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INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to verify changes in behavioral abilities and cognitive functions after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in children with refractory sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in the long term after adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: A prospective clinical trial study using RME therapy was conducted. Participant inclusion criteria were children who had adenotonsillectomy with maxillary transverse deficiency and persistent SDB (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index ≥1). The study included 24 children aged 5-12 years, and of these 24 children, 13 had primary snoring and 11 had obstructive sleep apnea. The patients underwent laryngeal nasofibroscopy and a complete polysomnography. In addition, patients completed the Obstructive Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire and Obstructive Sleep Apnea 18-Item Quality-of-Life Questionnaire. Behavioral and neurocognitive tests were also completed before and after RME. RESULTS: The Obstructive Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire and Obstructive Sleep Apnea 18-Item Quality-of-Life scores showed a statistically significant decrease in both groups (P <0.001) after RME. The results showed that neurocognitive and behavioral parameters (Child Behavior Checklist scale) were similar in primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) groups before RME. In the OSA group, the mean scores of the "Somatic" and "Aggressiveness" domains decreased significantly (P <0.05). The cognitive functions did not register significant differences pre- and post-RME in any of the cognitive functions, except for visuospatial function in the OSA group. CONCLUSIONS: The noncontrolled design was a major limitation of our study. The need for treatment for SDB should consider the association of symptoms and behavioral disturbances with the child's obstructive apnea-hypopnea index. RME might prove to be an alternative treatment for children with SDB refractory to adenotonsillectomy, improving quality of life and behavioral aspects. However, a larger sample size with a control group is needed to substantiate these claims.
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Síndromes da Apneia do Sono , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Tonsilectomia , Criança , Humanos , Adenoidectomia/métodos , Cognição , Técnica de Expansão Palatina , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/cirurgia , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/diagnóstico , Ronco/cirurgia , Tonsilectomia/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the short-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the quality of life of children who had persistent snoring post-adenotonsillectomy (AT). METHODS: The study included children with maxillary constriction aged 5 to 12 years, two or more years after AT whose parents/guardians reported that they still snored ≥ 5 nights per week. We enrolled children with sleep-disordered breathing, including children with primary snoring and children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). All patients underwent laryngeal nasofibroscopy and complete polysomnography. Quality of Life (QOL) Questionnaire (OSA-18), the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), Conners Abbreviated Scale (CAS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were administered before and after RME. RESULTS: Of 24 children enrolled, 13 had primary snoring and 11 had OSA. Overall OSA-18 scores were reduced in both groups (intragroup difference, p < 0.001). The PSQ total score, CAS, and ESS were significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.001) In the evaluation of snoring, there was a reduction due to the treatment effect in both groups (p < 0.001). Daytime sleepiness and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders were also positively affected in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated the potential benefit of RME in treating children with persistent snoring and transverse maxillary deficiency (TMD). RME can improve snoring and the QOL of children with refractory SDB after AT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: RBR-463byn.
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Síndromes da Apneia do Sono , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Tonsilectomia , Criança , Humanos , Ronco , Qualidade de Vida , Técnica de Expansão Palatina , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/cirurgia , Adenoidectomia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sleep-disordered breathing is caused by the interaction of multiple factors, including tonsillar hypertrophy, retrognathia, maxillary atresia, neuromuscular abnormalities, activation of inflammatory mediator cascades, and obesity. The prevalence and severity of obesity among children and adolescents increased worldwide during recent decades and has thus become a public health concern. The aim of this study is to assess the metabolic and anthropometric changes associated with sleep-disordered breathing in obese children. METHODS: Prospective assessment of prepubertal obese children followed at a pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic that had history of frequent snoring. Children were submitted to polysomnography, measurements of body weight, height, blood pressure, neck circumference, and waist circumference. BMI, neck-to-height, and waist-to-height ratios were calculated. Laboratory tests included a complete blood count, liver function tests, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism assessment. Additionally, the presence of metabolic syndrome was assessed. Differences between obstructive sleep apnea and primary snoring groups were calculated using unpaired t-test, Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The sample included 20 children with primary snoring and nine with obstructive sleep apnea. The two groups did not differ with regard to age, gender, BMI, or BMI z-score, serum lipids, glucose metabolism, cell count, liver function, or arterial blood pressure. Anthropometric data did not differ between groups. The waist-to-height ratio was greater among children with obstructive sleep apnea, compared to those with primary snoring. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the waist-to-height ratio was greater in children with obstructive sleep apnea and, thus, could distinguish these children from those with primary snoring.
