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INTRODUCTION: Obesity, characterized by excess adipose tissue, is a major public health problem worldwide. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipose tissue participate in thermogenesis through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Polyphenols including those from Calafate (a native polyphenol-rich Patagonian berry), are considered as potential anti-obesity compounds due to their pro-thermogenic characteristics. However, polyphenols are mainly metabolized by the gut microbiota (GM) that may influence their bioactivity and bioavailability. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of dietary administration with a Calafate polyphenol-rich extract on thermogenic activity of BAT and beige adipose tissue and GM composition. METHODS: Eight-week-old C57BL6 mice (n = 30) were divided into 4 groups to receive for 24 weeks a control diet (C), a high-fat diet alone (HF), or high-fat diet supplemented with Calafate extract (HFC) or the same high-fat diet supplemented with Calafate extract but treated with antibiotics (HFCAB) from week 19-20. Administration with Calafate extract (50 mg/kg per day) was carried out for 3 weeks from week 21-23 in the HFC and HFCAB groups. After euthanasia, gene expression of thermogenic markers was analyzed in BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). Transmission electron microscopy was performed to assess mitochondrial morphology and cristae density in BAT. GM diversity and composition were characterized by deep sequencing with the MiSeq Illumina platform. RESULTS: Calafate extract administration had no effect on weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. However, it prevented alterations in mitochondrial cristae induced by HFD and increased Dio2 expression in BAT and iWAT. The intervention also influenced the GM composition, preventing changes in specific bacterial taxa induced by the high-fat diet. However, the antibiotic treatment prevented in part these effects, suggesting the implications of GM. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the acute administration of a Calafate extract modulates the expression of thermogenic markers, prevents alterations in mitochondrial cristae and intestinal microbiota in preclinical models. The study highlights the complex interaction between polyphenols, thermogenesis, and the GM, providing valuable insights into their potential roles in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Tecido Adiposo Marrom , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Extratos Vegetais , Termogênese , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Termogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Masculino , Obesidade/metabolismo , Proteína Desacopladora 1/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Bege/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Bege/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
RESUMEN La obesidad ha sido identificada como factor de riesgo de severidad de infecciones respiratorias. Apoyar la respuesta inmune en sujetos obesos es de interés. El presente trabajo evaluó el efecto del consumo de un extracto de calafate sobre marcadores de respuesta inmune en ratones delgados y obesos. Ratones C57BL/6J machos fueron expuestos por 82 días a dieta estándar (DE) y alta en grasas (DAG). A un subgrupo de ambos grupos, se les administró 50 y 100 mg [polifenoles totales]/kg peso de animal/día, de extracto, en las últimas dos semanas. Se evaluó expresión génica y secreción de marcadores de respuesta inmune, en tejido pulmonar y plasma. Se observó un efecto del tratamiento con extracto en la expresión de IFN-ϓ. Se observaron efectos inducidos por la DAG y el tratamiento con extracto de manera independiente, en la expresión de IL-12. Se observó un efecto global de la DAG sobre IFN-ϓ plasmático, específicamente una disminución en animales alimentados con DAG. Se observó una interacción entre la dieta y el tratamiento con extracto sobre IL-12 plasmática. El tratamiento utilizado modula marcadores que activan la respuesta inmune ante infecciones respiratorias principalmente de origen viral, en animales delgados y obesos.
ABSTRACT Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for severity of respiratory infections. Thus, the support of the immune response in obese subjects is of interest. The present work evaluated the effect of the consumption of a calafate extract on markers of the immune response in lean and obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed for 82 days to a standard or a high-fat diet (HFD). A subgroup of both groups was given 50 and 100 mg [total polyphenols]/kg body weight/day of extract in the last two weeks. Gene expression and secretion of immune response markers were evaluated in lung tissue and plasma. An effect of extract treatment on IFN-ϓ expression was observed. Effects induced by the HFD and treatment with extract were observed independent of the expression of IL-12. An overall effect of the HF diet on plasma IFN-ϓ was observed, specifically a decrease in animals fed the HFD. An interaction between diet and extract treatment was observed over plasma IL-12. The treatment used modulates markers that activate the immune response to respiratory infections, mainly of viral origin, in lean and obese animals.
