Liquid biopsy: A promising tool for driving strategies and predicting failures in patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma.

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) consists of a heterogeneous group of haematological disorders that covers undifferentiated B cell neoplasms originating from germinal centre B cells. The HL molecular characterization still represents an ongoing challenge due to the low fraction of tumour Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells mixed with a plethora of non-tumour haematological cells. In this scenario, next generation sequencing of liquid biopsy samples is emerging as a useful tool in HL patients' management. In this review, we aimed to overview the clinical and methodological topics regarding the implementation of molecular analysis in cHL, focusing on the role of liquid biopsy in diagnosis, follow-up, and response prediction.

On the timescales in the chaotic dynamics of a 4D symplectic map.

In this work, we investigate different timescales of chaotic dynamics in a multi-parametric 4D symplectic map. We compute the Lyapunov time and a macroscopic timescale, the instability time, for a wide range of values of the system's parameters and many different ensembles of initial conditions in resonant domains. The instability time is obtained by plain numerical simulations and by its estimates from the diffusion time, which we derive in three different ways: through a normal and an anomalous diffusion law and by the Shannon entropy, whose formulation is briefly revisited. A discussion about which of the four approaches provide reliable values of the timescale for a macroscopic instability is addressed. The relationship between the Lyapunov time and the instability time is revisited and studied for this particular system where in some cases, an exponential or polynomial law has been observed. The main conclusion of the present research is that only when the dynamical system behaves as a nearly ergodic one such relationship arises and the Lyapunov and instability times are global timescales, independent of the position in phase space. When stability regions prevent the free diffusion, no correlations between both timescales are observed, they are local and depend on both the position in phase space and the perturbation strength. In any case, the instability time largely exceeds the Lyapunov time. Thus, when the system is far from nearly ergodic, the timescale for predictable dynamics is given by the instability time, being the Lyapunov time its lower bound.

Ultrasonography-guided core-needle biopsy of lymphadenopathies suspected of lymphoma: Analysis on diagnostic efficacy and safety of 1000 front-line biopsies in a multicenter Italian study.

The reliability and safety of front-line ultrasonography guided core needle biopsy (UG-CNB) performed with specific uniform approach have never been evaluated in a large series of patients with lymphadenopathies suspected of lymphoma. The aim of this study was to assess the overall accuracy of UG-CNB in the lymph node histological diagnosis, using a standard reference based on pathologist consensus, molecular biology, and/or surgery. We retrospectively checked the findings concerning the application of lymph node UG-CNB from four Italian clinical units that routinely utilized 16-gauge diameter modified Menghini needle under power-Doppler ultrasonographic guidance. A data schedule was sent to all centers to investigate the information regarding techniques, results, and complications of lymph node UG-CNB in untreated patients over a 12-year period. Overall, 1000 (superficial target, n = 750; deep-seated target, n = 250) biopsies have been evaluated in 1000 patients; other 48 biopsies (4.5%), screened in the same period, were excluded because inadequate for a confident histological diagnosis. Most patients were suffering from lymphomas (aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma [aBc-NHL], 309 cases; indolent B-cell [iBc]-NHL, 279 cases; Hodgkin lymphoma [HL], 212 cases; and nodal peripheral T-cell [NPTC]-NHL, 30 cases) and 100 cases from metastatic carcinoma; 70 patients had non-malignant disorders. The majority of CNB results met at least one criterion of the composite reference standard. The overall accuracy of the micro-histological sampling was 97% (95% confidence interval: 95%-98%) for the series. The sensitivity of UG-CNB for the detection of aBc-NHL was 100%, for iBc-NHL 95%, for HL 93%, and for NPTC-NHL 90%, with an overall false negative rate of 3.3%. The complication rate was low (6% for all complications); no patient suffered from biopsy-related complications of grade >2 according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Lymph node UG-CNB as mini-invasive diagnostic procedure is effective with minimal risk for the patient.

