Factors associated with anaemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: Multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis.

Anaemia has prevailed as a mild to severe public health problem in Ethiopian women of reproductive age. Many studies carried out on anaemia have been limited to subnational assessments and subgroups of women. The effects of potential factors thought to affect anaemia and severity levels of anaemia have not been well considered. Therefore, this study identifies individual, household and community level factors associated with anaemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia applying multilevel ordinal logistic regression models. Proportional odds assumption was tested by likelihood ratio test. About 35.6% of the variation on anaemia was due to between household and community level differences. Pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.82, 2.91), HIV (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.76, 3.25), giving birth once (AOR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.40), giving birth more than once (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.71), living with five or more family members (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.47), living in poorest households (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.61) and rural area (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.92) were associated with greater odds of more severe anaemia compared with their respective counter parts. Secondary and above education (AOR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.97) and use of pills, implants or injectable (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.77) were associated with lower odds of more severe anaemia. Anaemia prevention and control programmes need to be strengthened for women living with HIV/AIDS and during pregnancy. Household poverty reduction and social protection services need to be strengthened and integrated in anaemia prevention and management activities in women.

Preventive Practice and Associated Factors Toward Coronavirus Disease 19 in Adigrat Town, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

PURPOSE: The global coronavirus disease 19 pandemic is an unprecedented crisis, unlike any since the end of the Second World War. Yet no successful vaccine or treatment has been reported. Even though increasing the practice of the community is critical to prevent coronavirus disease 19 pandemic, there is limited study in Ethiopia particularly in the study area. Therefore, the study aimed to assess practice and associated factors toward coronavirus disease 19. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and associated factors with practice toward coronavirus disease 19 prevention in Adigrat residents, Northern Ethiopia, 2020. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study design was carried out among 421 Adigrat Town residents from September 10 to 20, 2020. Households were selected using systematic sampling technique. To identify determinant factors, binary logistic regression analyses were employed with confidence interval of 95%. To identify statistically significant factors, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was used. Statisticalsignificance was determined at P-value <0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor practice was 32.2% (95% CI (31.5-38.5%)). Age of 20-29 (AOR=2.1, 95% CI (1.9-6.5)), occupational status of unemployed (AOR=1.5, CI 95% (1.4-1.9)), marital status of unmarried (AOR=1.9, 95% CI (1.2-12.5)), and educational status of cannot read and write (AOR=2.1, 95% CI (2.0-9.3)) were statistically significant factors toward COVID-19 prevention. CONCLUSION: The poor practice toward coronavirus disease 19 prevention was significantly high. Age, occupation, marital status, and educational status were significantly associated with the preventive practice toward the coronavirus disease 19. It would be helpful if the health professionals or other volunteers inform the community continuously by giving health educations regarding the preventive ways to increase the practice.

Client Satisfaction to Referral Service and Associated Factors Among Health Centers in Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019.

PURPOSE: Even though referral is a major public health issue in the sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia, there is limited data particularly in the study area. So, this study was aimed to assess client satisfaction with referral service and associated factors. OBJECTIVE: To assess client satisfaction to referral service and associated factors among Health Centers in Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This was an institutional-based cross-sectional study carried out among Health Centers selected using simple a random sampling technique from February 2019 to April 2019. A total of 421 referred individuals were proportionally allocated to eight health centers and interviewed using pretested 5-point Likert scale structured questionnaire. After data collection, it was entered using Epi Info then transferred to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for the purpose of analysis. Factors associated with the satisfaction toward referral service were assessed using binary logistic regression. Statistically significant variables at the bivariate logistic regression analysis were regarded as nominees for multivariable analysis. The strength of the association of factors with satisfaction toward referral was determined by computing crude odds ratio (COR) and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In this study, 47% of referred patients were satisfied with the referral of Health Centers. Residence (AOR=2.2 CI=1.3, 1.5), age (AOR=3.1 CI =2.3, 6.4), and educational status (AOR=2.1 CI =1.7, 4.9) were statistically significant factors. CONCLUSION: Significant clients were dissatisfied with the referral of Health Centers. Age, educational status, and residences were statistically significant factors. So, the Health Centers management and health care provider should work to reduce time spent to get a referral, reduce challenges in the referral process, increase helping and giving responsibility for the referred clients, improve communication.