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Existe una tendencia mundial de incremento en prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles, que se caracterizan por un estado pro-inflamatorio crónico. Por lo tanto, es importante estudiar la relación entre alimentos y salud. La palta (Persea americana), sobresale en la industria por su valor nutricional. El procesamiento de la palta genera gran cantidad de subproductos, que contienen bioactivos con propiedades beneficiosas, como polifenoles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar cuatro extractos de palto (acuoso e hidroalcohólico; de hoja y de cáscara) y analizar sus posibles propiedades anti-inflamatorias in vitro. Fueron determinados polifenoles totales (con el método de FolinCiocalteau) y capacidad antioxidante (por FRAP y DPPH) de los extractos. Las propiedades anti-inflamatorias de los extractos fueron determinadas por la liberación de NO y de TNF-ï¡, y por la expresión génica de TNF-ï¡. Los resultados indican que los extractos hidroalcohólicos presentan más polifenoles (p<0,001) y capacidad antioxidante (p<0,001, por FRAP) que los acuosos. Mas aún, observamos que los extractos hidroalcohólicos de hojas presentaron mayores efectos anti-inflamatorios in vitro, especialmente el hidroalcohólico de hoja en liberación de NO (p<0,001, frente a tratamiento con LPS), acuosos e hidroalcohólicos en liberación de TNF-ï¡ (p<0,05), y solo los hidroalcohólicos en la expresión de TNF-ï¡ (p<0,01). En conclusión, los extractos hidroalcohólicos de palto, y especialmente el de hoja, presentan propiedades anti-inflamatorias in vitro que pueden ser consideradas para aplicaciones en mejoría de salud humana.
There is a worldwide trend of increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases characterized by a chronic inflammatory state. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between food and health. Avocado (Persea americana) stands out in food industry for its nutritional value. Industrials process of avocado generates a large number of by-products, which contain phytochemical compounds with antioxidant properties, such as polyphenols. The objective of the present research was to characterize four aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from avocado leaves and peels and analyze it possible anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Total polyphenol content (with the Folin-Ciocalteau method) and antioxidant capacity (by FRAP and DPPH) were determined. Extracts inflammatory features were measured by NO and TNF-ï¡ release, and by TNF-ï¡ gene expression. Our results indicated that hydroalcoholic extracts present higher total polyphenol content (p<0.001) and antioxidant capacity (p<0.001, by FRAP) than the aqueous ones. Furthermore, we report that hydroalcoholic leaves extract presented greater in vitro anti-inflammatory effect, especially the leave hydroalcoholic regarding NO release (p<0.001, against LPS treatment), aqueous and hydroalcoholics regarding TNF-ï¡ release (p<0.05), and only the hydroalcoholic in the TNF-ï¡ gene expression (p<0.01). In conclusion, the avocado hydroalcoholic extracts, and especially from leaves, present in vitro anti-inflammatory features that might be considered for human health improvement applications.
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Humanos , Persea/química , Anti-Inflamatórios , Técnicas In Vitro , Extratos Vegetais , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
RESUMEN La obesidad es una enfermedad multifactorial definida como acumulación patológica de grasa. Su prevalencia ha aumentado enormemente en el mundo. Chile presenta una de las mayores prevalencias de obesidad de la OCDE. Su casuística simplificada comprende una diferencia sostenida entre gasto e ingesta de energía, manteniendo un delta positivo traducido en mayor acumulación de grasa. No obstante, la etiología completa de esta enfermedad comprende también factores psicológicos, genéticos, ambientales, etc. El ambiente juega un papel clave en la predisposición al consumo de alimentos, a la realización de ejercicio físico, incluso afectando la susceptibilidad genómica, exacerbando o disminuyendo la carga genética. Esta modificación de susceptibilidad genética por el ambiente se conoce como epigenética, que se refiere a una serie de modificaciones por "sobre" la genética que son altamente modificables por factores ambientales. Se ha descrito que algunas de estas modificaciones pueden heredarse de una generación a otra, lo que otorga otro nivel de complejidad al estudio de nuevas terapias complementarias para frenar la tendencia al sobrepeso. En la presente revisión se describe cuales son las modificaciones epigenéticas más frecuentes encontradas, su relación con obesidad y dieta, y finalmente como se relaciona con la transmisión transgeneracional de esta patología.
