Regioselective chemoenzymatic syntheses of ferulate conjugates as chromogenic substrates for feruloyl esterases.

Generally, carbohydrate-active enzymes are studied using chromogenic substrates that provide quick and easy color-based detection of enzyme-mediated hydrolysis. For feruloyl esterases, commercially available chromogenic ferulate derivatives are both costly and limited in terms of their experimental application. In this study, we describe solutions for these two issues, using a chemoenzymatic approach to synthesize different ferulate compounds. The overall synthetic routes towards commercially available 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl and 4-nitrophenyl 5-O-feruloyl-α-ʟ-arabinofuranosides were significantly shortened (from 7 or 8 to 4-6 steps), and the transesterification yields were enhanced (from 46 to 73% and from 47 to 86%, respectively). This was achieved using enzymatic (immobilized Lipozyme® TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus) transesterification of unprotected vinyl ferulate to the primary hydroxy group of α-ʟ-arabinofuranosides. Moreover, a novel feruloylated 4-nitrocatechol-1-yl-substituted butanetriol analog, containing a cleavable hydroxylated linker, was also synthesized in 32% overall yield in 3 steps (convergent synthesis). The latter route combined the regioselective functionalization of 4-nitrocatechol and enzymatic transferuloylation. The use of this strategy to characterize type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger reveals the advantages of this substrate for the characterizations of feruloyl esterases.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of C-13' substituted 7'-homo-anhydrovinblastine derivatives.

Recent publications highlighted that vinca derivatives either functionalized on C-12' or enlarged on cycle C' could be more cytotoxic than vinblastine or vinorelbine, both used in anti-cancer therapy. By combining these two results, nine new 7'-homo-anhydrovinblastine derivatives functionalized on C-13' were elaborated. The synthesis of key intermediates, their one-step transformation into final products in mild conditions and their biological activities are presented.

Directed evolution of the type C feruloyl esterase from Fusarium oxysporum FoFaeC and molecular docking analysis of its improved variants.

The need to develop competitive and eco-friendly processes in the cosmetic industry leads to the search for new enzymes with improved properties for industrial bioconversions in this sector. In the present study, a complete methodology to generate, express and screen diversity for the type C feruloyl esterase from Fusarium oxysporium FoFaeC was set up in a high-throughput fashion. A library of around 30,000 random mutants of FoFaeC was generated by error prone PCR of fofaec cDNA and expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica. Screening for enzymatic activity towards the substrates 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl and 4-nitrocatechol-1-yl ferulates allowed the selection of 96 enzyme variants endowed with improved enzymatic activity that were then characterized for thermo- and solvent- tolerance. The five best mutants in terms of higher activity, thermo- and solvent- tolerance were selected for analysis of substrate specificity. Variant L432I was shown to be able to hydrolyze all the tested substrates, except methyl sinapate, with higher activity than wild type FoFaeC towards methyl p-coumarate, methyl ferulate and methyl caffeate. Moreover, the E455D variant was found to maintain completely its hydrolytic activity after two hour incubation at 55 °C, whereas the L284Q/V405I variant showed both higher thermo- and solvent- tolerance than wild type FoFaeC. Small molecule docking simulations were applied to the five novel selected variants in order to examine the binding pattern of substrates used for enzyme characterization of wild type FoFaeC and the evolved variants.

Original Vinca Derivatives: From P-Glycoprotein Substrates to P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors.

The first example of vinca derivatives 16-18 able to modulate P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux activity is reported. They were elaborated in two steps from vinorelbine 3 (VLN) by a modification of the velbenamine moiety. These compounds were able to decrease efficiently Pgp mediated influx and efflux of rhodamine-123 (Rho) and to restore the cytotoxicity of vinorelbine 3 (VLN) and doxorubicin (Dox) on K562R (dox-resistant) cell lines.

One-pot synthesis of vinca alkaloids-phomopsin hybrids.

Hybrids of vinca alkaloids and phomopsin A have been elaborated with the aim of interfering with the "vinca site" and the "peptide site" of the vinca domain in tubulin. They were synthesized by an efficient one-pot procedure that directly links the octahydrophomopsin lateral chain to the velbenamine moiety of 7'-homo-anhydrovinblastine. In their modeled complexes with tubulin, these hybrids were found to superimpose nicely on the tubulin-bound structures of vinblastine and phomopsin A. This good matching can account for the fact that two of them are very potent inhibitors of microtubules assembly and are cytotoxic against four cancer cell lines.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of highly functionalized 7'-homo-anhydrovinblastine derivatives.

Sixteen new 7'-homo-anhydrovinblastine derivatives were prepared in one or two steps from vinorelbine by means of an original and regiospecific rearrangement and subsequent diastereoselective reduction. This strategy has allowed fast access to a family of vinca alkaloid derivatives with an enlarged and functionalized ring C'. Their synthesis and biological evaluation are reported. One compound (compound 35) is 1.7 times more active than vinorelbine as a tubulin assembly inhibitor. Moreover, some of these compounds are highly cytotoxic, and two of them are more potent than vinorelbine on HCT116 and K562 cell lines. Molecular modeling studies, carried out with two of the new vinca derivatives, provide useful hints about how a given functionalization introduced at positions 7' and 8' of the C' ring results in improved binding interactions between one of the new derivatives and the interdimer interface when compared to the parent compound vinblastine.