Liposomal doxorubicin supercharge-containing front-line treatment in patients with advanced-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or classical Hodgkin lymphoma: Preliminary results of a single-centre phase II study.

We evaluated the impact of liposomal doxorubicin (NPLD) supercharge-containing therapy on interim fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (interim-FDG-PET) responses in high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or classical Hodgkin lymphoma (c-HL). In this phase II study (2016-2021), 81 adult patients with advanced-stage DLBCL (n = 53) and c-HL (n = 28) received front-line treatment with R-COMP-dose-intensified (DI) and MBVD-DI. R-COMP-DI consisted of 70 mg/m2 of NPLD plus standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone for three cycles (followed by three cycles with NPLD de-escalated at 50 mg/m2 ); MBVD-DI consisted of 35 mg/m2 of NPLD plus standard bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine for two cycles (followed by four cycles with NPLD de-escalated at 25 mg/m2 ). Patients underwent R-COMP-DI and MBVD-DI with a median dose intensity of 91% and 94% respectively. At interim-FDG-PET, 72/81 patients (one failed to undergo interim-FDG-PET due to early death) had a Deauville score of ≤3. At end of treatment, 90% of patients reached complete responses. In all, 20 patients had Grade ≥3 adverse events, and four of them required hospitalisation. At a median 21-months of follow-up, the progression-free survival of the entire population was 77.3% (95% confidence interval 68%-88%). Our data suggest that the NPLD supercharge-driven strategy in high-risk DLBCL/c-HL may be a promising option to test in phase III trials, for improving negative interim-FDG-PET cases incidence.

A roadmap for a comprehensive diagnostic approach to fine needle cytology of lymph node metastases.

OBJECTIVE: Fine needle cytology (FNC) is widely used as a first-line procedure in the diagnostic algorithm of lymphadenopathies. In a metastatic setting, a first-line diagnostic approach identifies non-haematopoietic malignancy; however, cytopathologists could also provide a second diagnostic level, identifying the origin of the primary tumour. This paper outlines a comprehensive and practical approach to the cytological diagnosis of lymph node metastases. METHODS: Cytological diagnoses of lymph node metastases performed over a 10-year period were selected and divided into two groups. The first group, labelled "oncological," comprised patients with a previous history of malignancy; the second group, labelled "naïve," included patients with no relevant history. Pathology records were retrieved to record microscopic findings, namely, background appearance, group architecture, and specific cell features; data from cell block (CB) preparations were also collected. RESULTS: Overall, 982 cases were selected: 497 cases (50.61%) in the naïve group, and 485 (49.39%) in the oncological group. Overall, a second diagnostic level was achieved in 834/982 cases (84.92%); cases diagnosed as carcinoma not otherwise specified were more frequent in the naïve group than in the oncological group (17.51% vs. 8.04%, P < 0.01). Notably, although CB material was available in only 44.87% of the naïve cases, we were able to achieve a second diagnostic level thanks to the integration of clinical and cytomorphological findings, plus lymph node topography, in 82.49% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed that in a metastatic setting, FNC can reliably lead to the identification of the origin of the primary tumour.

Tubal pregnancy after clomiphene treatment: are you sure is not bilateral?

The estimated prevalence of ectopic pregnancy (EP) is 1-2% worldwide. Bilateral tubal pregnancies represent the rarest form of heterotopic pregnancy, and spontaneously conceived are extremely unusual, as many cases are derived from assisted reproductive techniques. We describe a case of bilateral tubal pregnancy after clomiphene therapy and sexual intercourse in which the second EP was not contemporarily revealed.

Single indications of induction of labor with prostaglandins and risk of cesarean delivery: a retrospective cohort study.