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Obesidade Infantil/diagnóstico , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/diagnóstico , Ronco/diagnóstico , Razão Cintura-Estatura , Brasil , Criança , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Polissonografia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
Allergic rhinitis is among the most common chronic diseases in the world. Obesity can lead to a chronic systemic inflammatory process. In this study, we evaluated the effects of body weight on the response to treatment of allergic rhinitis with nasal corticosteroids. Two groups of patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis were compared: one composed of obese patients and one composed of normal weight patients. Nasal endoscopy, peak nasal inspiratory flow, quality of life, the VAS, SNOT22, and NOSE-5 questionnaires, and the concentration of nasal cytokines (INF-γ, TNF-ᾳ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) through nasal brushing were evaluated before and after treatment with 400 mcg/day nasal beclomethasone. No differences were identified between the groups in nasal endoscopy, peak nasal inspiratory flow, the VAS, SNOT22, and NOSE-5 questionnaires, or in the cytokines INF-γ, TNF-ᾳ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 prior to nasal corticosteroid treatment. Both groups showed improvement in the VAS, SNOT-22, and NOSE-5 questionnaires and an increase in peak nasal inspiratory volumes after treatment. In the eutrophic group, there was an increase in INF-γ and IL-5 after treatment. When comparing the variation in cytokines before and after treatment between groups, IL-10 was the cytokine that showed altered behavior dependent on weight. Obesity did not seem to impact nasal symptoms and physiology and presented a similar clinical response to treatment with nasal corticosteroids to normal weight patients. However, obese patients had an impaired anti-inflammatory response during treatment with nasal corticosteroids.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the short-term outcome of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) in children with residual snoring after late adenotonsillectomy (AT). METHODS: This prospective clinical trial included 24 patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Participants' inclusion criteria were children with maxillary constriction aged 5-12 years who had AT for more than two years and those whose parents/guardians reported that they still snored ≥4 nights per week. Of which 13 had primary snoring, and 11 had OSA. All patients underwent laryngeal nasofibroscopy evaluation and complete polysomnography. The Quality of life (QOL) Questionnaire (OSA-18), the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), the Conners Abbreviated Scale (CAE), and the Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS) were applied before and after palatal expansion. RESULTS: The OSA 18 domain, PSQ total, CAE, and ESS scores were significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.001). There was a decrease in PLMS indices. In the total sample, the mean decreased significantly from 4.15 to 1.08. In the Primary Snoring group, the mean decreased from 2.64 to 0.99; in the OSA group, the average decreased significantly from 5.95 to 1.19. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study suggests that the improvement of PLMS in the OSA group with maxillary constriction is correlated with a favorable neurological impact of the treatment. We suggest a multi-professional approach to the treatment of sleep disorders in children.
