Ensuring best practice in genomics education and evaluation: reporting item standards for education and its evaluation in genomics (RISE2 Genomics).

PURPOSE: Widespread, quality genomics education for health professionals is required to create a competent genomic workforce. A lack of standards for reporting genomics education and evaluation limits the evidence base for replication and comparison. We therefore undertook a consensus process to develop a recommended minimum set of information to support consistent reporting of design, development, delivery, and evaluation of genomics education interventions. METHODS: Draft standards were derived from literature (25 items from 21 publications). Thirty-six international experts were purposively recruited for three rounds of a modified Delphi process to reach consensus on relevance, clarity, comprehensiveness, utility, and design. RESULTS: The final standards include 18 items relating to development and delivery of genomics education interventions, 12 relating to evaluation, and 1 on stakeholder engagement. CONCLUSION: These Reporting Item Standards for Education and its Evaluation in Genomics (RISE2 Genomics) are intended to be widely applicable across settings and health professions. Their use by those involved in reporting genomics education interventions and evaluation, as well as adoption by journals and policy makers as the expected standard, will support greater transparency, consistency, and comprehensiveness of reporting. Consequently, the genomics education evidence base will be more robust, enabling high-quality education and evaluation across diverse settings.

The CKD Stress Scale: Development and identification of patients at risk.

AIMS: Develop a novel chronic kidney disease (CKD)-specific stress scale and examine associations with patient characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adults with CKD stages 1 - 5 enrolled in a cross-sectional survey. Eight questions assessed patients' thoughts and feelings of stress related to CKD (CKD Stress Scale). Patients also reported their knowledge of CKD, barriers to CKD health, and demographics. The scale was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Associations were examined via linear regression. RESULTS: 245 participant enrolled with a mean age of 60 years and a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 34 mL/min/1.73m2; 49% were women (match percentage in Table 1), 74% White, 14% African American. A one-factor model of CKD Stress exhibited high internal consistency (α = 0.89). In bivariate analyses, higher CKD Stress was associated with lower eGFR, younger age, African American race (compared to White), and having a high school education or some college (compared to college degree or higher). Adjusting for these characteristics, as well as income and knowledge about CKD, only lower eGFR (b = -0.01; 95% CI [-0.01, -0.001]), younger age (b = -0.01; 95% CI [-0.01, -0.003]), African American race (b = 0.35, 95% CI [0.10, 0.60]), and receiving a high school education or some college (b = 0.20, 95% CI [0.01, 0.39]) were independently associated with more CKD-specific stress. Concurrent validity was supported by associations between stress and perceived barriers to care. CONCLUSION: Our CKD Stress Scale exhibits excellent internal reliability and identified where future educational interventions may benefit from tailoring for at-risk patients.

Persistent Marked Peripheral Eosinophilia due to Tuberculosis: A Case Report.

We report a case of a 68-year-old female who was a known case of diabetes mellitus and chronic liver disease and presented with complaints of dry cough and other constitutional symptoms since one month. During initial investigations, the patient was found to have peripheral blood eosinophilia. Upon investigating further,the patient was found to have mediastinal lymphadenopathy and fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes showed features of tuberculosis. The patient was started on anti-tubercular treatment and her eosinophil counts returned to normal levels. Correlation between eosinophilia and tuberculosis has not been established in classical literature. This case highlights the same association and raises awareness on this crucial finding. Coexistence of eosinophilia and tuberculosis in our patient is suggested since peripheral blood eosinophilia improved with anti-tubercular treatment. The exact pathogenesis of coexistence of tuberculosis and peripheral blood eosinophilia yet remains to be deciphered, but tissue pathology is mainly associated with the discharge of toxic eosinophil products.