ABSTRACT Obesity is a multifactorial disease defined by a pathological accumulation of body fat. Its prevalence has increased greatly across the world. Chile has one of the highest prevalence of obesity among OCDE countries. It is caused by a sustained difference between energy expenditure and intake, keeping a positive delta, which drives fat accumulation. However, its etiology is comprised several factors: psychological, genetics, environmental, etc. The environment plays a key role in the predisposition towards food consumption, the adoption of exercise, and genetic susceptibility, increasing or decreasing the genetic load towards obesity. This modification of susceptibility is known as epigenetics, which refers to modifications "over" genetics, which are highly modifiable by environmental factors. Some of these modifications can be inherited from one generation to another, granting a higher complexity level regarding designing novel complementary therapies against obesity. Thus, the present review described which epigenetic modifications are related to obesity and different dietary patterns, and finally how epigenetic modifications can be related to transgenerational transmission of obesity.
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Humanos , Animais , Epigênese Genética , Obesidade/genética , Histonas , Metilação de DNA , Predisposição Genética para Doença , MicroRNAs/genética , DietaRESUMO
This review analyzes the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on muscle and cardiovascular fitness and body composition in teenagers. A search was carried out in international databases, finding 145 papers and selecting five for analysis. In all the reviewed manuscripts, peak oxygen uptake improved after HIIT. In the three manuscripts that measured muscle strength, it also increased. We conclude that HIIT improves muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness in school age children. A 12 weeks protocol with three 12-minute sessions per week would be ideal.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade/métodos , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados como Assunto , Força Muscular/fisiologiaRESUMO
Aim: Analyze mi-146a and miR-155 expression and its correlation with the apoptosis of lymphocytes T in T1D and control patient. Patients and Methodology: 17 T1D patients (5 children between 8-14 yr and 12 adults between 19-29 yr). Activated and not activated peripheral mononuclear cells were studied were studied. Cellular activation with anti-CD3 and primary culture with interleukyne-2 by 5 days. Apoptosis assays through flow cytometry. miRNA through Taqman probes. Statistical analysis through Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Dunn's test. Results: Composition of virgin and memory T CD4 cells showed significant differences for stimulus response in control group (p = 0,0004). Increased memory cells count in control group activated by 7 days than basal (p = 0,0047). For early apoptosis differences were observed in days 3 and 7 with and without activation (p = 0,001). AICD apoptosis showed increases in control group after re-stimulation through TCR (p= 0,03). miR-146a expression was lower in recent-onset T1D children vs recent-onset DM1 adults (p = 0,0167). Conclusion: This study shows a differential miR-146a expression in T1D children with respect to T1D adult patients, diminished AICD mechanism in T1D and altered CD4+CD45RA-CD45R0+ memory cells generation in T1D adult patients.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Apoptose/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Memória ImunológicaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this research was to analyze the expression profile of miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-326 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 47 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and 39 control subjects, as well as the possible association with autoimmune or inflammatory markers. Subjects and methods Expression profile of miRs by means of qPCR using TaqMan probes. Autoantibodies and inflammatory markers by ELISA. Statistical analysis using bivariate correlation. Results The analysis of the results shows an increase in the expression of miR-155 in T1D patients in basal conditions compared to the controls (p < 0.001) and a decreased expression level of miR-326 (p < 0.01) and miR-146a (p < 0.05) compared T1D patients to the controls. miR-155 was the only miRs associated with autoinmmunity (ZnT8) and inflammatory status (vCAM). Conclusion Our data show a possible role of miR-155 related to autoimmunity and inflammation in Chilean patients with T1D.
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Humanos , Criança , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Biomarcadores , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismoRESUMO
Obesity has a high prevalence among children. On the other hand, acute respiratory infections especially of viral origin, are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this age group. During the recent pandemic of influenza A (H1N1) virus, obesity was identified as a novel independent risk factor for severity multiple markers of the disease. We reviewed the evidence associating obesity with a worse course of respiratory diseases in children. Nine out of 40 retrieved articles, were chosen to be reviewed. We concluded that there is evidence suggesting that immunomodulatory effects of obesity could be considered as a novel risk factor. Thus, bearing in mind the drastic rise in obesity prevalence around the world and in Chile, and the latent possibility of new respiratory pandemics caused by viruses, studying the possible effect of obesity aggravating viral respiratory infections will become important.
