Systemic effects of locally injected platelet rich plasma in a rat model: an analysis on muscle and bloodstream.

Abundant evidence suggests that growth factors, contained in platelets alpha granules, may play a key role in the early stages of the muscle healing process with particular regard to the inflammatory phase. Although the contents of the platelet-rich plasma preparations have been extensively studied, the biological mechanisms involved as well as the systemic effects and the related potential doping implications of this approach are still largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether local platelet-rich plasma administration may modify the levels of specific cytokines and growth factors both in treated muscle and bloodstream in rats. An additional aim was to investigate more deeply whether the local platelet-rich plasma administration may exert systemic effects by analyzing contralateral lesioned but untreated muscles. The results showed that platelet-rich plasma treatment induced a modification of certain cytokines and growth factor levels in muscle but not in the bloodstream, suggesting that local platelet-rich plasma treatment influenced directly or, more plausibly, indirectly the synthesis or recruitment of cytokines and growth factors at the site of injury. Moreover, the observed modifications of cytokine and growth factor levels in contralateral injured but not treated muscles, strongly suggested a systemic effect of locally injected platelet-rich plasma.

Effect of whole body vibration frequency on neuromuscular activity in ACL-deficient and healthy males.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) has been shown to enhance muscle activity via reflex pathways, thus having the potential to contrast muscle weakness in individuals with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The present study aimed to compare the magnitude of neuromuscular activation during WBV over a frequency spectrum from 20 to 45 Hz between ACL-deficient and healthy individuals. Fifteen males aged 28±4 with ACL rupture and 15 age-matched healthy males were recruited. Root mean square (RMS) of the surface electromyogram from the vastus lateralis in both limbs was computed during WBV in a static half-squat position at 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 Hz, and normalized to the RMS while maintaining the half-squat position without vibration. The RMS of the vastus lateralis in the ACL-deficient limb was significantly greater than in the contralateral limb at 25, 30, 35 and 40 Hz (P<0.05) and in both limbs of the healthy participants (dominant limb at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 Hz, P<0.05; non dominant limb at 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 Hz, P<0.05). The greater neuromuscular activity in the injured limb compared to the uninjured limb of the ACL-deficient patients and to both limbs of the healthy participants during WBV might be due to either augmented excitatory or reduced inhibitory neural inflow to motoneurons of the vastus lateralis through the reflex pathways activated by vibratory stimuli. The study provides optimal WBV frequencies which might be used as reference values for ACL-deficient patients.

[Adult patients treated for focal epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in combination in France: description according to the 2009 ILAE definition of AED resistance (ESPERA study)]. / Patients adultes traités par une association d'antiépileptiques pour une épilepsie focale en France: description et mode de prise en charge selon les nouveaux critères de définition de la pharmacorésistance (étude ESPERA).

AIMS: To describe the adult population treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in combination for focal epilepsy according to the definition of AED resistance proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) in 2009 and to evaluate its implementation in current practice. METHODS: ESPERA was a multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study with a clinical data collection covering the past 12 months conducted by neurologists. Classifications according to AED responsiveness established by investigators for each enrolled patient were revised by two experts. RESULTS: Seventy-one neurologists enrolled 405 patients. Their mean age was 42.7 years (sex-ratioM/F 0.98). According to the investigators, 60% of epilepsies were drug-resistant, 37% drug-responsive and 3% had an undefined drug-responsiveness. After revision of experts, 71% of epilepsies were classified as drug resistant, 22% as responsive and 7% as undefined. Among the participating neurologists, 76% have made at least one error in classifying their patients according to the 2009 ILAE definition of AED resistance. Because of epilepsy, 24% of patients (age≤65) were inactive and 42% could not drive (respectively 29 and 49% of patients with AED resistant epilepsy). Half of patients had at least one other chronic condition. Number of prescribed drugs in combination and health care resource utilisation were significantly higher in patients with drug-resistant epilepsies than in patients with drug responsive epilepsies. CONCLUSION: ESPERA study shows that the use of new definition of drug-resistance in everyday practice seems difficult without any additional training and that the social and professional disability is frequent in adults with focal epilepsies treated with polytherapy.

