RESUMO
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), a hormone receptor essential to the activation of HPA axis and the subsequent release of cortisol, plays critical roles in emotional and behavioral responses relevant to attachment. However, the specific roles of CRHR1 polymorphisms in attachment remain unclear. To further clarify these genetic effects, this research conducted a three-wave study to investigate whether the CRHR1 polymorphisms (i.e., rs110402 and rs242924) are associated with the stability and variability of attachment by using a sample of freshmen (N = 604; Mage = 18.57 years, SD = 1.90; 68.8% girls). The results showed that rs110402 and rs242924 were associated with the stability of closeness-dependence. The G alleles of the both polymorphisms were found not to be related to lower attachment stability. However, these polymorphisms were not associated with the variability of attachment. Overall, these findings provide evidence for the contribution of CRHR1 to attachment stability.
Assuntos
Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Emoções , Genótipo , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/genéticaRESUMO
Attachment in emerging adults is closely intertwined with emotion regulation, stress coping, and social bonding during the transition from childhood to early adulthood. Due to the critical roles of serotonin in these mental functions, this research explored whether the cumulative genetic effects of serotonergic polymorphisms are associated with individual differences and contextual variations in attachment dimensions over time in emerging adults. Study 1 utilized a cross-sectional design in college students (N = 1088, mean age = 22.71 ± 2.86 years). The results showed significant correlations between a higher cumulative genetic score and elevated levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance. Study 2 employed a three-wave longitudinal design in a cohort of freshmen (N = 523, mean age = 19.54 ± 1.86 years at wave 1). The results demonstrated that a higher genetic score was associated with both higher levels and greater variability in attachment dimensions compared to a lower genetic score. These findings suggest that the cumulative genetic effects of serotonergic polymorphisms contribute to individual differences and dynamic processes in attachment dimensions in emerging adults.
RESUMO
Immoral behaviors make individuals abominate and punish transgressors. Inspired by the associations between the Val66Met polymorphism of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) gene and emotional responses following negative events, we investigated whether this polymorphism was also associated moral emotions such as punishment and forgiveness following interpersonal transgression. To do so, we categorized 340 individuals according to the BDNF Val66Met and assessed moral emotions by using 12 hypothetic scenarios in different conditions of intention and interpersonal consequence. The results indicated that this polymorphism was significantly associated with moral aversion and punishment towards transgressors. Victims with the Val/Val genotype expressed less aversion and punishment than the Met carriers, regardless of intention and interpersonal consequence. Moreover, this polymorphism was associated with forgiveness. Victims with the Val/Val genotype expressed more forgiveness than the Met carriers. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of the BDNF Val66Met to moral emotions.
Assuntos
Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/genética , Emoções/fisiologia , Perdão , Princípios Morais , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adulto , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The relationships of digit ratio (2D:4D) with the length of AR (CAG)n, and testosterone levels from saliva and blood have been extensively debated over the years. This research including three studies further clarifies such controversies. To do so, we re-examined the relationships between the length of AR (CAG)n, 2D:4D, and current testosterone levels, through replication study and meta-analysis for each study. The results indicate: (a) the length of AR (CAG)n is not significantly associated with 2D:4D; (b) current testosterone levels are not significantly associated with the ratio; and (c) the length is not significantly associated with testosterone levels. Thus, AR (CAG)n and current testosterone levels are not significantly related to 2D:4D at individual level.
Assuntos
Dedos/anatomia & histologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Testosterona/análise , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Saliva/química , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Testosterone and estrogen are involved in self-related behavioral dispositions and experiences of subjective well-being. In this study, we investigated to what extent the aromatase (CYP19A1) gene, which encodes an enzyme in converting testosterone into estrogen, contributes to subjective well-being and in another self-related disposition: independent and interdependent self-construal. In study 1, a meta-analysis showed that the GG genotype of CYP19A1 (a G/A substitution at Val80, rs700518) was associated with higher testosterone and lower estradiol. In study 2, an empirical study of individuals with the GG (n=115), AG (n=286) and AA (n=193) genotypes indicated that individuals with the GG genotype exhibited higher independent self-construal and higher subjective well-being. The association between the GG genotype of CYP19A1 Val80 and subjective well-being was mediated by the independent self-construal. Our findings reinforce the idea that personality traits such as independent self-construal explain the link between genetic variant and subjective well-being.
