifying all patients admitted to a large tertiary center with a diagnosis of SBO from 2014 to 2016. The operative cases were stratified by surgical approach: laparoscopy, laparoscopy converted to open, or laparotomy. Univariable analysis compared patient demographics and comorbidities between the laparoscopic and laparoscopic converted to open group. The primary outcome was successful laparoscopic procedure in the management of SBO, defined as resolution of SBO, and no conversion from laparoscopic to open procedures. Student's t test or Pearson's χ2 test were used to assess associations between factors and primary outcome. RESULTS: A total of 227 adult patients admitted with a diagnosis of SBO received operative intervention. There were 40 successful laparoscopic cases (52.6%) and 36 failed laparoscopic cases (47.4%). With the exception of an association between success of laparoscopy and BMI, the results demonstrated no other demographic or clinical differences among the successful versus failed laparoscopic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy is effective in treating SBOs due to various etiologies including single band or multiple adhesions, hernias, or masses. Other than BMI, there was no single predictor of success or failure with laparoscopy. Therefore, we conclude that perhaps all patients requiring operative treatment for SBO deserve consideration for a diagnostic laparoscopy.

Clinical Predictors of Positive Postoperative Blood Cultures.

OBJECTIVE: To define clinical features of surgical patients in whom postoperative blood cultures are likely to identify pathogens. BACKGROUND: Bacteremia is a worrisome postoperative complication and blood cultures (BCx) are routinely used for evaluation of postoperative bacteremia, but are costly and not always diagnostic. Better methods are needed to select patients in whom BCx identify pathogens. METHODS: We reviewed records of patients ≥18 years old with BCx drawn ≤10 days after surgery in 2013 seeking independent predictors of positive cultures by simple and multiple logistic regression models with statistical significance at α = 0.05. RESULTS: Of 1804 BCx, excluding contaminants yielded 1780 cultures among 746 patients for analysis. The yield was low, with only 4% identifying potential pathogens. Positive BCx were most common after cardiac, ear/nose/throat, obstetric, and urologic procedures [odds ratio (OR) =10.3, P < 0.001 vs low-yield procedures: eg, gynecologic, neurosurgical, plastic surgical, podiatric, transplant]. Cultures more often grew pathogens when drawn in association with higher peak temperature (Tmax, P = 0.001) and longer interval from procedure to Tmax (P = 0.001). Antibiotic therapy at time of culture reduced yield (2.9% with vs 5.5% without antibiotics, P = 0.007). Multivariable logistic regression analysis found antibiotics at culture, procedure specialty, Tmax, and postoperative timing of Tmax were associated with blood culture results. CONCLUSIONS: Ordering blood cultures based on fever or another single predictor inconsistently identifies pathogens. Our dataset, the largest available, identify clinical predictors in the first 10 postoperative days to guide identification of patients with bacteremia.

Minimally invasive surgery for T4 colon cancer is associated with better outcomes compared to open surgery in the National Cancer Database.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is favored for T1-T3 colon cancer resection due to improved short and long-term outcomes. Recommendations regarding T4 cancers remain controversial due to a paucity of clinical trials or large datasets assessing outcomes. We aim to compare outcomes for pT4 colon cancer patients treated with MIS or open surgery (OS) in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). We analyzed adults having MIS or OS for stage II or III pT4 colon cancers between 2010 and 2014 using propensity-score matching, Cox and logistic regression modeling. Of 21 998 T4 patients, 7532 (34.2%) underwent MIS, 14 466 (65.8%) OS and 22.3% were MIS converted to OS. After propensity score matching, 5624 patients in each cohort were included. MIS was associated with improved postoperative mortality (3.4 vs. 7.2%, p > .001), surgical margins, optimal lymph node harvest, adjuvant chemotherapy use and 5-year survival (46% vs. 41%, P < .001). MIS was associated with improved short and long term outcomes for T4 colon cancers compared to OS on multivariate analysis. Based on these findings, well selected pT4 colon cancers can be considered appropriate for MIS however, prospective clinical trials are needed to better define the role of MIS in T4b colon cancer.

