RESUMO
Integrins are validated drug targets with six approved therapeutics. However, small-molecule inhibitors to three integrins failed in late-stage clinical trials for chronic indications. Such unfavorable outcomes may in part be caused by partial agonism, i.e., the stabilization of the high-affinity, extended-open integrin conformation. Here, we show that the failed, small-molecule inhibitors of integrins αIIbß3 and α4ß1 stabilize the high-affinity conformation. Furthermore, we discovered a simple chemical feature present in multiple αIIbß3 antagonists that stabilizes integrins in their bent-closed conformation. Closing inhibitors contain a polar nitrogen atom that stabilizes, via hydrogen bonds, a water molecule that intervenes between a serine residue and the metal in the metal-ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS). Expulsion of this water is a requisite for transition to the open conformation. This change in metal coordination is general to integrins, suggesting broad applicability of the drug-design principle to the integrin family, as validated with a distantly related integrin, α4ß1.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Integrina alfa4beta1 , Conformação Proteica , Serina , ÁguaRESUMO
Tumor-infiltrating B cells are heterogeneous, and their roles in tumor immunity are controversial. In this issue of Cell, Lu and colleagues demonstrate that chemotherapy-induced complement signals promote the generation of ICOSL+B cells, which enhance tumor-specific T cell responses.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Linfócitos B , Humanos , Linfócitos TRESUMO
High-dose radiation activates caspases in tumor cells to produce abundant DNA fragments for DNA sensing in antigen-presenting cells, but the intrinsic DNA sensing in tumor cells after radiation is rather limited. Here we demonstrate that irradiated tumor cells hijack caspase 9 signaling to suppress intrinsic DNA sensing. Instead of apoptotic genomic DNA, tumor-derived mitochondrial DNA triggers intrinsic DNA sensing. Specifically, loss of mitochondrial DNA sensing in Casp9-/- tumors abolishes the enhanced therapeutic effect of radiation. We demonstrated that combining emricasan, a pan-caspase inhibitor, with radiation generates synergistic therapeutic effects. Moreover, loss of CASP9 signaling in tumor cells led to adaptive resistance by upregulating programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and resulted in tumor relapse. Additional anti-PD-L1 blockade can further overcome this acquired immune resistance. Therefore, combining radiation with a caspase inhibitor and anti-PD-L1 can effectively control tumors by sequentially blocking both intrinsic and extrinsic inhibitory signaling.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Inibidores de Caspase/uso terapêutico , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Colorretais/terapia , Ácidos Pentanoicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Caspase 9/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Transplante de Neoplasias , Transdução de Sinais , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
RESUMO
Programmed cell death and caspase proteins play a pivotal role in host innate immune response combating pathogen infections. Blocking cell death is employed by many bacterial pathogens as a universal virulence strategy. CopC family type III effectors, including CopC from an environmental pathogen Chromobacterium violaceum, utilize calmodulin (CaM) as a co-factor to inactivate caspases by arginine ADPR deacylization. However, the molecular basis of the catalytic and substrate/co-factor binding mechanism is unknown. Here, we determine successive cryo-EM structures of CaM-CopC-caspase-3 ternary complex in pre-reaction, transition, and post-reaction states, which elucidate a multistep enzymatic mechanism of CopC-catalyzed ADPR deacylization. Moreover, we capture a snapshot of the detachment of modified caspase-3 from CopC. These structural insights are validated by mutagenesis analyses of CopC-mediated ADPR deacylization in vitro and animal infection in vivo. Our study offers a structural framework for understanding the molecular basis of arginine ADPR deacylization catalyzed by the CopC family.