Management of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in French hospitals and estimation of associated direct costs: a multi-centre retrospective cohort study.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND BACKGROUND: For relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), a series of novel agents (thalidomide, bortezomib and lenalidomide) has emerged during the latest decade, but their use in routine clinical practice is not well documented as well as the cost of RRMM. OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to review the therapeutic management of such patients in France and to estimate the associated costs. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study, based on chart reviews, was conducted in French Haematology Departments over the period 2004-2007 and the associated direct costs estimated. RESULTS: One hundred and two patients with a relapse after first-line therapy were selected from five centres. The average follow-up from diagnosis or the date of first relapse to death or to the latest news was respectively 56.25 and 23.53 months. Novel agents were used in 73% of all cases, and in all cases of first relapse. Thalidomide and bortezomib were respectively the most frequently used second-line (57%) and third-line treatments (44%). The average number of lines of treatment received per patient as from first relapse was 2.75 (min 1; max 8) and the mean direct cost per month was estimated at 3130 € after the first relapse. This cost was represented in greater part by the cost of chemotherapy drugs (66%). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The use of novel agents such as thalidomide, bortezomib and lenalidomide for RRMM is highly prevalent in France from the first relapse. The associated medical cost is substantial mainly due to the cost of the new agents.

Endothelial (dys)function: the target of physical exercise for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

AIM: Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as the early event and the common feature of chronic disorders associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic heart diseases. While the beneficial effects of aerobic, moderate-intensity exercise on endothelial function are very well assessed, an intriguing doubt exists about the effects of long-term high-intensity physical activity. The aim of the present study was to compare recent findings of our group concerning homocysteine levels in athletes to available data in literature in order to clarify the meaning of such apparent metabolic paradox. METHODS: The studied population included 185 athletes: 180 healthy age and sex matched subjects served as control group. The assessed variables included homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, total and HDL cholesterol, LDH, CPK and IL-6. Results were compared to available data in literature. RESULTS: The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (>15 µmol/L) in athletes and controls was 55% and 15%, respectively. In the studied population, no correlation was found between homocysteine and all the other investigated variables. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that intensive physical training could induce a pathological increase of homocysteine levels. With this regard, it has been suggested that the observed increases of cardio-vascular risk factors in athletes could represent an adaptative feature marker of muscle demand but would not actually lead to endothelial damage. This remains, however, a speculative hypothesis and further analysis are needed in order to clarify the clinical significance of those observations in order to better preserve the athletes immediate and future health.

Morbidity and mortality associated with influenza exposure in long-term care facilities for dependent elderly people.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of exposure to influenza on hospitalizations and deaths in the elderly residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). An observational, longitudinal, prospective, multicenter, cohort study collected influenza and influenza-like cases, diseases, hospitalizations, and deaths of dependent elderly residents of French LTCFs during the 2004-2005 seasonal influenza epidemic. A total of 8,041 residents of 98 participating LTCFs were included. The mean age was 85 +/- 9 years; 93% were vaccinated against influenza and 64% of the residents were exposed to influenza during the epidemic. Exposure to influenza increased both the all-cause risk of hospitalization (9.2% of the residents exposed vs. 7.4% of the residents not exposed) (relative risk, RR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 1.24 [1.05; 1.47]) and the all-cause risk of death (5.8% vs. 4.3%) (RR [95% CI] = 1.36 [1.10; 1.70]). Exposure to influenza increased the risks of death and hospitalization. Additional measures should be taken to avoid influenza exposure and apply recommendations more thoroughly in the particularly susceptible population of elderly LTCF residents.

Bone mineral density and sport: effect of physical activity.

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial progressive skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone mass which predisposes to increased fracture risk. Fractures are often associated with increased morbidity, mortality, loss of function, deformity and functional limitations. The major public health impact of osteoporosis calls for organized strategies for both primary and secondary prevention. Even if pharmacological therapeutic interventions provide substantial reduction in fracture risk, prevention of osteoporosis should begin early in life. Primary prevention during growth and adolescence aims to obtain a high peak bone mass, adequate calcium intake, exercise and early diagnosis and treatment of potential skeletal deformities. Secondary prevention, during middle age, aims to identify the subjects with low bone mass and more than one risk factor for an osteoporotic fracture, in order to plan multifactorial interventions with a special emphasis on nutritional aspects and individualized sport therapy.

