Five years of experience in nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence in children: where we are and where we are going.

BACKGROUND: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a very common pediatric disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of patients with NE or urinary incontinence (UI) during a period of 5 years to increase the knowledge on these conditions and optimize their diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: We enrolled 278 children with NE or UI referred to the pediatric nephrology ambulatory, 'A. Gemelli' University Hospital of Rome, from December 2006 to December 2011. RESULTS: We observed that heredity, parasomnias, left-handedness, polythelia and constipation are correlated to NE and UI. CONCLUSIONS: We wanted to clarify the definition of NE and UI and describe our experience on the main characteristics of these conditions by referring to the latest knowledge reported in the literature.

Intranasal drug administration for procedural sedation in children admitted to pediatric Emergency Room.

OBJECTIVE: Pain relief is a very important aspect in Pediatrician's clinical practice. It is often thought that young children, particularly infants, do not perceive as much pain as adults because of their immature nervous system and that untreated pain would not have adverse long-term consequences. Instead, it has been demonstrated that infants and children experience pain in a similar manner to adults. Many factors, particularly emotional factors, can increase the child's pain perception. Children live with anxiety even minor procedures. This suggests the need for an adequate sedation and the way of sedation should be free of pain itself. We believe the route to be followed may be the intranasal (IN) administration of sedative drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have conducted a brief review of the literature by Pubmed about the most commonly used sedative drugs: sufentanyl, fentanyl, midazolam, ketamine, nitrous oxide and dexmedetomidine. We have investigated in the literature the type of administration of IN drugs: drop instillation or by a mucosal atomizer device (MAD). RESULTS: In our study, it was noted that IN drugs administration is an effective and safe method to reduce anxiety and to deliver analgesia because it is practical and non-invasive. Moreover, therapeutic levels of sedatives are low due to the presence of a rich vascular plexus in the nasal cavity, which communicates with the subarachnoid space via the olfactory nerve and reduce the time of medication delivery, that is, the onset of action. The use of MAD even gives as better bioavailability of drugs. CONCLUSIONS: IN sedation via MAD is effective and safe and should be one of the first choices for procedural sedation in children.

Child Abuse and Neglect and its Psycho-Physical and Social Consequences: A Review of the Literature.

Child maltreatment is a complex life experience occurs when a parent or caregiver does an intentional or potential damage to a child, including acts of commission and omission. Child abuse is not an uncommon event, but it is not always recognized. Identifying the real number of maltreated children is a challenge because of the large variability in reported prevalence data across studies. Unfortunately, in the United States, it affects 1 in 8 children, by the age of 18 years, annually. Paediatricians may encounter a variety of forms of maltreatment such as neglect, emotional, physical and sexual abuse. These aspects should be recognised, examined and evaluated by employing a systematic approach and focusing on basic needs of children that may not be met. Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long physical and psychological or psychiatric outcomes. It is associated with important economic and social costs (such as physical and mental health, productivity losses, child welfare, criminal justice and special education costs) due to its high prevalence and its long-term and short-term consequences. In the United States, the average cost of nonfatal maltreatment is $210,012 per children and the cost of fatal maltreatment is $1,272,900. General Practitioners are quite prepared to face the problem of child maltreatment: since they have the opportunity to meet several members of the same family, they can detect stressors that put children at risk of maltreatment. All health professionals have the responsibility to protect children from abuse and neglect.