Assuntos
Calmodulina , Caspases , Animais , Calmodulina/genética , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Caspases/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Arginina , Catálise , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismoRESUMO
The NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role in supporting tumor initiation, progression, and radioresistance of tumor cells. However, the role of the NF-κB pathway in radiation-induced anti-tumor host immunity remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that inhibiting the canonical NF-κB pathway dampened the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation (IR), whereas non-canonical NF-κB deficiency promoted IR-induced anti-tumor immunity. Mechanistic studies revealed that non-canonical NF-κB signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) was activated by the STING sensor-dependent DNA-sensing pathway. By suppressing recruitment of the transcription factor RelA onto the Ifnb promoter, activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway resulted in decreased type I IFN expression. Administration of a specific inhibitor of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway enhanced the anti-tumor effect of IR in murine models. These findings reveal the potentially interactive roles for canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways in IR-induced STING-IFN production and provide an alternative strategy to improve cancer radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/radioterapia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Melanoma/radioterapia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias Experimentais/radioterapia , Radioterapia/métodos , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , DNA/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Melanoma/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Neoplasias Experimentais/imunologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/metabolismo , Tolerância a Radiação , Radiação Ionizante , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Transcrição RelA/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Inhibition of cytosolic DNA sensing represents a strategy that tumor cells use for immune evasion, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we have shown that CD47-signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) axis dictates the fate of ingested DNA in DCs for immune evasion. Although macrophages were more potent in uptaking tumor DNA, increase of DNA sensing by blocking the interaction of SIRPα with CD47 preferentially occurred in dendritic cells (DCs) but not in macrophages. Mechanistically, CD47 blockade enabled the activation of NADPH oxidase NOX2 in DCs, which in turn inhibited phagosomal acidification and reduced the degradation of tumor mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in DCs. mtDNA was recognized by cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) in the DC cytosol, contributing to type I interferon (IFN) production and antitumor adaptive immunity. Thus, our findings have demonstrated how tumor cells inhibit innate sensing in DCs and suggested that the CD47-SIRPα axis is critical for DC-driven antitumor immunity.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , DNA Mitocondrial/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Bloqueadores/uso terapêutico , Antígeno CD47/imunologia , Antígeno CD47/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Apresentação Cruzada , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , NADPH Oxidase 2 , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Evasão TumoralRESUMO
Immunotherapy holds great promise for the treatment of aggressive and metastatic cancers; however, currently available immunotherapeutics, such as immune checkpoint blockade, benefit only a small subset of patients. A photoactivatable toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) nanoagonist (PNA) system that imparts near-infrared (NIR) light-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) in dying tumor cells in synchrony with the spontaneous release of a potent immunoadjuvant is developed here. The PNA consists of polymer-derived proimmunoadjuvants ligated via a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable linker and polymer-derived photosensitizers, which are further encapsulated in amphiphilic matrices for systemic injection. In particular, conjugation of the TLR7/8 agonist resiquimod to biodegradable macromolecular moieties with different molecular weights enabled pharmacokinetic tuning of small-molecule agonists and optimized delivery efficiency in mice. Upon NIR photoirradiation, PNA effectively generated ROS not only to ablate tumors and induce the ICD cascade but also to trigger the on-demand release of TLR agonists. In several preclinical cancer models, intravenous PNA administration followed by NIR tumor irradiation resulted in remarkable tumor regression and suppressed postsurgical tumor recurrence and metastasis. Furthermore, this treatment profoundly shifted the tumor immune landscape to a tumoricidal one, eliciting robust tumor-specific T cell priming in vivo. This work highlights a simple and cost-effective approach to generate in situ cancer vaccines for synergistic photodynamic immunotherapy of metastatic cancers.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Receptor 7 Toll-Like , Animais , Camundongos , Receptor 7 Toll-Like/agonistas , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias/terapia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Polímeros/química , Vacinação , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
PD-L1 has two receptors: PD-1 and CD80. Previous reports assumed that PD-L1 and CD80 interacted in trans, but recent reports showed that only cis PD-L1/CD80 interactions existed, and prevention of cis PD-L1/CD80 interactions on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) reduced antitumor immunity via augmenting PD-L1/PD-1 and CD80/CTLA4 interactions between T and APCs. Here, using tumor-bearing mice capable of cis and trans or trans only PD-L1/CD80 interactions, we show that trans PD-L1/CD80 interactions do exist between tumor and T cells, and the effects of trans PD-L1/CD80 interactions require tumor cell expression of MHC-I and T cell expression of CD28. The blockade of PD-L1/CD80 interactions in mice with both cis and trans interactions or with only trans interactions augments antitumor immunity by expanding IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ-dependent NOS2-expressing tumor-associated macrophages. Our studies indicate that although cis and trans PD-L1/CD80 interactions may have opposite effects on antitumor immunity, the net effect of blocking PD-L1/CD80 interactions in vivo augments CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1 , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Camundongos , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , Antígeno B7-1 , Moléculas de Adesão CelularRESUMO