N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide and homocysteine concentrations in athletes.

AIM: Several studies suggest that intense exercise may increase the athlete's thrombotic tendency. Available data on those metabolic alteration are still conflicting and their clinical significance is still worth of interest. The aim of the present study was to investigate if widely used markers of cardiac damage such as NT-proBNP levels are affected by homocysteine concentrations during sustained sport activities. METHODS: Seventy-eight competitive, non-professional athletes were enrolled in the study; 70 healthy age matched subjects, recruited from blood donors, served as controls. Besides the general clinical determinations, the assessed variables included homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, total and HDL cholesterol, LDH, CPK, NT-proBNP and IL-6. RESULTS: The percentages of athletes with normal and elevated homocysteine levels resulted 46% and 54%, respectively. Mean NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in athletes than in controls (1176.66 + or - 442.15 pg/mL versus 450.34 + or - 180.39 pg/mL). No correlation was found between homocysteine and NT-proBNP values. CONCLUSIONS: The previously described "sport related" homocysteine is not related to other markers of cardiovascular stress such as NT-proBNP. Available data suggest that both hyperhomocysteinemia and high NT-proBNP levels in healthy young athletes could be interpreted as markers of metabolic and morphologic adaptation to training rather than a risk factor for cardio-vascular diseases.

Sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia: a putative marker of muscular demand to be noted for cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVE: Regular physical activity is associated with a reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, evidence of unfortunate cardiovascular events accompanying elite sport involvement continues to accumulate. To date, no information is available on possible peculiarities of the cardiovascular risk profile in athletes. DESIGN: The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma homocysteine levels in a group of athletes and to search for relationship with vitamin status and other metabolic variables in order to confirm the existence of a "sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia" and to explain its clinical significance. The study population was composed of 82 athletes (59 male and 23 female) practising different sports and 70 healthy age-matched subjects (40 male and 30 female) as a control group. Besides the general clinical and analytical determinations, the assessed variables included homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CPK) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). RESULTS: The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia (>15 micromol/l) in athletes and controls was 47% and 15%, respectively. No correlation was found between homocysteine and any of the other investigated variables, in particular plasma folate, blood pressure, LDH, CPK, total and HDL cholesterol and IL-6. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm the existence of a sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia which appears linked neither to the same variables found in the general population, nor to specific training-related variables. We suggest that it would represent an adaptation to training but the possibility of a secondary vascular damage cannot be excluded.

Spinal curvature: comparison of frontal measurements with the Spinal Mouse and radiographic assessment.

AIM: The Spinal Mouse is an external non-invasive device which measures the spinal shape and mobility of the spine in several planes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the Spinal Mouse to assess frontal standing measurements of the spine in a sample of young healthy volunteers. METHODS: Twenty-six young volunteers of both sex took part in the study. Angle data of vertebral inclination of each subject in frontal view were measured by Spinal Mouse and standard radiography for vertebral segments from T1-T2 down to L5-S1. RESULTS: Repetition of the measurements by Spinal Mouse performed by two examiners in different days resulted in no significant difference for the parameter examined, as well as measurements performed by the two examiners in the same day (P<0.05). The ICC values showed no correlation between the two devices in the following pairs of vertebrae: T2-T3, T4-T5, T5-T6, T7-T8, T8-T9, T9-T10, T11-T12, T12-L1, L1-L2, L3-L4, L4-L5. CONCLUSION: The Spinal Mouse results, concerning the standing frontal curvature of the spine, even if reliable, were poor when compared with the standard radiography.

[Methodological aspects of economic evaluation in pediatrics: illustration by RSV infection prophylaxis in the French setting]. / Aspects méthodologiques de l'évaluation économique du médicament en pédiatrie : exemple de la prophylaxie de l'infection à VRS en France.

