Ocular manifestations of vitiligo: a systematic review.

Vitiligo is a disorder characterized by loss of epidermal melanocytes, resulting in depigmented macules and patches. While the relationship between ocular pathology and vitiligo has been demonstrated in conditions such as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada and Alezzandrini syndromes, the ocular associations of non-syndromic vitiligo are incompletely understood. We conducted a systematic review to comprehensively describe the structural and functional changes seen in the eyes of patients with vitiligo, to identify patients at heightened risk for ocular disease, and to provide an approach to management of ocular manifestations of vitiligo. Overall, the strongest link between vitiligo and ocular pathology seems to lie with dry eye disease and pigmentary abnormalities of various ocular structures, especially the retinal pigment epithelium. Normal-tension glaucoma may also be more prevalent in the vitiligo population. The available literature did not provide conclusive evidence for increased risk of cataracts or uveitis. Aside from the impact of symptomatic dry eye disease, it seems unlikely that there are significant functional consequences of these ocular manifestations such as impaired visual acuity or visual fields.

Achieving target refraction after cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the difference between target and actual refraction after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation at an academic teaching institution's Comprehensive Ophthalmology Service. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: We examined 1275 eye surgeries for this study. METHODS: All consecutive cataract surgeries were included if they were performed by an attending or resident surgeon from January through December 2010. Postoperative refractions were compared with preoperative target refractions. Patients were excluded if they did not have a preoperative target refraction documented or if they did not have a recorded postoperative manifest refraction within 90 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was percentage of cases achieving a postoperative spherical equivalent ± 1.0 diopter (D) of target spherical equivalent. RESULTS: We performed 1368 cataract surgeries from January through December of 2010. Of these, 1275 (93%) had sufficient information for analysis. Of the included cases, 94% (1196 of 1275) achieved ± 1.0 D of target refraction by 90 days after cataract surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This paper establishes a new benchmark for a teaching hospital, where 94% of patients achieved within 1.0 D of target refraction after cataract surgery. The refractive outcomes after cataract surgery at this academic teaching institution were higher than average international benchmarks.

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus following recombinant zoster vaccine: A case report and brief literature review.

Purpose: Immunizations have long been pivotal in preventing diseases like HZ (herpes zoster), caused by VZV (varicella zoster virus). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the RZV (recombinant zoster vaccine) compared to the ZVL (zoster vaccine live) and to report rare adverse events following RZV administration. Observation: Herein, we report an unusual case of a 59-year-old man who developed a V1-limited rash with a positive HZ PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test following administration of RZV in the United States. Conclusion: The development of RZV has significantly improved the prevention of HZ compared to ZVL. Nevertheless, rare adverse events, such as dermatomal reactions, underscore the importance of ongoing monitoring and research into the immunomodulatory effects of RZV. Physicians should continue to administer the RZV to patients but be cognizant that reactivation may rarely subsequently occur. Case Presentation: The patient with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia was treated at an outside hospital two days after receiving the RZV complaining of paresthesia and a rash on his nasolacrimal area and forehead. The patient presented to the ED (emergency department), 9 days post-vaccination due to persistence of his symptoms despite use of amoxicillin, valacyclovir, and an unidentified eye drop. The dose of valacyclovir was increased, and he completed 1 g TID (three times a day) PO (per orally) for 10 days with subsequent resolution of symptoms. A positive PCR test confirmed the diagnosis of HZ. Topical mupirocin ointment was initiated and the patient was referred for ophthalmologic evaluation.

Accessory lacrimal gland secretion mimicking seidel positivity following complex cataract surgery: Case report.