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Síndromes da Apneia do Sono , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Humanos , Criança , Técnica de Expansão Palatina , Qualidade de Vida , Ronco/terapia , Sono , Síndromes da Apneia do Sono/diagnóstico , Síndromes da Apneia do Sono/terapia , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/diagnóstico , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a common condition in childhood and if left untreated can result in many health problems. An accurate diagnosis of the etiology is crucial for obstructive sleep apnea treatment success. Functional orthodontic appliances that stimulate mandibular growth by forward mandibular positioning are an alternative therapeutic option in growing patients. OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review about the effects of functional orthodontic appliances used to correct the mandibular deficiency in obstructive sleep apnea treatment. METHODS: The literature search was conducted in June 2020 using Cochrane Library; PubMed, EBSCO (Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source), LILACS Ovid; SciELO Web of Science; EMBASE Bireme and BBO Bireme electronic databases. The search included papers published in English, until June 2020, whose methodology referred to the types and effects of functional orthopedic appliances on obstructive sleep apnea treatment in children. RESULTS: The search strategy identified thirteen articles; only four articles were randomized clinical studies. All studies using the oral appliances or functional orthopedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnea in children resulted in improvements in the apnea-hypopnea index score. The cephalometric (2D) and tomographic (3D) evaluations revealed enlargement of the upper airway and increase in the upper airspace, improving the respiratory function in the short term. CONCLUSION: Functional appliances may be an alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, but it cannot be concluded that they are effective in treating pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. There are significant deficiencies in the existing evidence, mainly due to absence of control groups, small sample sizes, lack of randomization and no long-term results.
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Avanço Mandibular , Aparelhos Ortodônticos Funcionais , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Cefalometria , Criança , Humanos , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The present prospective clinical study aimed to investigate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the airway, correlating airway volumes obtained on multi-slice computed tomography and polysomnography assessment of oxygen saturation and apnea/hypopnea index. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (11 with obstructive sleep apnea and 13 with residual snoring, mean age 10.0 (1.8), were enrolled in the study. Each patient underwent multislice computed tomography and nocturnal polysomnography before rapid maxillary expansion and after removal of maxillary expansion after six months. Airway regions were segmented, and volumes were computed. RESULTS: The increase in oropharyngeal volume was significant in both groups. Oxygen saturation and apnea/hypopnea index were not statistically significant. No correlation was found between total airway volume, oxygen saturation, and apnea/hypopnea index changes between the time points examined. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that when rapid maxillary expansion is performed in individuals with sleep-disordered breathing, there were statistically significant differences in oropharyngeal volume between pre- and post-rapid maxillary expansion, but there was no correlation between oxygen saturation values and oropharyngeal volume increase. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: The article is classified as Evidence Level 3 (Three).
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Técnica de Expansão Palatina , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Criança , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/diagnóstico por imagem , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapia , Ronco/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, by a three-dimensional study, the volumetric and integumentary effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the nose, in mouth breathing kids with maxillary hypoplasia, in the short term, assessing the possible interference of gender, growth and age on the results achieved. METHODS: 120 mouth breathing patients with maxilla hypoplasia were divided into an Experimental Group treated by rapid maxillary expansion (nâ¯=â¯104, 62 males and 42 females, mean age 10.1 years, SDâ¯=â¯2.10, ranging from 5.1 to 13.9 years); and Control Group, constituted by 16 patients (9 males and 7 females, mean age 9.3 years, SDâ¯=â¯2.1 years, ranging from 6.1 to 13.2 years). Patients in the experimental group underwent multislice computed tomography examinations at two different times: (T1) pre-expansion and (T2) post-expansion. The control group was submitted to the same tests at the same time intervals. Six soft tissue variables of the nose were studied, besides the volume and area of the nasal cavity, and the measurement and comparison of data between T1 and T2 were performed using the Dolphin Imaging 11.7 Premium software. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant mean increases in all soft tissue variables studied (pâ¯<â¯0.005), yet there were no significant changes in the control group. In the comparison between groups, only inclination of the nasal dorsum did not present any significant change. CONCLUSION: Rapid maxillary expansion may alter the nasal shape and physiology, by anatomical changes in the nose soft tissues, making it an important aid in the treatment of mouth breathing in childhood. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: The soft tissues of the nose play an important role in nasal shape and physiology and facial esthetics, and since they are directly related to the nasal valves, they are fundamental for maintenance and stability of the nasal breathing pattern.