The methodological approach of the economic evaluation of drugs in pediatrics is illustrated by the case study of the prophylaxis for RSV infections using palivizumab in the French setting. The indications for the reimbursement of this treatment have been restricted to premature children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or hemodynamically significant congenital-heart disease. A model was developed primarily using the results of the pivotal clinical studies on palivizumab. Unit costs were estimated (2006 values) in both societal and payer's perspectives. An assumption was made and discussed on the benefits of the prophylaxis on mortality. Based on the different data available and the estimated costs and benefits, different cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) were estimated from both the society's and payer's points of view. A discount rate of 3% was applied to benefit. The CER obtained in the most unfavorable case is considered acceptable for the innovative-medical technologies in the French-healthcare system. Some of the parameters used by the model will be illustrated from the EPIPAGE study data from 2 of the 9 regions involved in this study: this evaluation suggests that the children not having an RSV infection during their 1st year of life will continue to require significantly fewer hospitalizations in the following years. These additional evaluations also suggest that the model overestimates the costs of the treatment with regard to the true medical situation. This could be explained by the model not using the children's exact weight or the real number of injections because the children had been discharged from the maternity ward based on their date of birth and the epidemic period. In spite of these factors, RSV prophylaxis using palivizumab in premature children with BPD or hemodynamically significant congenital-heart disease can be considered cost-effective in France.

Self-reported visual impairment and mortality: a French nationwide perspective.

PURPOSE: To estimate the association between self-reported visual impairment and mortality. METHODS: Two national surveys in community and institutionalized populations were combined. First, 2,075 institutions for children with impairments, adults with impairments aged persons, and psychiatric patients were selected randomly. The sample comprised 15,403 subjects of whom 14,603 (94.9%) were interviewed. Second, a random, stratified sample of 21,760 persons living in the community was selected, and 16,945 (77.9%) were interviewed. Types of impairment were identified by face-to-face interviews. Two years later, 14,497 subjects in institutions and 15,648 in the community were revisited. Data on death were obtained from either the National Register or households. Death rates were related to age, gender, and impairment. A logistic regression was performed including impairments, activities of daily living, age, gender, type of residence, and geographical area. RESULTS: Strong, independent associations were found between particular impairments, institutional residence, activities of daily living, age, gender, and risk of death. Associations between mortality and type of impairment could be ranked as follows: motor (OR = 1.235), brain (OR = 1.552), low vision (OR = 1.681), speech (OR = 2.090), visceral (OR = 2.233) and blindness (OR = 2.262). CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported visual impairment is an independent factor associated with mortality.

Do aspartate and asparagine acute supplementation influence the onset of fatigue in intense exercise?

AIM: Oxaloacetic acid represents a fundamental intermediary in the metabolism of energy substrate. Asparagine and aspartate constitute precursor compounds of this substance. Therefore, they could affect tricarbossilic acids cycle. Besides, it was suggested that supplementation with aspartate and asparagine determines a muscular glycogen sparing during strenuous physical exercise, even if the real effectiveness remain controversial. The aim of the present pilot study was to evaluate the hypothesis that a supplementation with oxaloacetate precursors, precisely aspartate and asparagine, could improve sport performance during high intensity endurance exercise. METHODS: We recruited 15 male trained athletes, aged from 20 to 30 years (mean age: 24.13+/-3.87 years), practicing triathlon. We administered them placebo or aspartate (7 g) and asparagine (7 g) mixture, using a double blind technique, before performing an exhaustion stress test on cycloergometer carried out to 90% of each athlete's maximum oxygen consumption, previously determined. RESULTS: We evaluated lactatemia through earlobe punctures at the end of warming up, at the maximum effort and at recovery time (3 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min). Furthermore, subjects were submitted to three blood samples from brachial artery in order to assess the glycemia (before the exercise, at the end of the exercise, and 30 min after the end of the exercise). CONCLUSION: The analysis of these parameters and the results of the ergometric tests after amino acids assumption indicate that acute supplementation with aspartate and asparagine do not significantly affect physical performance in athletes practicing high intensity exercises, and that acute administration of aspartate does not cause a sparing of muscle glycogen concentration.