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Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Viroses/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Viroses/complicações , Chile/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Obesidade Infantil/complicações , Obesidade Infantil/virologiaRESUMO
The worldwide increased incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the decreased genotypes that confer increased risk to T1D indicate a strong environmental impact on the disease. These mechanisms could occur through epigenetic modifications that operate on several gene expression patterns (methylation and acetylation, among others). An alternative mechanism of gene expression inhibition are the microRNAs families. These small noncoding RNAs bind the of mRNAs, downregulating and can downregulate the expression of multiple genes. In this review we discussed the role of certain miRNAs in three characteristics observed in T1D, such as inflammation, autoimmunity and apoptosis.
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Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Autoimunidade , Apoptose/genética , MicroRNAs/imunologia , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Epigenômica , Inflamação/genéticaRESUMO
Background: The worldwide rise in the incidence of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), and the concordance rate between monozygotic twins (50%), indicate a strong effect of the environment as an underlying factor of this disease. This process can occur throughout epigenetic modifications of gene expression such as DNA methylation, in which several nutrients participate as cofactors. Aim: To determine DNA methylation status in T1D patients and if it is related to plasma levels of folates and homocysteine (Hcy). Material and Methods: We obtained blood samples from 25 T1D patients aged 13.7 ± 5.9 years (11 males) and 25 healthy subjects aged 31.1 ± 7.8 years (16 males). DNA methylation was measured using a colorimetric kit in extracted DNA. Results are expressed as median (interquartile range). Results: Compared with healthy controls, T1D patients had lower global DNA methylation (0.85 (0.91) % and 1.25 (1.16) % respectively, p < 0.02) and Hcy levels (4.8 (1.1) µmol/L and 7.3 (1.4) µmol/L respectively p < 0.01). There were no differences in folate levels between groups. A significant association between folates and global DNA methylation status was observed in T1D patients (r = -0.564, p < 0.01) and healthy subjects (r = 0.440, p = 0.03). Conclusions: TD1 patients had lower levels of Hcy and global DNA methylation. It is relevant to further investigate if this imbalance also induces epigenetic changes in a gene-specific manner, especially in key genes involved in T1D pathogenesis.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Metilação de DNA/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Epigênese Genética/genética , Homocisteína/sangue , Fatores Etários , Ácido Fólico/sangueRESUMO
La prevalencia de obesidad en niños chilenos ha aumentado consistentemente en las últimas dos décadas. El primer estudio que determinó el estado nutricional y la ingesta de alimentos efectuado en una muestra representativa de la población fue llevado a cabo en 1960. Recientemente el Ministerio de Salud publicó la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo Alimentario (ENCA), efectuada en el año 2012. Sin embargo, este estudio no incluyó mediciones bioquímicas de nutrientes que permitan un diagnóstico integral y representativo de la condición nutricional del niño en Chile. Objetivos: revisar la literatura disponible entre los años 2004 y 2014 sobre ingesta de alimentos y estado nutricional en niños chilenos de 4 a 14 años de edad. Método: un total de 362 referencias publicadas en ese período se obtuvieron de las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs, Embase y Scielo. De estos, 40 artículos fueron seleccionados para una revisión completa. Resultados: la ingesta de alimentos se caracteriza por una ingesta calórica alta; un bajo consumo de frutas, verduras y productos lácteos y un alto consumo de pan. La ENCA concluyó que un 95% de los chilenos presenta una dieta deficiente. Se observa una alta prevalencia de obesidad desde edades tempranas. Desde 1960 no ha habido un estudio representativo de la población que incluya niveles plasmáticos de micronutrientes, que proveerían información más confiable sobre el estado nutricional de los niños, además de encuestas de consumo de alimentos. Conclusión: los niños chilenos presentan un estado nutricional y una alimentación deficientes; sin embargo, no hay evidencia representativa de los niveles plasmáticos de nutrientes, por lo que es imperativo desarrollar un estudio representativo que incluya indicadores bioquímicos de micronutrientes con objeto de desarrollar estrategias para mejorar el estado nutricional de los niños (AU)