HCN channels are important for regulating heart rhythm and nerve activity and have been studied as potential drug targets for treating depression, arrhythmia, nerve pain, and epilepsy. Despite possessing unique pharmacological properties, HCN channels share common characteristics in that they are activated by hyperpolarization and modulated by cAMP and other membrane lipids. However, the mechanisms of how these ligands bind and modulate HCN channels are unclear. In this study, we solved structures of full-length human HCN3 using cryo-EM and captured two different states, including a state without any ligand bound and a state with cAMP bound. Our structures reveal the novel binding sites for cholesteryl hemisuccinate in apo state and show how cholesteryl hemisuccinate and cAMP binding cause conformational changes in different states. These findings explain how these small modulators are sensed in mammals at the molecular level. The results of our study could help to design more potent and specific compounds to influence HCN channel activity and offer new therapeutic possibilities for diseases that lack effective treatment.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , AMP Cíclico , Canais Disparados por Nucleotídeos Cíclicos Ativados por Hiperpolarização , Humanos , Sítios de Ligação , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Canais Disparados por Nucleotídeos Cíclicos Ativados por Hiperpolarização/metabolismo , Canais Disparados por Nucleotídeos Cíclicos Ativados por Hiperpolarização/química , Canais Disparados por Nucleotídeos Cíclicos Ativados por Hiperpolarização/genética , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
Most tumor cells express antigens that can mediate recognition by host CD8(+) T cells. Cancers that are detected clinically must have evaded antitumor immune responses to grow progressively. Recent work has suggested two broad categories of tumor escape based on cellular and molecular characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. One major subset shows a T cell-inflamed phenotype consisting of infiltrating T cells, a broad chemokine profile and a type I interferon signature indicative of innate immune activation. These tumors appear to resist immune attack through the dominant inhibitory effects of immune system-suppressive pathways. The other major phenotype lacks this T cell-inflamed phenotype and appears to resist immune attack through immune system exclusion or ignorance. These two major phenotypes of tumor microenvironment may require distinct immunotherapeutic interventions for maximal therapeutic effect.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Imunidade Inata , Neoplasias/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Animais , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Neoplasias/terapia , Células Estromais/imunologia , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifaceted disease characterized by a complex interaction between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Within this intricate landscape, exosomes have emerged as pivotal players in the tumor-stroma crosstalk, influencing the immune microenvironment of CRC. These nano-sized vesicles, secreted by both tumoral and stromal cells, serve as molecular transporters, delivering a heterogeneous mix of biomolecules such as RNAs, proteins, and lipids. In the CRC context, exosomes exert dual roles: they promote tumor growth, metastasis, and immune escape by altering immune cell functions and activating oncogenic signaling pathways and offer potential as biomarkers for early CRC detection and treatment targets. This review delves into the multifunctional roles of exosomes in the CRC immune microenvironment, highlighting their potential implications for future therapeutic strategies and clinical outcomes.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Exossomos , Humanos , Exossomos/metabolismo , RNA/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Intestinal barrier dysfunction usually occurred in acute pancreatitis (AP) but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, RNA sequencing of ileum in L-arginine-induced AP mice demonstrated that phosphoenolpyruvate kinase 1 (Pck1) was significantly up-regulated. Increased Pck1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) was further validated in ileum of AP mice and duodenum of AP patients. In AP mice, level of Pck1 was positively correlated with pancreatic and ileal histopathological scores, serum amylase activity, and intestinal permeability (serum diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate, and endotoxin). In AP patients, level of Pck1 had a positive correlation with Ranson scores, white blood cell count and C-reactive protein. Inhibition of Pck1 by 3-Mercaptopicolinic acid hydrochloride (3-MPA) alleviated pancreatic and ileal injuries in AP mice. AP + 3-MPA mice showed improved intestinal permeability, including less epithelial apoptosis, increased tight junction proteins (TJPs) expression, decreased serum DAO, D-lactate, endotoxin, and FITC-Dextran levels, and reduced bacteria translocation. Lysozyme secreted by Paneth cells and mucin2 (MUC2) secretion in goblet cells were also partly restored in AP + 3-MPA mice. Meanwhile, inhibition of Pck1 improved intestinal immune response during AP, including elevation of M2/M1 macrophages ratio and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and reduction in neutrophils infiltration. In vitro, administration of 3-MPA dramatically ameliorated inflammation and injuries of epithelial cells in enteroids treated by LPS. In conclusion, inhibition of Pck1 in IECs might alleviate AP via modulating intestinal homeostasis.