Partial rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon in elite waterpolo goalkeeper: a case report of conservative treatment.

The aim of this study was to describe a case of a 27-year-old male elite waterpolo goalkeeper, who had a partial rupture of the distal biceps tendon of his dominant arm while he was trying to save a strong outside shot. Pain on the antecubital fossa was the chief complaint. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging completed the instrumental set-up. This case had the resolution of the pain and impairment after 3 months of conservative treatment. At 1-year follow-up, the athlete is asymptomatic and the isokinetic test provided almost complete recovery of the strength for elbow flexors and supinators muscles.

Autonomic and psychological adaptations in Olympic rowers.

AIM: Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability has been used to assess the time course of neurovegetative adaptations to training. This study was undertaken: 1) to evaluate whether and which indicator(s) of autonomic cardiac regulation and psychophysical stress can identify successful athletes during a training season culminating with the Olympic Games and 2) to evaluate the feasibility of a quasi-on-line assessment of autonomic cardiac regulation from training field, by a telematic approach. METHODS: This study was conducted on the group of male athletes composing the Italian national team of rowing (n=34), in the season preceding the 2004 Olympic Games. Complete results are from 18 subjects (age 25.3+/-0.5 years), who were selected to participate to the Athens' Olympic games. Athletes were studied while partially detrained, at mid-training season and close to the games. The RR interval was obtained through a miniature transtelephonic-ECG recorder in the supine and standing posture, thus allowing the evaluation of cardiovascular responses to a sympathetic challenge. Data were downloaded through a telephone line, to the referral center where RR-interval variability data were analyzed with the autoregressive method. Also, in each study sessions, athletes filled a self-administered questionnaire of stress perception and somatic symptoms (4S-Q). RESULTS: All ECG recordings were transmitted successfully by phone to the referral center. No significant difference was detected in any marker of autonomic cardiac regulation between athletes who won a medal at the Olympic Games and those who did not. However, respiratory rate was faster in medal winners (P=0.02), while the questionnaire addressing stress (4S-Q) provided greater scores in the group that did not win a medal (F=5.55, P<0.022) at mid-training season and close to the Olympic Games. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study would suggest the possibility of an early detection of psychosomatic symptoms resulting from long duration and elevated stress of preparing for top level competitions, whose better handling might identify the most successful athletes. In addition, it indicates the feasibility of a quasi-on-line assessment of autonomic cardiac adaptations to strenuous training directly from field to be possibly used for improving individual training programs, allowing athletes evaluation in their natural environment.

[Assessment of human papillomavirus testing on liquid-based Cyto-screen system for women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Effect of age]. / Evaluation du test de détection des papillomavirus humains en milieu liquide Cyto-screen après diagnostic d'atypies des cellules malpighiennes de signification indéterminée. Effet de l'âge.

OBJECTIVE: Analyse the performance of human papillomavirus testing with hybrid capture II on liquid-based CYTO-screen system for women diagnosed with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance according to the age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Were included all women diagnosed with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance for whom human papillomavirus testing was performed and cytological and histological procedures were available over a follow-up period of 6 to 18 months. RESULTS: Human papillomavirus testing was performed in 3,047 patients, and results were compared to cytological and histological follow-up diagnosis in 1,880 cases (61.7%). The sensitivity for diagnosing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was 93.3% in women less than 30 of age and 89.7% in women more than 30 of age. Specificity was 44.9% in women less than 30 of age and 64.4% in women more than 30 of age. Likelihood ratios confirmed these results as they show a low discriminatory power in case of positive result specifically in women less than 30 of age but an excellent performance in case of negative result. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The use of human papillomavirus testing after a diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance with the residual material of Cyto-screen system is a possible triage procedure to identify patients needing a colposcopy. Its specificity is better for women over 30.

[ENVOL study on the medical management of varicella and its complications in French ambulatory care]. / Prise en charge de la varicelle et de ses complications en médecine ambulatoire en France: l'étude ENVOL.