Assuntos
Aromatase/fisiologia , Estradiol/sangue , Satisfação Pessoal , Personalidade/fisiologia , Autoimagem , Testosterona/sangue , Adulto , Aromatase/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Individuals tend to avoid risk in a gain frame, in which options are presented in a positive way, but seek risk in a loss frame, in which the same options are presented negatively. Previous studies suggest that emotional responses play a critical role in this "framing effect." Given that the Met allele of COMT Val158Met polymorphism (rs4680) is associated with the negativity bias during emotional processing, this study investigated whether this polymorphism is associated with individual susceptibility to framing and which brain areas mediate this gene-behavior association. Participants were genotyped, scanned in resting state, and completed a monetary gambling task with options (sure vs risky) presented as potential gains or losses. The Met allele carriers showed a greater framing effect than the Val/Val homozygotes as the former gambled more than the latter in the loss frame. Moreover, the gene-behavior association was mediated by resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and bilateral amygdala. Met allele carriers showed decreased RSFC, thereby demonstrating higher susceptibility to framing than Val allele carriers. These findings demonstrate the involvement of COMT Val158Met polymorphism in the framing effect in decision-making and suggest RSFC between OFC and amygdala as a neural mediator underlying this gene-behavior association. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1880-1892, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Enganação , Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Alelos , Tonsila do Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Jogos Experimentais , Genótipo , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Metionina/genética , Vias Neurais/diagnóstico por imagem , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Valina/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: People often change their opinions or behavior to match the responses of others, a phenomenon known as social conformity. Conforming behavior varies substantially across individuals. However, little is known about the genetic basis underlying individual differences in social conformity. A recent study demonstrated an association between enhanced dopaminergic function and increased conforming behavior. Given the effect of the dopamine receptor 3 gene (DRD3) Ser9Gly polymorphism (rs6280) on dopamine release in the striatum, this study investigated to what extent this polymorphism affects conforming behavior. METHODS: We categorized Han Chinese individuals according to the polymorphism and tested them with a facial-attractiveness rating task. RESULTS: We found that individuals with a greater number of the Gly alleles, which are related to an increased dopamine release in the striatum, were more susceptible to social influence and more likely to change their ratings to match those of other people. CONCLUSIONS: This finding demonstrates the importance of DRD3 Ser9Gly as a genetic basis for social conformity and in predicting individual differences in social learning.
Assuntos
Receptores de Dopamina D3/genética , Conformidade Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Povo Asiático/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético , Comportamento Social , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Dopamine levels in the brain influence human consciousness. Inspired by the role of Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in inactivating dopamine in the brain, we investigated to what extent COMT could modulate individual's self-consciousness dispositions and self-consistency by genotyping the COMT Val158Met (rs4680) polymorphism and measuring self-consciousness and self-consistency and congruence in a college student population. The results indicated that COMT Val158Met polymorphism significantly modulated the private self-consciousness. The individuals with Val/Val genotype, corresponding to lower dopamine levels in the brain, were more likely to be aware of their feelings and beliefs. The results also indicated that this polymorphism modulated one's self-flexibility. The individuals with Val/Val genotype showed higher levels of stereotype in self-concept compared with those with Met/Met genotype. These findings suggest that COMT is a predictor of the individual differences in self-consciousness and self-flexibility.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/enzimologia , Catecol O-Metiltransferase/metabolismo , Autoimagem , Adulto , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , China , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Estudantes , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The stress-and-coping theory of forgiveness posits that forgiveness and aggression are alternative ways of coping with stress of interpersonal offences. Inspired by the link between aggression and MAOA-uVNTR (a genetic variant involving in catabolism of monoamines), we investigated the relationship between this variant and forgiveness with two studies. Study 1 examined the relationship between the MAOA-uVNTR and trait forgiveness in students, and study 2 examined the effect of this variant on third-party forgiveness in response to situational offences in male inmates. The results showed that the MAOA-H (a high activity allele) was associated with higher trait forgiveness in male students and greater third-party forgiveness to accidentally committed harm and attempted but failed harm in male inmates than the MAOA-L. These findings highlight the bright side of MAOA-uVNTR on trait and situational forgiveness.