Purpose: To describe the presentation of lacrimal gland secretions mimicking a positive Seidel test following combined complex cataract surgery and endocyclophotocoagulation (ECP). Observation: The patient presented with a posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) most likely secondary to chronic steroid use for a history of chemical burns from a firework injury in 2019. This injury resulted in symblepharon formation and limbal stem cell deficiency. He also developed glaucoma secondary to steroid response and angle structure damage. On postoperative day 1 (POD 1) after combined cataract surgery and ECP, the patient's paracentesis was Seidel positive and aqueous suppression was started. On postoperative week 1 (POW 1), the paracentesis was Seidel negative; however, it was noted at this visit that there were 3 pinpoint areas in the superotemporal conjunctiva that were Seidel positive. Digital pressure did not worsen the leak. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) was performed at POW 2.5 and showed lacrimal gland ducts in the superotemporal conjunctiva. Given this, it is likely that the "Seidel positive" finding was not due to aqueous humor leakage, but secretions from lacrimal gland tissue that may have been dragged more anteriorly due to conjunctiva scarring, thus producing a false positive Seidel sign. Conclusion & importance: This case highlights a false positive Seidel sign in the context of an eye with a complex ocular history and recent surgery. Clinicians should recognize that a false positive Seidel sign is possible if normal lacrimal gland anatomy has been disturbed.

Kuragel: A biomimetic hydrogel scaffold designed to promote corneal regeneration.

Cornea-related injuries are the most common cause of blindness worldwide. Transplantation remains the primary approach for addressing corneal blindness, though the demand for donor corneas outmatches the supply by millions. Tissue adhesives employed to seal corneal wounds have shown inefficient healing and incomplete vision restoration. We have developed a biodegradable hydrogel - Kuragel, with the ability to promote corneal regeneration. Functionalized gelatin and hyaluronic acid form photo-crosslinkable hydrogel with transparency and compressive modulus similar to healthy human cornea. Kuragel composition was tuned to achieve sufficient adhesive strength for sutureless integration to host tissue, with minimal swelling post-administration. Studies in the New Zealand rabbit mechanical injury model affecting corneal epithelium and stroma demonstrate that Kuragel efficiently promotes re-epithelialization within 1 month of administration, while stroma and sub-basal nerve plexus regenerate within 3 months. We propose Kuragel as a regenerative treatment for patients suffering from corneal defects including thinning, by restoration of transparency and thickness.

Ocular findings in vitiligo and recommendations for dermatologists.

Since extracutaneous melanocytes in the eye may also be affected in vitiligo, a systematic review was conducted to explore the ocular manifestations of vitiligo. Studies point to a higher risk of ocular findings in periorbital vitiligo. Dry eye disease is the most reported ocular abnormality in vitiligo. Additionally, several small studies have found potential links to uveitis and glaucoma. Various other chorioretinal pigmentary changes are also reported, but without accompanying functional consequences or changes in vision. Although there is a need for larger studies to further elucidate these associations, dermatologists should be aware of potential ocular comorbidities in vitiligo and refer to ophthalmology accordingly.

Matricellular proteins in the trabecular meshwork.

The trabecular meshwork is one of the primary tissues of interest in the normal regulation and dysregulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) that is a causative risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma. Matricellular proteins generally function to allow cells to modulate their attachments with and alter the characteristics of their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). In non-ocular tissues, matricellular proteins generally increase fibrosis. Since ECM turnover is very important to the outflow facility, matricellular proteins may have a significant role in the regulation of IOP. The formalized study of matricellular proteins in trabecular meshwork is in its infancy. SPARC, thrombospondins-1 and -2, and tenascins-C and -X, and osteopontin have been localized to varying areas within the trabecular meshwork. Preliminary evidence indicates that SPARC and thrombospondin-1 play a role in the regulation of IOP and possibly the pathophysiology of glaucoma. These data show promise that matricellular proteins are involved in IOP dysregulation and are potential therapeutic targets. Further study is needed to clarify these roles.

Experimental use of an extracellular matrix graft in pterygium surgery.