Chemical profiling of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of wild leaf and callus of Vitex negundo using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: The investigation of plant-based therapeutic agents in medicinal plants has revealed their presence in the extracts and provides the vision to formulate novel techniques for drug therapy. Vitex negundo (V. negundo), a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family, is extensively used in conventional medication. AIM: To determine the existence of therapeutic components in leaf and callus extracts from wild V. negundo plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). METHODS: In this study, we conducted GC-MS on wild plant leaf extracts and correlated the presence of constituents with those in callus extracts. Various growth regulators such as 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and di-phenylurea (DPU) were added to plant leaves and in-vitro callus and grown on MS medium. RESULTS: The results clearly indicated that the addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL), DPU (2.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL) in MS medium resulted in rapid callus development. The plant profile of Vitex extracts by GC-MS analysis showed that 24, 10, and 14 bioactive constituents were detected in the methanolic extract of leaf, green callus and the methanolic extract of white loose callus, respectively. CONCLUSION: Octadecadienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester were the major constituents in the leaf and callus methanolic extract. Octadecadienoic acid was the most common constituent in all samples. The maximum concentration of octadecadienoic acid in leaves, green callus and white loose callus was 21.93%, 47.79% and 40.38%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the concentration of octadecadienoic acid doubles in-vitro compared to in-vivo. In addition to octadecadienoic acid; butyric acid, benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl), dospan, tridecanedialdehyde, methylcyclohexenylbutanol, chlorpyrifos, n-secondary terpene diester, anflunine and other important active compounds were also detected. All these components were only available in callus formed in-vitro. This study showed that the callus contained additional botanical characteristics compared with wild plants. Due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, the medical use of Vitex for various diseases has been accepted and the plant is considered an important source of therapeutics for research and development.

Patient-Centered Outcomes With a Multidisciplinary CKD Care Team Approach: An Observational Study.

Rationale & Objective: Multidisciplinary chronic kidney disease (CKD) care has been associated with improved clinical outcomes in comparison to general nephrology care. However, there is little research examining the impact of multidisciplinary care on patient-centered outcomes. We examined if a multidisciplinary approach to CKD care was associated with 4 patient-centered outcomes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study design using previously established surveys to assess patient-centered outcomes in participants with nondialysis CKD. Setting & Participants: Adults with CKD stages 1-5 who had not undergone transplant or were not on dialysis. Exposures: General nephrology care or multidisciplinary care. Patients receiving multidisciplinary care were seen by a pharmacist, social worker, dietitian, and nephrologist, whereas patients receiving general nephrology care only saw a nephrologist. Outcomes: Four patient-centered outcomes: CKD-specific knowledge, disease-related stress, perception of overall health, and perception of health status compared to 1 year ago. Analytical Approach: Differences were examined using a Welch 2-sample t test and linear regression model. Results: Mean age of participants was 60 years with standard deviation of 17 years. 182 (77%) patients were White, and 230 (96%) had formal education greater than or equal to high school. 121 (49%) were women, and 215 (88%) had CKD stage 3-5. 77 (31%) received multidisciplinary care. We did not identify any significant differences in patient knowledge, stress, or perception of health between multidisciplinary and general nephrology care. However, notably, patients in multidisciplinary care were older and had more advanced CKD than those in general nephrology care. Limitations: Cross-sectional study designs only identify associations. Study was conducted at clinics located within 30 miles of each other, limiting generalizability. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a team-based approach to care can better support sicker, more vulnerable patients so that they can achieve similar patient-centered outcomes compared to patients who are younger and with less advanced CKD.

A Case of Colon Cancer and Pauci-Immune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis.

The association between membranous nephropathy and cancer has been well documented. Crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) has also been associated with various types of cancers. To our knowledge, there has only been one previously documented case of seronegative pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with colon cancer. We present a case of a 51-year-old male with newly diagnosed high-grade poorly-differentiated colon carcinoma who was found to have seronegative pauci-immune crescentic GN with 70% involvement of glomeruli on renal biopsy. The patient was treated with pulse steroids and rituximab with resolution of acute kidney injury.

Response in germination and seedling growth in Phaseolus mungo under salt and drought stress.