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Respiração Bucal , Técnica de Expansão Palatina , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Respiração Bucal/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento Tridimensional , Maxila/diagnóstico por imagem , Maxila/anormalidades , Nariz/diagnóstico por imagem , RespiraçãoRESUMO
The aim of this case report was to evaluate the polysomnography indices, air space in the oropharyngeal region and quality of life scores using the OSA-18 questionnaire in a patient diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME). It is a case report with a male patient, seven years old, with maxillary hypoplasia, who underwent adenotonsillectomy surgery two years ago, had restless sleep, snore more than five times a week. Pre- and post-treatment diagnostic tests were performed, including nasofibroscopy, polysomnography, computed tomography, orthodontic records and the OSA-18 quality of life questionnaire. The treatment consisted of RME with Hyrax maxillary expander. After six months, the exams were redone. The polysomnographic record before treatment: IAH 2.8/h, after treatment 0.5/h. We concluded that rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in children with OSA appears to be an effective treatment.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the patient's understanding of the informed consent form before and after plastic surgery. METHODS: This was a prospective analytical descriptive study that utilized a questionnaire on informed consent before and after plastic surgery procedures. RESULTS: Comprehension of informed consent was higher before surgery than after surgery (p=0.016; question 15). The higher the scholarity, the higher the comprehension (s=0.151; p=0.045) before surgery (question 4). For the other questions, it was not possible to find a difference in the pattern of understanding and in the association with the educational attainment level after surgery (s=0.180; p=0.046; question 1). CONCLUSIONS: The patients' level of comprehension of the details, outcomes, possible complications, and postoperative evolutions of surgical procedures, as stated by the informed consent form, is high.
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Cirurgia Plástica , Compreensão , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Nasal congestion and obstruction are reported in the majority of continuous positive airway pressure users and are frequently cited as reasons for noncompliance. Baseline inflammation due to allergic rhinitis could increase or exacerbate the inflammatory effect of high airflow in the nasal cavity as the result of continuous positive airway pressure and lead to greater continuous positive airway pressure intolerance. In this setting, intranasal steroids would be expected to counteract the nasal inflammation caused by allergic rhinitis and/or continuous positive airway pressure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of topical corticosteroid use on nasal patency after acute exposure to positive pressure. METHODS: Ten individuals with allergic rhinitis were exposed to 1h of continuous airway pressure (15cm H2O) in the nasal cavity, delivered by a continuous positive airway pressure device. Visual analog scale, nasal obstruction symptom evaluation scale, acoustic rhinometry and peak nasal inspiratory flow were performed before and after the intervention. After 4 weeks topical nasal steroid (budesonide) application, positive pressure exposure was repeated as well as the first assessments. RESULTS: Patients reported a statistically significant improvement both on the visual analog (p=0.013) and obstruction symptom evaluation scales (p<0.01). Furthermore, objective measurements were improved as well, with increased nasal cavity volume on acoustic rhinometry (p=0.02) and increased peak nasal inspiratory flow (p=0.012), after corticosteroid treatment. CONCLUSION: In patients with allergic rhinitis, intranasal corticosteroid therapy improved objective and subjective parameters of nasal patency after acute exposure of the nasal cavity to positive pressure.
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Antialérgicos , Obstrução Nasal , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Antialérgicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Furoato de Mometasona/uso terapêutico , Obstrução Nasal/tratamento farmacológico , Rinometria AcústicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Few studies have addressed long-term quality of life related to residual snoring after adenotonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to compare scores from the OSA-18 questionnaire between children with residual snoring and non-snoring children two or more years after adenotonsillectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised 25 children divided into two groups, a group of 14 snoring children, and a control group of 11 non-snoring children. The OSA-18 questionnaire was applied to the volunteers. In the control group, it was completed by the caregivers of the children, while in individuals with residual snoring it was completed by the caregivers of children in the presence of a doctor or dentist. A statistical comparison was made using a generalized linear model. RESULTS: The snorer group had a higher total OSA-18 score, and a higher score in all five domains compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Children with residual snoring two or more years after adenotonsillectomy may have a worse quality of life compared to the control group.
