RESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market every year represent privileged structures for particular biological targets. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insight into molecular recognition and also serve as leads for designing future new drugs. This annual review covers the synthesis of thirty-seven NCEs that were approved for the first time in 2014 and one drug which was approved in 2013 and was not covered in a previous edition of this review.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Comércio , Indústria FarmacêuticaRESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market every year represent privileged structures for particular biological targets. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insight into molecular recognition and also serve as leads for designing future new drugs. This annual review covers the synthesis of twenty-four NCEs that were approved for the first time in 2013 and two 2012 drugs which were not covered during the previous edition of this review.
Assuntos
Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , Desenho de Fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Preparações Farmacêuticas/químicaRESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market every year represent a privileged structure for a particular biological target. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insights into molecular recognition and also serve as leads for designing future new drugs. This review covers the synthesis of twenty-six NCEs that were launched or approved worldwide in 2012 and two additional drugs which were launched at the end of 2011.
Assuntos
Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , Estrutura Molecular , Preparações Farmacêuticas/químicaRESUMO
In 2022, 23 new small molecule chemical entities were approved as drugs by the United States FDA, European Union EMA, Japan PMDA, and China NMPA. This review describes the synthetic approach demonstrated on largest scale for each new drug based on patent or primary literature. The synthetic routes highlight practical methods to construct molecules, sometimes on the manufacturing scale, to access the new drugs. Ten additional drugs approved in 2021 and one approved in 2020 are included that were not covered in the previous year's review.
Assuntos
Aprovação de Drogas , Estados Unidos , Japão , United States Food and Drug Administration , ChinaRESUMO
Selective inhibition of the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) integrin αvß1 has been recently identified as an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis given its function, target expression, and safety profile. Our identification of a non-RGD small molecule lead followed by focused, systematic changes to the core structure utilizing a crystal structure, in silico modeling, and a tractable synthetic approach resulted in the identification of a potent small molecule exhibiting a remarkable affinity for αvß1 relative to several other integrin isoforms measured. Azabenzimidazolone 25 demonstrated antifibrotic efficacy in an in vivo rat liver fibrosis model and represents a tool compound capable of further exploring the biological consequences of selective αvß1 inhibition.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Receptores de Vitronectina , Animais , Ratos , Humanos , Receptores de Vitronectina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Vitronectina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Moleculares , Descoberta de Drogas , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Masculino , Cristalografia por Raios X , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/síntese químicaRESUMO
New drugs are introduced to the market every year and each represents a privileged structure for its biological target. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insights into molecular recognition and also serve as leads for designing future new drugs. This review covers the synthesis of 26 NCEs that were launched in the world in 2011.
Assuntos
Aprovação de Drogas , Desenho de Fármacos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , HumanosRESUMO
Macrocyclic retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C2 (RORC2) inverse agonists have been designed with favorable properties for topical administration. Inspired by the unanticipated bound conformation of an acyclic sulfonamide-based RORC2 ligand from cocrystal structure analysis, macrocyclic linker connections between the halves of the molecule were explored. Further optimization of analogues was accomplished to maximize potency and refine physiochemical properties (MW, lipophilicity) best suited for topical application. Compound 14 demonstrated potent inhibition of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production by human Th17 cells and in vitro permeation through healthy human skin achieving high total compound concentration in both skin epidermis and dermis layers.
RESUMO
Each year, new drugs are introduced to the market, representing structures that have affinity for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates, provide insight into molecular recognition and serve as potential leads for the design of future medicines. This annual review is part of a continuing series highlighting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 35 NCEs that were first approved anywhere in the world during 2021.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Imunoconjugados/químicaRESUMO
New drugs are introduced to the market every year and each represents a privileged structure for its biological target. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insights into molecular recognition and also serve as leads for designing future new drugs. This review covers the synthesis of 15 NCEs that were launched anywhere in the world in 2010.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Química Sintética/métodos , Desenho de Fármacos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , Estrutura Molecular , Preparações Farmacêuticas/químicaRESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures that have affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This Review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 44 new chemical entities approved for the first time anywhere in the world during 2020.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Imunoconjugados , HumanosRESUMO
New drugs are introduced to the market every year and each individual drug represents a privileged structure for its biological target. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insights into molecular recognition and also serve as leads for designing future new drugs. This review covers the syntheses of 21 NCEs marketed in 2009.
Assuntos
Aprovação de Drogas , Desenho de Fármacos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , HumanosRESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures having affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates, provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 40 NCEs approved for the first time anywhere in the world in 2019.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Química Sintética/métodos , Compostos Orgânicos/síntese química , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
An efficient stereocontrolled route to the azatricyclic core of an advanced halichlorine intermediate is described. Reaction of the oxime derived from 2-(oxo-cyclopentyl)acetic acid ethyl ester with 2,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene gives rise to a 7-oxa-1-azanorbornane cycloadduct in high yield. The formation of the bicyclic isoxazolidine arises from conjugate addition of the oxime onto the diene to afford a transient nitrone that then undergoes an intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition. Treatment of the cycloadduct with 5% Na/Hg results in reductive nitrogen-oxygen bond cleavage to furnish a spirocyclic piperidinone, which was further elaborated to an advanced intermediate employed in an earlier synthesis of halichlorine.
RESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market every year represent privileged structures for particular biological targets. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insight into molecular recognition while serving as leads for designing future new drugs. This annual review describes the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 39 new chemical entities approved for the first time globally in 2018.
Assuntos
Aprovação de Drogas , Preparações Farmacêuticas/química , Descoberta de Drogas , História do Século XXI , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
An efficient stereocontrolled route to the isoschizozygane alkaloid core has been developed utilizing an intramolecular 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition of a cross-conjugated heteroaromatic betaine. The resulting cycloadduct undergoes loss of COS, and further reduction delivers a 5a-azaacenaphthylene intermediate that was transformed into the isoschizozygane skeleton upon treatment with acid. A variation of this tactic was then employed for a synthesis of the hexacyclic framework of the shizozygane alkaloid (+/-)-strempeliopine. The key step of the synthesis corresponds to an intramolecular 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition of a heteroaromatic betaine across a tethered 4-((2-nitrophenyl)but-3-enyl) side chain. Catalytic reduction of the nitro group followed by reaction with NBS resulted in the formation of the required pentacyclic indoline framework of the target alkaloid. Closure of the final ring of the shizozygane skeleton was carried using an oxidative cyclization.
Assuntos
Betaína/análogos & derivados , Betaína/química , Alcaloides Indólicos/síntese química , Alcaloides Indólicos/química , Estrutura Molecular , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market every year represent privileged structures for particular biological targets. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insight into molecular recognition while serving as leads for designing future new drugs. This annual review describes the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 31 new chemical entities approved for the first time globally in 2017.
Assuntos
Aprovação de Drogas , Desenho de Fármacos , Modelos Químicos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , Anti-Infecciosos/síntese química , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/síntese química , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/química , Fármacos Hematológicos/síntese química , Fármacos Hematológicos/química , Estrutura Molecular , Soluções Oftálmicas/síntese química , Soluções Oftálmicas/química , Preparações Farmacêuticas/química , Preparações Farmacêuticas/classificaçãoRESUMO
A new approach to the marine alkaloid (+/-)-cylindricine C has been devised. The key element of the synthesis consists of a Michael addition/dipolar cycloaddition cascade between 2,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene and 9-triisopropylsilanyloxy-non-1-en-5-one oxime. The resulting cycloadduct was converted into (+/-)-cylindricine C by a sequence of reactions including a reductive cyclization, intramolecular enolate alkylation, and conjugate addition to introduce the n-hexyl side chain.
Assuntos
Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/síntese química , Quinolonas/síntese química , Alquilação , Animais , Ciclização , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/química , Quinolonas/química , Urocordados/químicaRESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market every year represent privileged structures for particular biological targets. These new chemical entities provide insight into molecular recognition while serving as leads for designing future new drugs. This annual review describes the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 19 new chemical entities that were approved for the first time in 2016.
Assuntos
Aprovação de Drogas/história , Preparações Farmacêuticas/história , Desenho de Fármacos , História do Século XXI , Estrutura Molecular , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , Preparações Farmacêuticas/químicaRESUMO
The nuclear hormone receptor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan C2 (RORC2, also known as RORγt) is a promising target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. A small molecule, inverse agonist of the receptor is anticipated to reduce production of IL-17, a key proinflammatory cytokine. Through a high-throughput screening approach, we identified a molecule displaying promising binding affinity for RORC2, inhibition of IL-17 production in Th17 cells, and selectivity against the related RORA and RORB receptor isoforms. Lead optimization to improve the potency and metabolic stability of this hit focused on two key design strategies, namely, iterative optimization driven by increasing lipophilic efficiency and structure-guided conformational restriction to achieve optimal ground state energetics and maximize receptor residence time. This approach successfully identified 3-cyano- N-(3-(1-isobutyrylpiperidin-4-yl)-1-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridin-5-yl)benzamide as a potent and selective RORC2 inverse agonist, demonstrating good metabolic stability, oral bioavailability, and the ability to reduce IL-17 levels and skin inflammation in a preclinical in vivo animal model upon oral administration.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/agonistas , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Camundongos , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Células Th17/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th17/metabolismoRESUMO
New drugs introduced to the market every year represent privileged structures for particular biological targets. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insight into molecular recognition while serving as leads for designing future new drugs. This annual review describes the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 29 new chemical entities (NCEs) that were approved for the first time in 2015.