[Decision of emergency involuntary hospitalization: categorical or dimensional approach?]. / La décision d'hospitalisation sans consentement aux urgences: approche dimensionnelle ou catégorielle?

BACKGROUND: In 2005, in its recommendations on the modalities of decision making for compulsory hospitalization, the French Health High Authority (HAS) had already stressed the need for rapid implementation of studies and epidemiological analyses on the subject to compensate the lack of adequate data in France. The new French law of July 5, 2011, on the rights and protection of persons under psychiatric care, establishes a judicial review of decisions for compulsory hospitalization. Therefore, healthcare professionals need to better define and characterize the criteria for such decisions, especially in their relation to psychopathology. The concept of capacity to consent to treatment includes the ability to understand (to receive information about the disease), the ability to appreciate (to weigh the risks and benefits of treatment), the ability to reason (determining the best choice rationally) and the ability to freely express a decision. However, assessment tools of capacity to consent to treatment seem to fail to predict the modality of hospitalization. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the impact of clinical and contextual characteristics on the decision in emergency services to admit patients to compulsory inpatient psychiatric units. METHOD: Data was collected from 442 successive patients admitted to hospital for care from five psychiatric emergency facilities in Paris and covered sociodemographic information, previous hospitalizations, recent course of care, clinical diagnosis, Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) and Insight measured by the Q8 Bourgeois questionnaire. Patients were also assessed based on criteria established by the HAS for the severity of mental disorders and the necessity of emergency care. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression shows that diagnosis does not affect the decision of hospitalization. Agitation, aggressiveness toward others, being married as well as being referred by a doctor or family are all factors that increase the risk of involuntary hospitalization. Last, low Q8 and GAF scores are strong predictors for compulsory admission. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a dimensional rather than categorical assessment of patients by clinicians. Assessment of insight is the main operational criterion used by clinicians in our study. This supports using insight and GAF evaluation in clinical practice to clarify assessment and decision-making in an emergency setting regarding compulsory hospitalization.

Bilateral brain dysfunction during motor activation in type II schizophrenia measured by EEG mapping.

In this final electroencephalographic (EEG) mapping study of our series on motor dysfunction in neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients, we studied 10 right-handed patients with marked negative symptomatology [type II; raw score on the SANS (Munich version) 31.4 +/- 5.1]. Simple and multisensorimotor tasks involving both the dominant and nondominant hand were used for cortical activation. All tasks were referred to resting states obtained after specially designed relaxation procedures. In contrast to predominantly type I patients (SANS-MV score 12.3 +/- 4.9) of our previous EEG mapping studies, we found for resting states minor evidence (only) of increased power values in the frequency bands delta and theta. Furthermore, in contrast to signs of "left hemisphere dysfunction" and possible "compensatory right hemisphere overactivation" during motor tasks, which we discussed previously for our type I patients, we found for the type II schizophrenics a bilateral brain dysfunction. This consisted of "nonreactivity" in all frequency bands except alpha, in which, on the contrary, a "hyperreactivity" seemed to be present. In combination with evidence of bilateral hemispheric dysfunction in type II patients reported by other authors using EEG, evoked potentials, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, this suggests that marked bilateral brain dysfunction may be correlated in schizophrenia with a clinical syndrome corresponding rather to the "negative pole" of the positive-negative dimension. In contrast, "left hemisphere dysfunction" and "signs of compensatory overactivation" seem to be linked more to a "positive" symptomatology. Finally, discrepancies of our EEG mapping and rCBF findings during motor activity suggest, speculatively, "uncoupling" between electrical and circulatory parameters in schizophrenia involving both hemispheres in type II, and predominantly the left hemisphere in type I, patients.

[Are co-therapies indicated in schizophrenia?]. / Les cothérapies sont-elles indiquées chez les schizophrènes?

The "cotherapies" which are often indicated for neurotic patients, see to be more difficult to be used for psychotic patients. What are the advantages of such treatments for schizophrenic patients? Using case stories we are going to try to know the good prognosis factors for the success of these cotherapeutical treatment. Our situation is particular: one of us is a full-time, the other is psychoanalyst and a consultant-psychiatrist in the same hospital.