The effect of salt and drought stress at the water potentials of-2, -4,-6and -8 bars induced by NaCl and PEG 6000 (Polyethylene glycol 6000) each, on germination and early seedling growth, were investigated for two varieties (PU-19 and Type-9). Electrical conductivity (EC) value of the NaCl solutions were 4.5, 8.8, 12.7 and 16.3 dS m(-1). Germination percentage, root and shoot length, and seedling fresh and dry weight were measured in the study. The objective was to determine genotypic differences among P. mungo varieties in terms of salt and drought stress and to determine factors (salt toxicity or osmotic stress due to PEG) inhibiting seed germination. The germination results revealed that the genotypes significantly differed for salt and drought stress. PU-19 appeared to be more tolerant to salt and drought stress comparable to var Type-9. Both NaCl and PEG inhibited germination and seedling growth in both the varieties, but the effects of NaCI compared to PEG was less on germination and seedling growth. All varieties were able to germinate at all NaCl levels without significant decrease in germination, while a drastic decrease in germination was recorded at -6 and -8 bars of PEG. It was concluded that inhibition in germination at equivalent water potential of NaCl and PEG was mainly due to an osmotic effect rather than salt toxicity.

Foreign body (toothpick) causing epiglottitis.

A 25-year-old otherwise healthy woman presented to the hospital with sore throat and dysphagia for 5 days. On her computed tomography images, thickening and edema of the right aryepiglottic fold was noted, associated with an impacted foreign body.

Intrahepatic splenosis demonstrated by diffusion weighted MRI with histologic confirmation.

Acquired ectopic splenic tissue is called splenosis, which is common after the history of trauma or surgical exploration. We present a rare case of intrahepatic splenosis in 36-year-old male patient mimicking a liver neoplasm on imaging however presented with left flank pain for 5 months and had remote history of splenectomy after splenic rupture from trauma. We discuss various imaging modalities and the role of various magnetic resonance imaging sequences and nuclear medicine examination. We also discuss the differentiating features to be kept to make the correct diagnosis along with a brief review of literature. We mentioned signal intensities of splenic lesions and normal signal intensity of spleen in different magnetic resonance imaging sequences and with high suspicion how we can diagnose splenosis and avoid unnecessary biopsy and its result related stress.

Management of HCV infection: current issues and future options.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of chronic liver disease (CLD). Presently the standard regime comprises a combination of PEG-IFN and ribavirin. Sustained virologic response (SVR) is defined as the absence of HCV RNA in the serum six months after the end of treatment. With standard treatment, in patients with genotypel infections, SVR lies between 42% to 56%, whereas for genotypes 2 and 3 the SVR is from 76% to 82%. Thus, a large percentage of patients fail to achieve SVR even with improvised standard treatment. Such patients may be divided initially into relapsers and nonresponders. The decision to re-treat should be based on the presence of clinical, virological and histological factors that predict the possibility of successful outcome with further therapy. Both the type of previous therapy and previous response are very important factors in guiding re-treatment. The development of new therapeutic agents is critical for further improvement in the management of chronic hepatitis C as current therapeutic options have rather low efficacy in certain subgroups, such as those with HCV genotype 1 or patients with advanced liver disease, and most probably in nonresponders and relapsers. Moreover, pegylated IFNalpha and/or ribavirin are associated with frequent side effects and have a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. Therefore, the development of new effective and safe drugs is a matter of significant clinical importance.

Rhombencephalitis in cocaine-induced nasal septal perforation and skull base erosion.

Rhombencephalitis is a rare and potentially fatal condition involving the brainstem, with infectious, autoimmune, and paraneoplastic etiologies. We present a patient presenting with left-extremity weakness and dysphonia who had brainstem imaging findings suggestive of rhombencephalitis. We suspect that the case was due to inoculation of the brainstem from nasopharyngeal adenoviral infection. Due to heavy cocaine use, extensive basiocciput erosion led to direct contact between the brainstem and the nasopharyngeal mucosa. The patient's milder clinical course might have been due to some degree of pre-existing immunity against adenovirus. Additionally, clinicians need to be aware of the proximity of the brainstem to the nasopharynx when there is basiocciput erosion, due to the potential risk of injury during instrumentation.

FDG-PET/CT in the Postoperative Period: Utility, Expected Findings, Complications, and Pitfalls.