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INTRODUCTION: The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure in children is restricted due to concerns that it could affect maxilla growth over time. OBJECTIVE: To undertake a systematic review of the literature about the long-term impact of using a positive airway pressure mask on the midface in growing individuals. METHODS: The literature search was conducted in September 2019 using the keywords ("long-term" OR "long term" OR "side effects" OR longitudinal) AND (children OR child OR preschool OR adolescents OR adolescent OR infant OR infants) AND (craniofacial OR "mid-face" OR midface OR midfacial OR facial OR maxillary) AND ("airway pressure" OR ventilation) in the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Lilacs. The search included papers published in English, until September 2019, on the effects of positive airway pressure on midfacial growth. RESULTS: The search strategy identified five studies: two case reports, two cross-sectional studies and one retrospective cohort study. All studies evaluated the long-term effects of a using a nasal mask on the midface in children and adolescents; four showed midface hypoplasia and one no showed difference post- treatment compared to a control. CONCLUSION: Most of the studies demonstrated that long-term use of nasal positive airway pressure in childhood/adolescence is associated with midface hypoplasia.
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Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Maxila , Estudos Retrospectivos , Apneia Obstrutiva do SonoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Obstrutive sleep apnea syndrome is characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction, associated with intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia, and the main risk factor in childhood is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. The lymphocytes in these structures are responsible for local and systemic immune responses. OBJECTIVE: Verify the levels of the inflammatory markers, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, TNF-α, CRP and α1-GP, in the tonsils of children with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. METHODS: This cross-sectional prospective study included 34 children with complains of snoring, difficulty breathing during sleep or recurrent tonsillitis. Patients underwent to a complete otorhinolaryngological examination, nasal endoscopy and polysomnography and were divided into two groups with 17 children each: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome group and control group. All underwent an adenotonsillectomy. Cytokines were measured in the collected tonsils (ELISA and Multiplex methods). RESULTS: Statistically significant increasing were observed between IL-8 and IL-10 cytokines of patients with obstructive sleep apnea when compared to the control group; also between c-reactive protein and α1-GP of the tonsils cortical region in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome when compared with the medullary region. There were no statistically significant differences for the remaining inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION: After the analysis of the levels of pro and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, Il-15, TNF-α, CRP, α1-GP) in the tonsils, we observed higher levels of markers IL-8 and IL-10 in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
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Tonsila Palatina/imunologia , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/imunologia , Biomarcadores , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Citocinas/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucinas/análise , Masculino , Orosomucoide/análise , Tonsila Palatina/patologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Tonsilectomia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Strengthening of citizenship reinforces the instruments to defend individual rights. The health care models currently used minimize communication between doctors and patients. There has been an increasing number of formal complaints against attitudes of physicians. The social impact of these accusations is great, but studies in Brazil and in the state of Goiás are not sufficient to make them meaningful. This work was intended to quantify and qualify complaints submitted to the Regional Medical Council of the state of Goiás against medical acts. METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective study of the processes formally registered in the state of Goiás between 2000 and 2006; interpretative reading of the procedural development of filed complaints at the Regional Medical Council of the state of Goiás and calculation of the efficacy of the ensuing actions. RESULTS: Variation in the complaint frequency between 2000 and 2006 was not high; 62% of complaints concerned professional incompetence and inadequate patient -physician relationship. The number of complaints regarding plastic surgery and orthopedics was significant. In 60% of cases accusations were made by individuals. DISCUSSION: The Regional Medical Council session resulted in warnings and reprimands in some cases, deferment (5%), and suspension of the licence to practice medicine (3%). Over 90% of the yearly cases were solved. CONCLUSION: This problem has been effectively and efficiently approached, in spite of severe imperfections in data base management, preventing qualitative analyses of this matter.