AIM: To determine the risk of cesarean delivery after induction of labor with prostaglandins and to establish if this is influenced by a single indication of induction of labor or any intrinsic characteristic of the woman or labor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out. Three hundred and twenty-four pregnant women who underwent pharmacological induction of labor with prostaglandins were divided into nine groups through indication of labor induction. Statistical analysis was assessed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to assess the normal distribution of variables, Kruskal-Wallis test for comparisons of non-parametric continuous variables, univariate analysis to compare cesarean delivery rates and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The risk of cesarean section was significantly higher only in prolonged pregnancy (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.18-3.34). Elective induction was associated with the lowest risk of cesarean section (OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.26-0.81). Maternal age and was directly related (OR = 1.087; 95% CI: 1.016-1.164), while parity (OR = 0.123; 95% CI: 0.051-0.332), Bishop score (OR = 0.703; 95% CI: 0.571-0.884), and duration of labor (OR = 0.995; 95% CI: 0.993-0.998) were inversely correlated with cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: Cesarean delivery rate is not significantly influenced by any indication of induction of labor with prostaglandins, except for prolonged pregnancy. Elective induction is associated with the lowest risk of cesarean section. Increasing maternal age, low parity, low Bishop score and low duration of labor are at higher risk of cesarean section.

Estimation of diffusion time with the Shannon entropy approach.

The present work revisits and improves the Shannon entropy approach when applied to the estimation of an instability timescale for chaotic diffusion in multidimensional Hamiltonian systems. This formulation has already been proved efficient in deriving the diffusion timescale in 4D symplectic maps and planetary systems, when the diffusion proceeds along the chaotic layers of the resonance's web. Herein the technique is used to estimate the diffusion rate in the Arnold model, i.e., of the motion along the homoclinic tangle of the so-called guiding resonance for several values of the perturbation parameter such that the overlap of resonances is almost negligible. Thus differently from the previous studies, the focus is fixed on deriving a local timescale related to the speed of an Arnold diffusion-like process. The comparison of the current estimates with determinations of the diffusion time obtained by straightforward numerical integration of the equations of motion reveals a quite good agreement.

Lamivudine 24-month-long prophylaxis is a safe and efficient choice for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients with advanced DLBCL undergoing upfront R-CHOP-21.

Introduction: Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is a condition where replication-competent hepatitis B virus-DNA (HBV-DNA) is present in the liver, with or without HBV-DNA in the blood [<200 international units (IU)/ml or absent] in HB surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative/HB core antibody (HBcAb)-positive individuals. In patients with advanced stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) undergoing 6 cycles of R-CHOP-21+2 additional R, OBI reactivation is a frequent and severe complication. There is no consensus among recent guidelines on whether a pre-emptive approach or primary antiviral prophylaxis is the best solution in this setting of patients. In addition, questions still unresolved are the type of prophylactic drug against HBV and adequate prophylaxis duration. Methods: In this case-cohort study, we compared a prospective series of 31 HBsAg-/HBcAb+ patients with newly diagnosed high-risk DLBCL receiving lamivudine (LAM) prophylaxis 1 week before R-CHOP-21+2R until 18 months after (24-month LAM series) versus 96 HBsAg-/HBcAb+ patients (from January 2005 to December 2011) undergoing a pre-emptive approach (pre-emptive cohort) and versus 60 HBsAg-/HBcAb+ patients, from January 2012 to December 2017, receiving LAM prophylaxis [1 week before immunochemotherapy (ICHT) start until 6 months after] (12-month LAM cohort). Efficacy analysis focused primarily on ICHT disruption and secondarily on OBI reactivation and/or acute hepatitis. Results: In the 24-month LAM series and in the 12-month LAM cohort, there were no episodes of ICHT disruption versus 7% in the pre-emptive cohort (P = 0.05). OBI reactivation did not occur in any of the 31 patients in the 24-month LAM series versus 7 out of 60 patients (10%) in the 12-month LAM cohort or 12 out of 96 (12%) patients in the pre-emptive cohort (P = 0.04, by χ 2 test). No patients in the 24-month LAM series developed acute hepatitis compared with three in the 12-month LAM cohort and six in the pre-emptive cohort. Discussion: This is the first study collecting data regarding a consistent and homogeneous large sample of 187 HBsAg-/HBcAb+ patients undergoing standard R-CHOP-21 for aggressive lymphoma. In our study, 24-month-long prophylaxis with LAM appears to be the most effective approach with a null risk of OBI reactivation, hepatitis flare-up, and ICHT disruption.

