Association of CTLA-4 and IL-4 polymorphisms in viral induced liver cancer.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer and is responsible for close to one million annual deaths globally. In Pakistan, HCC accounts for 10.7% of cancer incidence. Prior studies indicated an association between interleukin 4 (IL-4) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) gene polymorphisms in many types of cancers, including HCC that are either hepatitis B virus (HBV)- or hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-induced. The association of IL-4 and CTLA-4 genetic polymorphisms with HCV-induced HCC is not yet determined in the Pakistani population. Therefore, this research is designed to investigate the implication of IL-4 and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms by determining the association of IL-4 -590 C/T (rs2243250) and CTLA-4 + 49 A/G (rs231775) with HCC in Pakistan. METHODS: Different bioinformatics tools were employed to determine the pathogenicity of these polymorphisms. Samples were collected from HCV-induced HCC patients, followed by DNA extraction and ARMS-PCR analysis. RESULTS: The SNP analysis results indicated a positive association of IL-4 -590C/T and CTLA-4 + 49A/G gene polymorphisms with HCV-induced HCC in Pakistan. The CTLA-4 polymorphism might enhance therapeutic efficiency of HCC chemotherapy medicines. The IL-4 polymorphism might introduce new transcription factor binding site in IL-4 promoter region. CONCLUSION: This study delineated risk factor alleles in CTLA-4 and IL-4 genes associated with HCV-mediated HCC among Pakistani patients that may have application to serve as genetic markers for pre- and early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC in HCV patients.

First case of MPox in Pakistan: What can we learn from it?

Background and Aims: This research paper discusses Pakistan's healthcare systems' challenges in managing the monkeypox outbreak in Pakistan. Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus. The World Health Organization declared it a global public health emergency due to the surge in cases worldwide. Pakistan reported its first verified case in April 2023, necessitating immediate response. Body: This correspondence emphasizes on early detection, rapid diagnostic testing, and prompt treatment to limit the virus's transmission. Prevention strategies such as vaccination and travel restrictions on suspected cases are crucial for containment. Lessons from controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic can inform strategies for monkeypox. Conclusion: The recent outbreak of monkeypox has presented challenges to healthcare systems. Therefore, a coordinated approach involving healthcare providers, government organizations, and the public is crucial in controlling the monkeypox outbreak. Further research is necessary to understand the virus and develop effective interventions for future outbreaks.

Effectiveness of erector spinae plane block in reducing opioid consumption after colorectal surgery: A comprehensive meta-analysis.

Despite the life-saving nature of colorectal surgeries, patients often experience intra and post-operative problems, especially pain and discomfort. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of erector spinae plane block (ESP block) in postoperative pain management for patients undergoing colorectal surgeries. A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases from inception until December 2023. Eight studies were deemed appropriate for inclusion. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant decrease with the ESP block compared to the control group in postoperative opioid consumption [MD â€‹= â€‹-15.96 â€‹mg; 95 â€‹% CI (-28.74 to -3.18); p â€‹= â€‹0.014, I2 â€‹= â€‹87 â€‹%], intraoperative opioid consumption [MD â€‹= â€‹-35.51 â€‹mg; 95 â€‹% CI (-62.63 to -8.40); p â€‹= â€‹0.010, I2 â€‹= â€‹87 â€‹%], pain scores [MD â€‹= â€‹-0.94; 95 â€‹% CI (-1.27 to -0.60); p â€‹< â€‹0.000001, I2 â€‹= â€‹86 â€‹%], with a significantly shorter duration of hospital stay [MD â€‹= â€‹-1.25 days; 95 â€‹% CI (-2.02 to -0.48); p â€‹= â€‹0.002, I2 â€‹= â€‹23 â€‹%]. This meta-analysis support the use of erector spinae plane block (ESP) for postoperative pain management in colorectal surgeries. ESP shows significant reductions in opioid consumption, pain scores and hospital stay.

Incidence and Risk of Secondary Malignancy in Patients with Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: A Population-Based Analysis.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma which may predispose individuals to development of secondary malignancies (SMs). The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database is a comprehensive registry of cancer patients in the United States reporting on a wide set of demographic variables. Using the SEER-18 dataset, analyzing patients from 2000 to 2018, we aimed to assess the incidence of SMs in WM patients. Patient characteristics such as gender, age, race, and latency were identified, and respective standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs) were calculated to compare to the general population. Of the 4,112 eligible WM patients identified, SMs were reported in 699 (17%) patients. The overall risk of developing SM, second primary malignancy, and secondary hematological malignancy was significantly higher in WM patients compared to the general population. Our findings show that WM patients had a 53% higher risk of SMs relative to the general population, and an AER of 102.69 per 10,000. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, the risk of SM development may be due to genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, or treatment-induced immune suppression.