Evaluating Postoperative Narcotic Use in Prepectoral Versus Dual-plane Breast Reconstruction Following Mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: The majority of postmastectomy breast reconstruction performed in the United States is device-based. Typically, a tissue expander or implant is placed in the dual-plane (ie, subpectoral). Prepectoral breast reconstruction with acellular dermal matrices following mastectomy is a relatively new technique that has favorable outcomes with minimal complications and satisfactory aesthetic results. Few studies have compared opioid use between the 2 approaches. This study compares duration of postoperative opioid use among patients undergoing prepectoral device-based breast reconstruction with those in whom dual-plane devices were placed. METHODS: We reviewed the records of adult female patients aged 18 years or older who underwent prepectoral or dual-plane device-based breast reconstructions following mastectomy by one of the 2 plastic surgeons (A.M. or M.V.) from 2015 to 2017 at a large tertiary care hospital. Patients with a history of substance abuse, chronic pain, or who were already receiving opioid medication were excluded. Electronic medical records were reviewed and patient surveys were conducted during postoperative visits to determine postoperative opioid requirements. RESULTS: During the study period, 58 patients underwent dual-plane breast reconstruction and 94 underwent prepectoral reconstruction. Demographics and comorbidities of the groups were similar. By multivariate regression analysis, the prepectoral reconstruction group required 33% fewer days on opioid analgesic medication (P = 0.016) and were 66% less likely to require opioid prescription refills (P = 0.027). There were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes or complications. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing prepectoral tissue expander or implant-based reconstruction required fewer days of opioid pain medication than those managed with the dual-plane technique.

Use of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors for Pancreas Transplant Immunosuppression Is Associated With Improved Allograft Survival and Improved Early Patient Survival.

OBJECTIVES: Mammalian targets of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) are considered second-line immunosuppression agents because of associated increases in rejection and impaired wound healing. Recent reports indicate mTORi have been linked to improved survival, decreased inflammatory response in pancreatitis, and antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity. Mammalian targets of rapamycin inhibitors have not been extensively analyzed in pancreas transplant recipients. METHODS: Adults with pancreas and kidney-pancreas transplants from 1987 to 2016 in the United Network for Organ Sharing database were analyzed (N = 25,837). Subjects were stratified into 2 groups: use of mTORi (n = 4174) and use of non-mTORi-based immunosuppression (n = 21,663). The log-rank test compared survival rates. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses assessed patient and graft survival. RESULTS: Mammalian targets of rapamycin inhibitors were associated with a 7% risk reduction in allograft failure (hazard ratio, 0.931; P = 0.006). Allograft survival rates were significantly different between mTORi versus non-mTORi (P < 0.0001).The mTORi group showed a significantly higher patient survival rate 1, 3, 5, and 10 years posttransplant compared. Patient survival at 15 years was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The use of mTORi for immunosuppression in pancreas transplant is associated with improved allograft survival and early patient survival posttransplant (up to 10 years).

Practice patterns, attitudes, and knowledge among physicians regarding cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for patients with peritoneal metastases.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment option for patients with peritoneal metastases shown to provide improved overall survival for appropriately selected patients. However, the availability and utilization of this treatment remains limited. The aim of this survey-based study was to evaluate factors influencing physician treatment choices for peritoneal metastases. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to medical oncologists and surgeons in Virginia, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. Survey questions evaluated access to HIPEC centers, prior experience with referral to HIPEC centers, opinions regarding efficacy, and knowledge regarding outcomes of CRS and HIPEC. RESULTS: Surveys were mailed to 2279 physicians; 116 eligible surveys were returned. Seventy-five percent of respondents would consider referral to a HIPEC center for appendiceal peritoneal metastasis, while only 50% would consider it for colon cancer and peritoneal mesothelioma. The most common reason for never referring a patient to a HIPEC center was lack of access to a HIPEC specialist (47%) followed by perceived lack of evidence for the treatment modality (31%). Five-year survival after CRS and HIPEC was underestimated while 30-day mortality was overestimated by more than half of respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Referral to HIPEC centers is underutilized among community physicians in practice. Limited access to HIPEC experts is the most common cause for lack of referral, followed by a perception of insufficient evidence for this treatment approach. Lack of familiarity with data regarding outcomes impacts referral patterns and treatment choices. Possible actions to increase awareness and appropriate utilization of CRS and HIPEC are suggested.

Dogma without Data: A Clinical Decision-Making Tool for Postoperative Blood Cultures.