Intravascular Complications of Central Venous Catheterization by Insertion Site in Acute Leukemia during Remission Induction Chemotherapy Phase: Lower Risk with Peripherally Inserted Catheters in a Single-Center Retrospective Study.

The basilic/brachial (BBV), internal jugular (IJV), and subclavian veins (SCV) are commonly used as central venous catheter (CVC) sites. A BBV approach [peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)] is increasingly used for short- to intermediate-term CVCs for acute leukemias undergoing cytotoxic intensive regimens. In this retrospective study, the catheterization of the BBV, IJV, and SCV in patients with previously untreated acute leukemia was assessed. The primary outcome was the composite incidence of catheter-related symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis (sDVT) and bloodstream infection (BSI) from catheterization up to 30 days later. In a 10-year period, 336 CVC were inserted in the BBV (n = 115), IJV (n = 111), and SCV (n = 110) in 336 patients suffering from AML (n = 201) and ALL (n = 135) and undergoing induction chemotherapy. The primary outcome events were 8, 20, and 27 in the BBV, SCV and IJV cohorts (2.6, 6.9, and 9.6 per 1000 catheter-days, respectively; p = 0.002). The primary outcome risk was significantly higher in the IJV-cohort than in the BBV-cohort (HR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 7.9; p = 0.001) and in the SCV-cohort than in the BBV-cohort (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.9; p = 0.02). PICC was a valid CVC for the induction chemotherapy of acute leukemia for the lowest risk of sDVT and BSI.

Diffusion and Lyapunov timescales in the Arnold model.

In the present work, we focus on two dynamical timescales in the Arnold Hamiltonian model: the Lyapunov time and the diffusion time when the system is confined to the stochastic layer of its dominant resonance (guiding resonance). Following Chirikov's formulation, the model is revisited, and a discussion about the main assumptions behind the analytical estimates for the diffusion rate is given. On the other hand, and in line with Chirikov's ideas, theoretical estimations of the Lyapunov time are derived. Later on, three series of numerical experiments are presented for various sets of values of the model parameters, where both timescales are computed. Comparisons between the analytical estimates and the numerical determinations are provided whenever the parameters are not too large, and those cases are in fact in agreement. In particular, the case in which both parameters are equal is numerically investigated. Relationships between the diffusion time and the Lyapunov time are established, like an exponential law or a power law in the case of large values of the parameters.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT imaging work-flow in a single medical institution: comparison among the three Italian waves.

PURPOSE: To compare the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT imaging work-flow during the three waves in a medical institution of southern of Italy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the numbers and results of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT studies acquired during the following three periods of the COVID-19 waves: 1) February 3-April 30, 2020; 2) October 15, 2020-January 15, 2021; and 3) January 18-April 16, 2021. RESULTS: A total of 861 PET/CT studies in 725 patients (388 men, mean age 64 ± 4 years) was acquired during the three waves of COVID-19 pandemic. The majority (94%) was performed for diagnosis/staging (n = 300) or follow-up (n = 512) of neoplastic diseases. The remaining 49 studies (6%) were acquired for non-oncological patients. The distribution of number and type of clinical indications for PET/CT studies in the three waves were comparable (p = 0.06). Conversely, the occurrence of patients positive for COVID-19 infection progressively increased (p < 0.0001) from the first to third wave; in particular, patients with COVID-19 had active infection before PET/CT study as confirmed by molecular oro/nasopharyngeal swab. CONCLUSION: Despite the restrictive medical measures for the emergency, the number of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT studies was unchanged during the three waves guaranteeing the diagnostic performance of PET/CT imaging for oncological patients.