[Communication in the patient care team about palliative situations' results of a survey at the Laennec Hospital, Paris]. / La communication dans les équipes de soins en situation palliative; résultat d'une enquête réalisée à l'hôpital Laënnec de Paris.

The authors report results from a sample survey in a university hospital in connection with the aspects of communication in medical team about paliative situations. The questionnaire, made from a paliative care group, consults the usual practices and during crisis just as patient is dying, in a curative medical care. Hospital is not a place to die. Difficulty in survey are probably in keeping with individual and collective defences opposite to dying patient.

[Demotivation of the demented elderly. From recovery to repetition]. / La démotivation de la personne âgée démente. De la reprise à la répétition.

Demotivation is a compelling feeling of self erasure and a renunciation on the hold on of the moment. Demotivation is frequently found amongst the ageing, who are confronted by narcissistic wounds and who are often discouraged to make his or her decision. The periodic psychologic recovery permits to selfactualize regularly the time gone by and to give a lift to the present and the future. The memory is precociously altered by the mental disorders where the older person is imprisoned by repeated demotivating experiences. The impossibility of the repetition, to conduct real-life experiences, the dull and sterile mind obligates themselves to regress into an unchangeable pattern. The power on the familial law can be lost by the elderlies, who then regress because enable to solute an identity crisis, sometime similar to their own adolescent crisis.

The psychotic mummified hand: an unusual hand injury complication.

The authors report the case of a patient with psychotic symptoms secondary to a posttraumatic stress disorder following a work-related hand injury. The somatic presentation was a "mummified" hand neglected for several years in a splint without any care. The psychiatric analysis concluded that this was part of a delusion of persecution expressing a conflict against the patient's employer and insurance company. Surgical treatment was limited to a hand cleaning with hardware removal. Despite 3 years of antipsychotic medication the patient was still suffering from delusion and the hand remained neglected at the last follow-up.

Acute benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium after a short course of flunitrazepam in an intensive care patient.

Acute benzodiazepine and opioid withdrawal syndromes are increasingly described in intensive care unit patients. There is often some difficulty in distinguishing between the respective responsibilities of the sedative and analgesic agents. We report a case of acute benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium after a short course of flunitrazepam in an intensive care patient. Flunitrazepam was administered because of institution of mechanical ventilation. Recent data on the incidence and risk factors of the syndrome in intensive care unit patients are presented. Criteria for diagnosis and therapeutic guidelines are discussed.

Stress, anxiety, depression and migraine.

This study investigated the intensity of stress, anxiety and depression in a sample of 141 migraineurs compared with a control group of 109 non-migraine workers matched for age and sex. Stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Questionnaire, and anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results indicated that stress and anxiety were higher in the migraine group than in the control group and above the clinical level. Depression scores remained low in both groups, under clinical relevance. Stress is a primordial factor in the triggering and perpetuation of migraine attacks. The high score of the items 'morning fatigue', 'intrusive thoughts about work', 'feeling under pressure', 'impatience', and 'irritability' of the stress questionnaire in the migraineurs is particularly significant in the intensive stress response. It seems necessary to manage stress to improve the daily life of migraineurs and to study the link between stress, anxiety and migraine.

The effect of fluoxetine on anxiety and depression symptoms in cancer patients.

Little has been done to study the effectiveness of antidepressants in controlling anxiety/depression in a population of cancer patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled study was therefore designed to assess the effectiveness of 20 mg fluoxetine. Of 115 cancer patients who fulfilled entry criteria for levels of distress, 45 patients were randomized to a fluoxetine treatment group (FA) and 46 patients to a placebo group (PA) after a 1-week placebo period designed to exclude placebo responders. The Montgomery and Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Revised Symptom Checklist (SCL90-R) and the Spitzer Quality of Life Index (SQOLI) were used to assess the efficacy of fluoxetine. The response rate, defined by a HADS score lower than 8 after 5 weeks of treatment, was not significantly higher in the FA group (11%) compared to the PA group (7%). Compared to the PA group, patients in the FA group showed a significantly greater decrease in SCL90-R mean total score after 5 weeks, but not a greater decrease in HADS mean score. No difference between the two groups was found in observer-reported assessments (MADRS, HAS and SQOLI). Significantly more drop-outs were observed in the FA group (n = 15) than in the PA group (n = 7), although the frequencies of side-effects were not significantly different.