FDG-PET/CT as a modality is increasingly used for detection of recurrence and for restaging in patients with clinical suspicion of malignancy, as well as in patients with elevated tumor markers. However, there are many pitfalls in the interpretation of these scans when the studies are performed after some treatment. Some of these are attributed to normal physiological distribution and are compounded when there are inflammatory changes occurring after surgery. The body's inherent response to the surgical insult results in this inflammation. In addition, there are also complications that can happen following surgery, causing increased FDG uptake. Despite various fallacies, FDG-PET/CT provides valuable information in evaluation of residual and recurrent malignant disease. In this article, we aim to describe some of these postsurgical changes secondary to inflammation, common surgical complications, and finally, the utility of FDG-PET/CT in these patients to detect recurrent disease, even in the background of postsurgical changes.

Low backache in adults as an initial presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Low backache as an initial manifestation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults has been rarely reported. In this hematological disorder, although bone marrow is replaced by malignant cells, not many cases of low backache as an initial presentation of ALL are reported. We present a series of clinical cases with low backache, which on evaluation found to have ALL.

Relevance of focal osseous uptake on FDG PET with or without CT changes in oncology patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess significance of focal FDG uptake in osseous structures, with and without CT correlate, in patients undergoing FDG PET/CT for oncological indications. METHODS: 57 patients with focally increased FDG activity in bones and a definite follow up were included. RESULTS: 85.2% of lesions without changes were found to be malignant. Sensitivity and PPV of a CT correlate in metastatic lesions was expectedly high, 62.9% and 86.7% respectively, however, the NPV was only 14.8%. CONCLUSION: Osseous foci are valuable in predicting metastatic disease even in the absence of low dose CT correlate.

Upper Extremity Runoff: Pearls and Pitfalls in Computed Tomography Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography.

Upper extremity vasculature can be affected by various traumatic and nontraumatic pathologies; however, the evaluation of these arteries can be challenging for the radiologists as well as for the clinicians. After an accurate history and clinical examination, imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of these patients. Depending on the urgency and the indication, upper extremity arteries may be evaluated by ultrasonography with color Doppler, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or digital subtraction angiography. This review article discusses relevant imaging anatomy of the upper extremity arteries, presents CT and MRI protocols, briefly describes the state-of-the-art CT and MRI of various pathologies affecting the upper extremity arteries, and summarizes the important pearls needed for busy practicing radiologist.

Utility of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in a child with chronic granulomatous disease.

We report the fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG - PET/CT) findings in an 11-month-old boy with suspected milk protein allergy, presented to the hospital with 2-month history of fever of unknown origin and failure to thrive. It showed FDG avid lymphadenopathy above and below the diaphragm and splenic focus, which could represent diffuse inflammatory process or lymphoma. Subsequent jejunal biopsy showed non-necrotizing granulomas.

Urinary catheterization from benefits to hapless situations and a call for preventive measures.

Catheter-associated complications are common, expensive, and often preventable by reducing unnecessary catheter usage. These complications range from most common nosocomial infection to uncommon conditions such as urethral diverticula and ischemic necrosis of the penis. Often, removal of a single known essential cause may be sufficient to prevent a disease. This review raises issues associated with urinary catheterization and emphasizes on the need of preventive measures a physician should take to reduce disappointing situations. The main objective of this literature review is to intercept or oppose unwanted catheter use and thereby, the disease processes associated with urinary catheterization. There is well-described literature available on catheter-associated urinary tract infection, but little is known about noninfectious complications resulting from catheter use; therefore, we also tried to draw attention on these unusual complications.

Unusual complication of prolonged indwelling urinary catheter - iatrogenic hypospadias.

Long-time urethral catheterization may be responsible for various complications such as urethral stricture, urethral fracture, urinary tract infections, and hypospadias. Hypospadias is the most common congenital anomaly of male external genitalia. However, urethral catheter-induced iatrogenic hypospadias is a rare entity. In this article, we describe a case of an elderly male who was found to have iatrogenic hypospadias 2 months after urinary catheterization.