Assuntos
Células Epiteliais , Mucosa Intestinal , Pancreatite , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinase (GTP) , Animais , Camundongos , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Homeostase , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pancreatite/metabolismo , Pancreatite/patologia , Pancreatite/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinase (GTP)/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinase (GTP)/metabolismo , Ácidos Picolínicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
SignificanceOutside the neurogenic niches, the adult brain lacks multipotent progenitor cells. In this study, we performed a series of in vivo screens and reveal that a single factor can induce resident brain astrocytes to become induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs), which then generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Such a conclusion is supported by single-cell RNA sequencing and multiple lineage-tracing experiments. Our discovery of iNPCs is fundamentally important for regenerative medicine since neural injuries or degeneration often lead to loss/dysfunction of all three neural lineages. Our findings also provide insights into cell plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, which has largely lost the regenerative capacity.
Assuntos
Astrócitos/citologia , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Reprogramação Celular , Corpo Estriado/citologia , Animais , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Linhagem da Célula/genética , Reprogramação Celular/genética , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Imunofluorescência , Neurônios GABAérgicos/citologia , Neurônios GABAérgicos/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Genes Reporter , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Multipotentes/citologia , Células-Tronco Multipotentes/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Neurogênese , RNA-Seq , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Controversial data have been reported on the prognostic value of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This prospective, single-center, observational study aimed to evaluate the role of CXCR4 in the pathophysiology of CLL and its prognostic role. A total of 158 patients of CLL were enrolled, and CXCR4 expression on CLL cells was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) at initial diagnosis. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the CXCR4 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) median. Also, four patient specimens from the CXCR4low and CXCR4high groups were selected for RNASeq analysis. The progression-free survival (PFS) of CLL patients in the CXCR4high group was significantly shorter than the CXCR4low group, with a median follow-up time of 27 months (log-rank P < 0.001). Moreover, CXCR4 overexpression (MFI > 3376) was an independent marker of poor PFS in CLL patients (P < 0.001). Analysis of RNASeq results revealed that CXCR4 plays an important role in the migration of CLL. Collectively, CXCR4 expression levels on leukemia cells can be detected rapidly by FCM. CXCR4 overexpression was significantly associated with poorer prognosis in CLL patients within a shorter follow-up time.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Receptores CXCR4 , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/diagnóstico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/genética , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/metabolismo , Estudos Prospectivos , Receptores CXCR4/genética , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , PrognósticoRESUMO
We subtyped bladder cancer (BC) patients based on the expression patterns of endothelial cell (EC) -related genes and constructed a diagnostic signature and an endothelial cell prognostic index (ECPI), which are useful for diagnosing BC patients, predicting the prognosis of BC and evaluating drug sensitivity. Differentially expressed genes in ECs were obtained from the Tumour Immune Single-Cell Hub database. Subsequently, a diagnostic signature, a tumour subtyping system and an ECPI were constructed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. Associations between the ECPI and the tumour microenvironment, drug sensitivity and biofunctions were assessed. The hub genes in the ECPI were identified as drug candidates by molecular docking. Subtype identification indicated that high EC levels were associated with a worse prognosis and immunosuppressive effect. The diagnostic signature and ECPI were used to effectively diagnose BC and accurately assess the prognosis of BC and drug sensitivity among patients. Three hub genes in the ECPI were extracted, and the three genes had the closest affinity for doxorubicin and curcumin. There was a close relationship between EC and BC. EC-related genes can help clinicians diagnose BC, predict the prognosis of BC and select effective drugs.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Células Endoteliais , Aprendizado de Máquina , Imunoterapia , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
Collagen superfamily of proteins is a major component of the extracellular matrix. Defects in collagens underlie the cause of nearly 40 human genetic diseases in millions of people worldwide. Pathogenesis typically involves genetic alterations of the triple helix, a hallmark structural feature that bestows exceptional mechanical resistance to tensile forces and a capacity to bind a plethora of macromolecules. Yet, there is a paramount knowledge gap in understanding the functionality of distinct sites along the triple helix. Here, we present a recombinant technique to produce triple helical fragments for functional studies. The experimental strategy utilizes the unique capacity of the NC2 heterotrimerization domain of collagen IX to drive three α-chain selection and registering the triple helix stagger. For proof of principle, we produced and characterized long triple helical fragments of collagen IV that were expressed in a mammalian system. The heterotrimeric fragments encompassed the CB3 trimeric peptide of collagen IV, which harbors the binding motifs for α1ß1 and α2ß1 integrins. Fragments were characterized and shown to have a stable triple helix, post-translational modifications, and high affinity and specific binding of integrins. The NC2 technique is a universal tool for the high-yield production of heterotrimeric fragments of collagens. Fragments are suitable for mapping functional sites, determining coding sequences of binding sites, elucidating pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanisms of genetic mutations, and production of fragments for protein replacement therapy.