OBJECTIVE: The authors had for aim to describe the management of varicella and its complications in French ambulatory care. METHODS: A descriptive prospective national survey was carried out in France on patients visiting a random sample of French GPs and pediatricians (investigators) having diagnosed varicella. During an inclusion period of 4 months, the investigators enrolled all patients (adults-children) who presented with varicella or varicella related complications, and who had not previously visited the investigator for this episode. Three questionnaires were used to record the data. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred patients were enrolled by 393 physicians 75% of whom were GPs. Ninety-four percent of patients were children under 13 years of age (group I). The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.1. The mean age was 3.5 years in group I and 23.8 years in patients over 13 years of age (group II). The mean length of the varicella episode was about 10.7 days. Most patients were given a pharmaceutical prescription on inclusion, 1% were also prescribed medical procedures, 0.3% were given local treatment, and 0.09% underwent physical therapy sessions. A proportion of 12.6% of patients visited their physician twice or more for the same episode. Six group I children were hospitalized. Eighty-seven patients presented with at least one complication i.e. 7.8% (95%CI=6.3-9.3) of all episodes, mainly bacterial superinfections. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of complications associated with varicella infection was higher than usually reported in France but in the same order of magnitude as in other developed countries. Bacterial superinfections were found to be the most frequent complications of varicella.

Economic evaluation in chronic pain: a systematic review and de novo flexible economic model.

There is unmet need in patients suffering from chronic pain, yet innovation may be impeded by the difficulty of justifying economic value in a field beset by data limitations and methodological variability. A systematic review was conducted to identify and summarise the key areas of variability and limitations in modelling approaches in the economic evaluation of treatments for chronic pain. The results of the literature review were then used to support the development of a fully flexible open-source economic model structure, designed to test structural and data assumptions and act as a reference for future modelling practice. The key model design themes identified from the systematic review included: time horizon; titration and stabilisation; number of treatment lines; choice/ordering of treatment; and the impact of parameter uncertainty (given reliance on expert opinion). Exploratory analyses using the model to compare a hypothetical novel therapy versus morphine as first-line treatments showed cost-effectiveness results to be sensitive to structural and data assumptions. Assumptions about the treatment pathway and choice of time horizon were key model drivers. Our results suggest structural model design and data assumptions may have driven previous cost-effectiveness results and ultimately decisions based on economic value. We therefore conclude that it is vital that future economic models in chronic pain are designed to be fully transparent and hope our open-source code is useful in order to aspire to a common approach to modelling pain that includes robust sensitivity analyses to test structural and parameter uncertainty.

Venous thromboembolism and mortality after hip fracture surgery: the ESCORTE study.

BACKGROUND: Recent changes in the management of hip fracture surgery patients may have modified the epidemiology of postoperative complications. OBJECTIVES: We performed an observational study of a cohort of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery to update the epidemiological data on this population. The primary study outcome was the incidence of confirmed symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) [defined as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism (PE), or both] at 3 months. Overall mortality at 1, 3 and 6 months was also evaluated. PATIENTS/METHODS: Consecutive patients aged at least 18 years hospitalized in French public or private hospitals (531 centers) undergoing hip fracture surgery were recruited prospectively during 2 months in 2002 and a follow-up at 6 months. Predictive factors for VTE at 3 months and for death at 6 months were also analyzed. RESULTS: Data from 6860 (97.3%) of the 7019 recruited patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 82 years. Low molecular weight heparins were administered perioperatively in 97.6% of patients; 69.5% received this treatment for at least 4 weeks. The actuarial rate of confirmed symptomatic VTE at 3 months was 1.34% (85 events, 95% CI: 1.04-1.64). There were 16 PEs (actuarial rate: 0.25%), three of which were fatal. Overall, 1006 (14.7%) patients were dead at 6 months. Cardiovascular disease was the most frequent cause of death (270 patients; 26.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The current rate of postoperative VTE is low, but overall mortality remains high. Indeed, hip fracture patients belong to a vulnerable group of old people with comorbid diseases and a high risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. An interdisciplinary approach could be the challenge to improve short and long-term outcome.