The prevalence of obesity in Chilean children has been increasing steadily for the last two decades. The first study to determine nutritional status and food intake in a representative sample of this population was carried out in 1960. Recently the National Food Consumption Survey (ENCA) carried out in 2012 was released by the Ministry of Health. However, this study did not include biochemical determinations of micronutrients which would allow a better diagnosis of nutritional status in children. Objective: to review the literature available from 2004 to 2014 in food intake and nutritional status in Chilean children aged 4 to 14 years. Method: a total of 362 references published between 2004 and 2014 were obtained through searches in the databases PubMed, Lilacs, Embase and Scielo. From these, 40 articles were selected for a thorough review. Results: food intake by children is characterized by a high-energy intake, a low consumption of fruits and vegetables and a high consumption of bread. The ENCA showed that 95% of the Chilean population has a deficient diet. A high prevalence of obesity is observed from very early in life. There is a dearth of data available on plasma indicators of vitamin and mineral status since 1960, which would provide more reliable information on nutritional assessment. Conclusion: It is imperative to implement a representative nutrition survey of children in Chile that includes biochemical indicators to get reliable information in order to develop strategies aimed to correct micronutrient malnutrition from excess or deficiency (AU)
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Adolescente , Criança , Humanos , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Micronutrientes/análise , Comportamento Alimentar , Biomarcadores/análise , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: La diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad autoinmune de etiología compleja. Diversos microARN (miR) han sido relacionados con la patogénesis de enfermedades autoinmunes. Objetivo: Analizar la posible asociación de miR-22 y miR-150 con autoinmunidad y gravedad clínica en la DM1. Pacientes y método: El estudio se realizó en células mononucleares periféricas de 20 pacientes con DM1 y 20 sujetos controles. La expresión de miR-22 y miR-150 se realizó por sondas TaqMan en células mononucleares periféricas a diferentes concentraciones de glucosa (basal, 11mM, 25mM). Resultados: Nuestros resultados muestran que la expresión de miR-22 está aumentada en pacientes con DM1 respecto de controles. Este efecto se observó en la condición basal de glucosa y disminuyó en condiciones 11 y 25mM de glucosa. La expresión de miR-150 fue menor en pacientes con DM1 versus controles. No hubo asociación de los niveles de miR-22 (condición basal) y miR-150 (condición 11mM) con el perfil de autoinmunidad ni la presencia de cetoacidosis. Conclusión: miR-22 y miR-150 no se asocian a los niveles de autoanticuerpos, pero sí al componente de cetoacidosis en DM1 (AU)
Background and objective: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease of complex aetiology. Several microRNAs (miR) have been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. To analyze the possible association of miR-22 and miR-150 with autoimmunity and clinical severity of T1D. Patients and methods: The study was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 20 patients with T1D and 20 control subjects. The expression of miR-22 and miR-150 was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using TaqMan probes to different glucose concentrations (baseline, 11mm, 25mm). Results: Our results suggest that the expression of miR-22 is increased in T1D patients compared to the controls. This effect was observed in baseline glucose conditions and decreased in 11 and 25mM of glucose. The expression of miR-150 was lower in T1D patients versus the controls. There was no correlation between the autoimmune profile and the two studied miRNAs. miR-22 (baseline condition) and miR-150 (11mM condition) or the ketoacidosis component. Conclusion: miR-22 and 150 were not associated with the autoimmune component present in T1D patients (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Autoimunidade/genética , MicroRNAs/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Marcadores Genéticos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
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Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), an antiangiogenic factor and transforming growth factor (TGF)-â activity regulator, has been recently recognized as an adipokine that correlates with obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance processes. In the present study, epididymal adipocytes of rats that were fed a chow or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 50 days were isolated and incubated (2472 h) in low (5.6 mM) or high (HG; 25 mM) glucose, in the presence or absence of 1.6 nM insulin. Rats fed the HF diet showed an established obesity state. Serum TSP-1 levels and TSP-1 mRNA basal expression of adipocytes from HFD rats were higher than those from controls. Adipocytes from HFD animals presented an insulin resistance state, as suggested by the lower insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as compared to controls. TSP-1 expression in culture was higher in adipocytes from obese animals at 24 h, but when the adipocytes were treated with HG, these expression levels dropped dramatically. Later at 72 h, TSP-1 expression was lower in adipocytes from HFD rats, and no effects of the other treatments were observed. Surprisingly, the secretion levels of this protein at 72 h were increased significantly by the HG treatment in both types of adipocytes, although they were even higher in adipocytes from obese animals. Finally, cell viability was significantly reduced by HG treatment in both types of adipocytes. In summary, TSP-1 expression/secretion was modulated in an in vitro model of insulin-resistant adipocytes. The difference between expression and secretion patterns suggests a posttranscriptional regulation. The present study confirms that TPS-1 is closely associated with obesity-related mechanisms (AU)