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Imperícia/estatística & dados numéricos , Erros Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Denúncia de Irregularidades , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Brasil , Competência Clínica/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image provides clear differentiation of soft tissues from empty spaces. This paper presents a literature review to evaluate the effects of orthopedic and surgical treatment on the pharyngeal dimension by CBCT. It was concluded that treatments involving dentofacial orthopedics and orthognathic surgery have been related with an increase in the upper airway volume. Standardized capturing of tomographic images and more controlled and randomized studies are necessary.
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INTRODUCTION: Rapid maxillary expansion is an orthodontic and orthopedic procedure that can change the form and function of the nose. The soft tissue of the nose and its changes can influence the esthetics and the stability of the results obtained by this procedure. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the changes in nose dimensions after rapid maxillary expansion in oral breathers with maxillary atresia, using a reliable and reproducible methodology through computed tomography. METHODS: A total of 30 mouth-breathing patients with maxillary atresia were analyzed and divided into a treatment group who underwent rapid maxillary expansion (20 patients, 10 of which were male and 10 female, with a MA of 8.9 years and a SD of 2.16, ranging from 6.5 to 12.5 years) and a Control Group (10 patients, 5 of which were male and 5 female, with a MA of 9.2 years, SD of 2.17, ranging from 6.11 to 13.7 years). In the treatment group, multislice computed tomography scans were obtained at the start of the treatment (T1) and 3 months after expansion (T2). The patients of the control group were submitted to the same exams at the same intervals of time. Four variables related to soft tissue structures of the nose were analyzed (alar base width, alar width, height of soft tissue of the nose and length of soft tissue of the nose), and the outcomes between T1 and T2 were compared using Osirix MD software. RESULTS: In the TG, the soft tissues of the nose exhibited significant increases in all variables studied (p<0.05), whereas, changes did not occur in the control group (p>0.05). In the treatment group, mean alar base width increased by 4.87% (p=0.004), mean alar width increased by 4.04% (p=0.004), mean height of the soft tissues of the nose increased by 4.84% (p=0.003) and mean length of the soft tissues of the nose increased by 4.29% (p=0.012). CONCLUSION: In short-term, rapid maxillary expansion provided a statistically significant increase in the dimensions of the soft tissues of the nose.
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Respiração Bucal/fisiopatologia , Nariz/anatomia & histologia , Nariz/diagnóstico por imagem , Técnica de Expansão Palatina , Adolescente , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Maxila/anormalidades , Respiração Bucal/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetectores , Valores de Referência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is an upper airway obstruction that occurs during the sleep. One of the suggested mechanisms involved in this process is a neuromuscular abnormality of the palatal muscles. Whether children with OSAS develop into OSAS adults, or children and adult OSAS are two distinct disorders occurring at different ages are questions to be answered. Here, we made the histological analysis of palatophryngeal muscle in 34 oral-breathing children of both genders, aged 5-12 years old, with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids. According to the polysomnographic study the participants were divided into children without sleeping disorders (group I) and children with primary snoring (group II) or apnea (group III). The main histological findings were fiber size variability in 70% cases from groups II and III and in 71% from group I; perimysial connective tissue infiltration in 48% children from groups II and III and in 71% from group I; intracytoplasmatic mitochondrial proliferation in 63% cases from groups II and III and in 57% cases from group I. Muscle necrosis was only observed in one case, in association with subglandular inflammation. Others findings observed in all groups included fibers with internal architecture alteration, such as moth-eaten and lobulated fibers, type 2 fiber predominance, and small areas of fiber type grouping. The presence of similar histological findings in the palatopharyngeal muscle in children with primary snoring or apnea but also in children without sleeping disorders indicate that such changes could be a normal histological feature of this muscle rather than a neurogenic or myopathic pathology.