Mechanical ventilation in abdominal surgery.

One of the key challenges in perioperative care is to reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients who develop postoperative morbidity but survive to leave hospital have often reduced functional independence and long-term survival. Mechanical ventilation provides a specific example that may help us to shift thinking from treatment to prevention of postoperative complications. Mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing surgery has long been considered only as a modality to ensure gas exchange while allowing maintenance of anesthesia with delivery of inhaled anesthetics. Evidence is accumulating, however, suggesting an association between intraoperative mechanical ventilation strategy and postoperative pulmonary function and clinical outcome in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Non-protective ventilator settings, especially high tidal volume (VT) (>10-12mL/kg) and the use of very low level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (PEEP<5cmH2O) or no PEEP, may cause alveolar overdistension and repetitive tidal recruitment leading to ventilator-associated lung injury in patients with healthy lungs. Stimulated by previous findings in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, the use of lower tidal volume ventilation is becoming increasingly more common in the operating room. However, lowering tidal volume, though important, is only part of the overall multifaceted approach of lung protective mechanical ventilation. In this review, we aimed at providing the most recent and relevant clinical evidence regarding the use of mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

[Tracheostomy in French ICUs and patient outcome: national opinion survey]. / Trachéotomies en réanimation et devenir des patients: enquête déclarative nationale.

OBJECTIVES: Tracheostomy is a frequent procedure in ICU but patient follow-up and management after ICU has been poorly documented. We conducted a practice survey in French general ICUs and in neurointensive care units concerning tracheostomized ICU patients and their management after ICU. STUDY DESIGN: National observational descriptive transversal study as survey of opinion and practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An email, with a link to an automated online questionnaire, was sent to two medical doctors of each French ICU. Demographic data and reported practices concerning indications, technique and post-ICU management were collected. RESULTS: We received 148 intensivists responses from different ICUs, of which 15% from neurointensivists. There was no difference between general intensivists and neurointensivists concerning the reported use of tracheostomy (10±13% vs 20±22%, P=0.05) and concerning the usual timing of the procedure (predominantly between the 10th and the 21th day) (P=0.62). Indications were weaning failure from the ventilator and neurological ventilatory dysfunction. Percutaneous tracheostomy was mainly performed irrespective of the type of unit. Only 48% of doctors declared usually be able to wean patient from the cannula before ICU discharge. Usual difficulties for post-ICU transfer due only to the presence of the cannula were found by 80% of respondants. Eighty-nine per cent of respondents felt that management of tracheostomized patients after the ICU could be improved. CONCLUSION: Tracheostomy is a frequent procedure, mostly percutaneous. Indications and timing for tracheostomy correspond to the recommendations. Reported difficulties in post-ICU management are important and present nationwide.