Bacteremia is a worrisome postoperative complication and blood cultures (BCx) are often nondiagnostic. We previously reported a 4 per cent overall yield of positive cultures in postoperative patients. To reduce unnecessary testing, we present a predictive model to identify patients in whom growth of pathogens is unlikely and provide a clinical decision-making guide. Retrospective analysis of nonpregnant patients ≥18 years who had BCx within 10 days postoperatively was performed. Generalized linear mixed models identified clinical predictors of high- and low-yield cultures. A clinical algorithm was created using significant predictors, and positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity calculated. Among 1759 BCx, hypotension, maximum temperature ≥101.5 °F within 24 hours of culture, and culture collected after postoperative day (POD) two were statistically significant predictors of positive cultures. Forty nine per cent of BCx were sent ≤ POD 2, and <1 per cent of these were positive. When all three criteria were met, the probability of a positive culture increased to 17 per cent. When absent, the probability of a negative culture was 99 per cent. When applied to the initial data set, the model resulted in 85 per cent reduction of cultures with 9 per cent yield of positive cultures. Drawing BCx based on a single predictor is inadequate. Reducing the number of cultures reflexively ordered within the first two POD could significantly reduce the number of unnecessary BCx. Several clinical features identified patients most likely to have positive BCx within the first 10 POD and could reduce unnecessary BCx. This model should be validated in an independent, prospective cohort.

High Reintervention and Amputation Rates After Outpatient Atherectomy for Claudication.

Outpatient use of atherectomy for peripheral arterial disease has grown rapidly and outcomes are poorly understood. We analyzed outcomes of atherectomy done for claudication, comparing office and hospital outpatient settings. Analysis of Medicare Part B claims data was performed for incident femoral-popliteal or tibial-peroneal atherectomy from 2012 to 2014. Longitudinal analysis assessed services 18 months before, during, and up to 18 months after the incident peripheral vascular intervention (PVI). Differences between office-based and hospital outpatient-based settings were assessed using χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Comparing procedure settings, significant differences in race (femoral-popliteal: P = .04, tibial-peroneal: P = .001), chronic renal failure (femoral-popliteal: P = .002), and hypertension (femoral-popliteal: P = .01, tibial-peroneal: P = .006) were found. Nine hundred twenty-four patients undergoing femoral-popliteal atherectomy were analyzed (262 office based, 662 hospital outpatient based); 42.7% of office-based and 36.9% of hospital outpatient-based femoral-popliteal atherectomy patients had repeat PVI within 18 months ( P = .10). Major amputation was performed in 2.3% and 3.2% of patients in office and hospital outpatient settings, respectively ( P = .47). Four hundred twenty-three patients undergoing tibial-peroneal atherectomy were analyzed (202 office based, 221 hospital outpatient based); 46.5% of office-based and 38.9% of hospital outpatient-based tibial-peroneal atherectomy patients had repeat PVI within 1 year ( P = .11). Major amputation was performed in 5.0% and 8.1% of patients in office and hospital outpatient settings, respectively ( P = .19). Our study demonstrates higher than expected rates of major amputation for patients undergoing peripheral arterial atherectomy with regard to previously reported rates. Further studies may be required to prove the efficacy and safety of atherectomy for occlusive disease in the femoral-popliteal and tibial-peroneal segments to ensure outcomes are not worse than the natural history of medically managed claudicants.

A Real-World Experience Comparison of Percutaneous and Open Femoral Exposure for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in a Tertiary Medical Center.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of elective percutaneous endovascular aneurysm repair (PEVAR) versus surgical cutdown endovascular aneurysm repair (SEVAR) procedures performed at a tertiary medical center from 2012 to 2015. METHODS: This is a unique study using procedure data from two vascular surgeons who performed SEVAR in almost every case versus three vascular surgeons who performed PEVAR in all cases except when considered prohibitive on account of circumferential calcification or severe occlusive disease of the common femoral artery or some other technical consideration. Medical records of patients aged 18 years or older undergoing elective PEVAR or SEVAR between January 2012 and December 2015 were reviewed. Differences in readmissions and complications between patients who received PEVAR and those who received SEVAR were assessed using Fisher's exact test. The exact Cochran-Armitage test was used to assess trends in length of stay between the PEVAR and SEVAR group. RESULTS: A total of 183 patients were analyzed. In total, 132 underwent PEVAR and 51 underwent SEVAR. A statistically significant difference was noted with regard to 30-day readmissions (2.3% vs 13.7%, P = .006) in favor of PEVAR and categorical length of stay tended to be longer in the SEVAR group ( P = .003). The 30-day complication rate was not statistically different (6.8% vs 15.7%, P = .09). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical cutdown endovascular aneurysm repair results in more readmissions, often related to groin wound complications, which lead to prolonged length of stay and expense. Patients undergoing PEVAR tend to have a shorter length of stay. Overall complication rate was similar in the two groups. We recommend PEVAR for patients with appropriate anatomy.