Impact of prior cancer history on survival in brain malignancy: A propensity score-adjusted, population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with a Prior Cancer History (PCH) are often excluded from clinical trials. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that prior cancer history does not present adverse outcomes on cancer patients. The evidence on the survival of brain cancer patients in this regard remains widely unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate the prevalence and impact of prior cancer on survival of patients diagnosed with brain cancer. Data of patients who were diagnosed with brain cancer as their first or second primary malignancy between 2000 and 2019 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to ensure comparable baseline characteristics among the patients. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, as well as multivariate Cox proportional hazard and multivariate competing risk models. RESULTS: Out of 42 726 patients, 1189 (2.78%) had PCH. Genitourinary (40.4%), Breast (13.6%), Hematologic and Lymphatic (11.4%), and Gastrointestinal malignancies (11.3%) were the most common types of prior cancer. PCH served as a significant risk factor for Overall Survival (OS) (Adjusted Hazard Ratio [AHR] 1.26; 95% CI [1.15-1.39]; p < .001) but did not have a statistically significant impact on Brain Cancer-Specific Survival (BCSS) (AHR 0.97; 95% CI [0.88-1.07]; p = .54). Glioblastoma exhibited the most substantial and statistically significant impact on survival as compared to other histological types. Of all the organs systems, only prior Gastrointestinal and Hematologic and Lymphatic malignancies had a statistically significant impact on OS of patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that PCH does not exert a substantial impact on the survival of brain cancer patients, except in cases involving gastrointestinal or hematologic and lymphatic PCH, or when the brain cancer is glioblastoma.

Impact of Earthquake on Cardiovascular Health: What Should Cardiovascular Healthcare Providers Anticipate After the Devastating Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria?

Natural disasters like earthquakes have direct and indirect association with major adverse cardiac events. They can impact cardiovascular health by multiple mechanisms not to mention their impact on cardiovascular care and services. Besides the humanitarian tragedy that calls attention globally, we as part of cardiovascular community are concerned with the short and long outcomes of those who survived the recent Turkey and Syria earthquake tragedy. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to draw attention of cardiovascular healthcare providers to the anticipated cardiovascular issues that may arise in survivors on short- and long-term postearthquakes to ensure proper screening and earlier management of this population. With the anticipated increase in natural disasters in future considering climate changes, geological factors, and human activities, the cardiovascular healthcare providers as part of medical community should be aware of the high rate of cardiovascular disease burden that can occur among survivors of earthquakes and other natural disasters, so, they should act accordingly in terms of preparedness measures, adequate response planning starting from services re-allocation to personnel training and enhancing access to medical and cardiac care in both acute and chronic contexts, not to mention screening and risk-stratifying the patients to optimize their management.

Efficacy of Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Catheter ablation (CA) has emerged as an effective therapy for AF. We conducted a meta-analysis to update the current clinical evidence on the efficacy of CA for AF in patients with HCM. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Clinicaltrials.gov for interventional and observational studies assessing single and multiple procedure success rate of CA in HCM patients. Our meta-analysis included 25 studies involving 1817 patients. Success rate following single procedure was 40.4% (95% CI 33.1 to 48.0%) at latest follow-up. The pooled success rate following multiple procedures was 51.4% (95% CI 42.9% to 60.0%) at latest follow-up. In the subgroup analysis for AF subtype, TCA was more successful for paroxysmal AF compared to non-paroxysmal AF. For the subset of studies reporting drug-free success rate, single and multiple procedures had a success rate of 33.4% (95% CI 19.3 to 49.1%) and 51.8% (95% CI 41.3 to 62.2%) at latest follow-up, respectively. CA is a suitable option for AF in patients with HCM. Success rate is greater in paroxysmal AF, after multiple procedures and with antiarrhythmic drugs.

Total Body Irradiation Versus Chemotherapy Conditioning in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is indicated in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who have relapsed or are at a very high risk of relapse during first complete remission. Two types of myeloablative conditioning are employed before allogeneic HSCT: total body irradiation (TBI)-based regimens and chemotherapy (CHT) alone. This study compares the efficacy and safety of TBI-based regimens and CHT-based conditioning in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients with ALL (0-24 years old). TBI-based and CHT-conditioning regimens were evaluated in 4262 and 1367 patients, respectively, from 15 studies. Compared to CHT alone, TBI-based regimens were associated with better overall survival (OS), relative risk (RR) 1.21, better event-free survival (RR 1.34), and a reduced risk of relapse (RR 0.69). Both approaches had comparable risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), grades 3 to 4 acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, and nonrelapse mortality (NRM). In the subgroup analysis for patients in first complete remission, TBI-based regimens and CHT alone had comparable OS and NRM. Our results demonstrate the superiority of TBI-based regimens compared to CHT alone in pediatric patients with ALL.

Analysis of risk factors and prognostic factors of brain metastasis in gastric cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology and end-results database study.

Brain metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) patients is a rare phenomenon that is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and poor survival rates. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the incidence, risk factors and prognostic factors of brain metastasis in GC patients. Data on sociodemographic and tumor characteristics of GC patients from 2010 to 2019 was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) database. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic and Cox regression were applied on SPSS. Kaplan-Meier-Survival curves and ROC curves were constructed. A total of 59,231 GC patients, aged 66.65 ± 13.410 years were included. Brain metastasis was reported in 368 (0.62%) patients. On logistic regression, the risk of brain metastasis was significantly greater in males, patients aged < 60 years and patients having concurrent bone and lung metastasis. High grade and high N stage were significant risk factors for development of brain metastasis. Patients who had undergone surgery for the primary tumor were at reduced risk for brain metastasis (adjusted odds ratio 0.210, 95% CI 0.131-0.337). The median OS was 3 months in patients with brain metastasis and 17 months in patients without brain metastasis (p < 0.05). On Cox regression, Grade IV tumors and primary antral tumors were significant predictable parameters for poor prognosis. Overall Survival (OS) and Cancer-Specific Survival (CSS) were prolonged in patients who had undergone surgery. Brain metastasis in gastric cancer is associated with significantly worse survival. Employing large-scale screening for high-risk patients holds a promising impact to improve survival rates, but it must be accurately balanced with a comprehensive understanding of clinicopathological aspects for accurate diagnosis and treatment.