Assuntos
Perdão , Humanos , Masculino , Genótipo , Agressão , Fenótipo , Adaptação Psicológica , Monoaminoxidase/genéticaRESUMO
Serotonin influences mental health and well-being. To understand the influences of genetic variations in serotonin pathway on well-being, we examined the effects of seven serotonergic polymorphisms on subjective well-being (i.e. affective balance and global life satisfaction) and psychological well-being (i.e. optimal psychological functions in the face of existential challenges) in a larger sample. Results indicated that the cumulative genetic score, but single genetic effects of serotonergic polymorphisms, was related to individual differences in well-being. Specifically, individuals with a greater cumulative genetic score, which is related to a low risk of depression, tended to exhibit high levels of subjective well-being and psychological well-being. These findings suggest that the overall serotoninergic genetic profile, rather than a specific genetic polymorphism, could greatly influence the individual differences in well-being.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina , Serotonina , Humanos , Serotonina/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Individualidade , Saúde MentalRESUMO
Working memory (WM) is a highly heritable cognitive trait that is involved in many higher-level cognitive functions. In the past few years, much evidence has indicated that the reduction of dopamine activity in human brain can impair the WM system of the neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we hypothesized that some genes in the dopamine system were involved in the individual difference of the cognitive ability in healthy population. To confirm this hypothesis, a population-based study was performed to examine the effects of COMT, DAT (1), DRD (1), DRD (2), DRD (3), and DRD (4) on WM spans. Our results indicated there were significant associations of TaqIA and TaqIB in DRD (2) with digital WM span, respectively (χ(2) = 9.460, p = 0.009; χ(2) = 6.845, p = 0.033). On the other hand, we found a significant interaction between Ser9Gly in DRD (3) and TaqIA of DRD (2) on digital WM span (F = 3.207, p = 0.013). COMT, DAT (1) , DRD (1), and DRD (4), however, had no significant effects on digital and spatial WM spans (χ(2)<3.84, p > 0.05). These preliminary results further indicated that certain functional variants in dopamine system, such as TaqIA and TaqIB of DRD (2), were possibly involved in difference of WM in a healthy population.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , Dopamina/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Saúde , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Polimorfismo Genético , China , Feminino , Genética Populacional , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) explains a variety of reward-motivated behaviors as the result of the activation of biologically-based systems. Inspired by the influences of parental bonding and opioid peptide on reward system, we investigated the contributions of parental bonding and mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) towards motivation systems (i.e., the BAS, BIS-anxiety, and FFFS-fear). Results indicated that (1) parental care was negatively related to FFFS-fear, but parental overprotection was positively related to both FFFS-fear and BIS-anxiety; (2) parental care significantly interacted with OPRM1 rs1799971 in reward responsiveness with diathesis-stress model. Poor parental care reduced reward responsiveness among individuals with the G allele, but not those with the AA genotype. These findings from this study demonstrate a new gene-environment interactive mechanism of the RST.
Assuntos
Reforço Psicológico , Recompensa , Ansiedade/genética , Medo , Humanos , Motivação , Receptores Opioides mu/genéticaRESUMO
Previous research has highlighted the roles of oxytocin in empathy and altruistic behaviors. Based on these findings, recent studies have examined the association between the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and outcome-based moral judgment with sacrificial dilemmas (e.g. runaway trolley case). However, little is known about the relationships between OXTR polymorphisms and intent-based moral judgment of harms (e.g. attempted but failed harm or intentionally committed harm). This study investigated the association between the OXTR rs53576 and intent-based moral judgment in college students (N = 544) and prisoners (N = 540). Results indicated that both students and prisoners with the GG genotype of OXTR rs53576 rated attempted but failed harm as less permissible than those with the AA and AG genotypes. These findings highlight the role of the OXTR gene in intent-based moral judgment.
Assuntos
Prisioneiros , Receptores de Ocitocina , Genótipo , Humanos , Princípios Morais , Ocitocina/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Receptores de Ocitocina/genética , EstudantesRESUMO
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system is widely distributed in the central nervous system. A growing body of evidence has suggested that the neurotransmitter system is implicated in the functions of the prefrontal cortex. So far, several studies have revealed that some functional genetic variants in TPH2, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT6 genes are possibly related to executive function. To investigate the potential influences of TPH2, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT6 on the components of executive function, the authors performed a population-based study with standard cognitive paradigms in a young Chinese Han group. The results indicated that -703 G/T polymorphism of TPH2 was associated with the performance of response inhibition (p = .002) and the T allele carriers (TT and GT) had fewer errors than the noncarriers (GG) did in the response inhibition test. Furthermore, there were no significant associations of the T102C in 5-HT2A and T267C in 5-HT6 with the components of executive function after correcting for multiple tests (p > .05). The present study suggests that TPH2 contributes distinctively to the inhibition domain of executive function, whereas 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 show no striking effects on executive function in the Chinese Han population.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/etnologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina/genética , Receptores de Serotonina/genética , Triptofano Hidroxilase/genética , Povo Asiático/genética , Atenção/fisiologia , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Genótipo , Humanos , Inibição Psicológica , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Reasoning skill is an advanced cognitive ability which is needed for drawing inferences from given information. It is well known that the ability depends on the neural network of the frontal and parietal brain regions. In this study, we hypothesized that some genes involved in neurotransmitter systems were related to reasoning skill. To confirm this hypothesis, we examined the effects of 13 genes (BDNF, NRSF, COMT, DBH, DRD(2), DRD(3), DAT(1), MAOA, GRM(1), GRIN2B, TPH(2), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(6)) in neurotransmitter systems on the non-verbal reasoning and verbal reasoning skills. The results indicated there were on significant effects of the 17 functional variants of these genes on the performance of non-verbal reasoning and verbal analogical reasoning skills (χ(2) > 3.84, df = 1, P > 0.05). This study suggests that some of the functional variations in BDNF, COMT, DBH, DRD(2), DRD(3), MAOA, 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(6), GRM(1), and GRIN2B have no observable effects on the certain reasoning skills in a young healthy Chinese Han population.