Assuntos
Colágeno Tipo IV , Integrinas , Multimerização Proteica , Animais , Humanos , Sítios de Ligação , Colágeno Tipo IV/química , Colágeno Tipo IV/genética , Colágeno Tipo IV/metabolismo , Integrinas/química , Integrinas/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Mutação , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) via rectifying gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to identify a mechanism of how specific bacteria-associated immune response contributes to alleviated colitis. Forty donors were divided into high (donor H) and low (donor L) groups according to the diversity and the abundance of Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium by 16S rRNA sequencing. FMT was performed on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Mice with colitis showed significant improvement in intestinal injury and immune imbalance after FMT with group donor H (P < 0.05). Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were identified as targeted strains in donor feces by real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR. Mice with colitis were treated with mono- or dual-bacterial gavage therapy. Dual-bacterial therapy significantly ameliorated intestinal injury compared with mono-bacterial therapy (P < 0.05). Dual-bacterial therapy increased the M2/M1 macrophage polarization and improved the Th17/Treg imbalance and elevated IL-10 production by Tregs compared with the DSS group (P < 0.05). Metabolomics showed increased abundance of lecithin in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. In conclusion, B. thetaiotaomicron and F. prausnitzii, as the key bacteria in donor feces, alleviate colitis in mice. The mechanism may involve increasing lecithin and regulating IL-10 production of intestinal Tregs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that donors with high abundance of Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The combination therapy of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is superior to mono-bacterial therapy in ameliorating colitis in mice, of which mechanism may involve promoting lecithin and inducing IL-10 production of intestinal Tregs.
Assuntos
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , Colite , Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Colite/terapia , Colite/microbiologia , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/imunologia , Camundongos , Masculino , Humanos , Sulfato de Dextrana , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Fezes/microbiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: PD-1/PD-L1 play a crucial role as immune checkpoint inhibitors in various types of cancer. Although our previous study revealed that NPM1 was a novel transcriptional regulator of PD-L1 and stimulated the transcription of PD-L1, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains incompletely characterized. METHODS: Various human cancer cell lines were used to validate the role of NPM1 in regulating the transcription of PD-L1. The acetyltransferase NAT10 was identified as a facilitator of NPM1 acetylation by coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. The potential application of combined NAT10 inhibitor and anti-CTLA4 treatment was evaluated by an animal model. RESULTS: We demonstrated that NPM1 enhanced the transcription of PD-L1 in various types of cancer, and the acetylation of NPM1 played a vital role in this process. In particular, NAT10 facilitated the acetylation of NPM1, leading to enhanced transcription and increased expression of PD-L1. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that Remodelin, a compound that inhibits NAT10, effectively reduced NPM1 acetylation, leading to a subsequent decrease in PD-L1 expression. In vivo experiments indicated that Remodelin combined with anti-CTLA-4 therapy had a superior therapeutic effect compared with either treatment alone. Ultimately, we verified that the expression of NAT10 exhibited a positive correlation with the expression of PD-L1 in various types of tumors, serving as an indicator of unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the NAT10/NPM1 axis is a promising therapeutic target in malignant tumors.