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Genes , Sistema Nervoso/metabolismo , Resolução de Problemas , China , Comunicação , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and dopamine-beta hydroxylase (DBH) are key enzymes to breakdown dopamine. Some previous studies have indicated that val158met in COMT and 19 bp insertion/deletion in 5' flank of DBH are related to the performance of executive function. To further investigate the associations of the two genes with executive function, we performed a population-based study in a Chinese Han population. The results indicated that val158met in COMT and the 19 bp insertion/deletion of DBH were associated with the average reaction time of response inhibition in female group (P = 0.01, P = 0.03), respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction of the two genes on the reaction time (P = 0.006). This present study suggests that not only do COMT and DBH influence independently on response inhibition in females, but also exert a significant interaction on response inhibition.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Dopamina beta-Hidroxilase/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Inibição Psicológica , Polimorfismo Genético , Dopamina/metabolismo , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Discs-large-related 3 (DLG3), a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) protein family, playing an important role in regulating NMDA signal pathway and contributing to synaptic plasticity, may have an influence on the susceptibility of non-syndromic mental retardation (NSMR). To investigate the possible genetic contribution of DLG3 gene to the NSMR of Chinese Han population, we performed an association study of 556 subjects (118 NSMR, 116 borderline NSMR, and 322 controls in 275 males and 281 females) from Qin-Ba mountain region of Shaanxi province in the northwest of China by five common SNPs in the gene. The results showed that there was no positive association between the genetic variations of DLG3 and NSMR. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that DLG3 did not associate with NSMR in Chinese Han population; however, further studies are needed.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , Ecossistema , Etnicidade/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Adolescente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Masculino , SíndromeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5-HT2A) participates in diverse psychiatric disorders by regulating the activity of serotonin. Some previous studies have also suggested that the receptor is involved in cognitive abilities of disease groups. We hypothesize that some functional genetic variants in 5-HT2A have certain specific influences on cognitive abilities in a normal population. METHOD: To confirm this hypothesis, two polymorphisms (rs6313 and rs4941573) in 5-HT2A were selected, and a population-based study was performed in a young healthy Chinese Han cohort. RESULTS: The results indicated that the rs6313 and rs4941573 were associated with touching blocks and mental rotation-3D error ratio in males, and the rs4941573 was associated with visuo-spatial working memory in the whole cohort. CONCLUSION: All the findings suggest that 5-HT2A participates in human spatial cognitive abilities and spatial working memory.
Assuntos
Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina/genética , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Povo Asiático , Planejamento em Saúde Comunitária , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Fatores Sexuais , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study examined the moderation of an oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene in the link between childhood adversity and depressive symptoms among incarcerated males. METHODS: Questionnaires about adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms, as well as genomic DNA from blood were collected among 608 incarcerated males (Mageâ¯=â¯32.4 years, SDâ¯=â¯9.41, 18-74 years). Moderation analysis was applied to examine the interaction between adverse childhood experiences (including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) and the OXTR polymorphisms (rs2254298, rs53576) in predicting depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Incarcerated males had relatively higher prevalence of childhood adversity (70.2%) and depressive symptoms (49.8%). Higher childhood adversity was associated with increased depressive symptoms, and the effect was more pronounced in the GG homozygotes of OXTR rs2254298 (bâ¯=â¯0.406, pâ¯<â¯.001), as compared with the AA/AG carriers (bâ¯=â¯0.236, pâ¯<â¯.001). By contrast, the OXTR rs53576 did not interact with childhood adversity in predicting depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese incarcerated males with the GG genotype of OXTR rs2254298 have higher vulnerability in the effect of childhood adversity on depressive symptoms.
Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância , Prisioneiros , Adulto , Criança , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Receptores de Ocitocina/genéticaRESUMO
In light of the roles of oxytocin (OT) in social bonding and interpersonal relationship, studies have examined the roles of OT in human attachment, but by and large previous findings are inconsistent. Here, we conducted - meta-analyses to estimate the associations between peripheral OT level (e.g., blood and salivary OT) and attachment (i.e., attachment dimensions and behaviors of attachment insecurity) and examine the effects of intranasal OT administration on behaviors of attachment insecurity. The analyses indicated that: (1) Peripheral OT level was not significantly associated with attachment dimensions (e.g., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and behaviors of attachment insecurity; (2) intranasal OT administration significantly reduced behaviors of attachment insecurity of neutral contexts, particularly behaviors of attachment avoidance. The findings suggest that intranasal OT administration is an available approach for reducing behaviors of attachment insecurity of interpersonal situations with ambiguous social cues, which implicates suggestions for therapeutic treatments of attachment-related dysfunctions.