A 40-year-old man presented with a primary pterygium of the right eye and underwent pterygium excision using mitomycin C and placement of an extracellular matrix (ECM) adjuvant. As an adjuvant in pterygium surgery, ECM serves as a scaffold while promoting the growth of normal conjunctiva. Perioperatively, the ECM graft was found to be easily manipulated on the surgical field. It attached to the scleral bed with fibrin glue without complication. Postoperatively, there was no inflammation or local tissue reaction to the porcine ECM graft. At the most recent follow-up examination, 6 months postoperatively, there were no signs of recurrence of the pterygium past the limbus. This is the first report describing the use of ECM as an adjuvant to pterygium excision.

Corneal transplantation and glaucoma.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss post-keratoplasty and an important cause of graft failure. With newer techniques, such as lamellar, endothelial, and laser-assisted keratoplasty as well as keratoprosthesis gaining popularity, clinicians will need to consider the incidence, risks, evaluation, and management of glaucoma for each type of keratoplasty when determining which type of transplant may be most appropriate. A comprehensive literature search of glaucoma in the setting of corneal transplantation was performed and serves as the basis for this review. Preexisting glaucoma and aphakia are notable risk factors. Patients that are candidates for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty may benefit from reduced rates of post-keratoplasty glaucoma. Although glaucoma also complicates eyes with Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty, the severity is less and the intraocular pressure is more easily controlled when compared to penetrating keratoplasty. Endothelial keratoplasty creates unique perioperative issues mostly related to management of anterior chamber air bubbles.

Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and lens abnormalities in mice lacking lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1).

PURPOSE: Exfoliation syndrome (ES) is commonly associated with glaucoma, premature cataracts, and other ocular and systemic pathologies. LOXL1 gene variants are significantly associated with ES; however, the role of the protein in ES development remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize the ocular phenotype in Loxl1(-/-) (null) mice. METHODS: Loxl1 null mice and strain-matched controls (C57BL) were evaluated by clinical and histologic analyses. RESULTS: Anterior segment histology showed a pronounced vesiculation of the anterior lens in the null mice. The lesions were subcapsular and in direct apposition with the posterior iris surface. Fluorescein angiography showed increased diffusion of fluorescein into the anterior chamber of the null mice compared with age-matched controls (P = 0.003, two-tailed, unequal variance t-test), suggesting compromise of the blood-aqueous barrier. Intraocular pressure measurements were within the normal range (16.5 ± 2.0 mm Hg) in null mice up to 1 year of age. Immunohistochemistry showed decreased elastin in the iris and ciliary body in the null mouse compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Elimination of LOXL1 in mice impairs the blood-aqueous humor barrier in the ocular anterior segment and causes lens abnormalities consistent with cataract formation, but does not result in deposition of macromolecular material or glaucoma. These results show that mice lacking LOXL1 have some ES features but that complete disease manifestation requires other factors that could be genetic and/or environmental.

The effects of tenascin C knockdown on trabecular meshwork outflow resistance.

PURPOSE: Tenascin C (TNC) is a matricellular glycoprotein whose expression in adult tissue is indicative of tissue remodeling. The purpose of the current study was to determine the localization of TNC in trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue and to analyze the effects of TNC on intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: Human TM frontal sections were immunostained with anti-TNC and imaged by confocal microscopy. TNC mRNA and protein levels were quantitated in anterior segments perfused at physiological and elevated pressure. Short, hairpin RNA (shRNA) silencing lentivirus targeting full-length TNC (shTNC) was applied to anterior segment perfusion organ cultures. The IOPs and central corneal thickness (CCT) of wild-type, TNC(-/-), and tenascin X (TNX(-/-)) knockout mice were measured. RESULTS: TNC was distributed in the juxtacanalicular (JCT) region of adult human TM, predominantly in the basement membrane underlying the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. Application of shTNC lentivirus to human and porcine anterior segments in perfusion culture did not significantly affect outflow rate. Although TNC was upregulated in response to pressure, there was no difference in outflow rate when shTNC-silenced anterior segments were subjected to elevated pressure. Furthermore, IOPs and CCTs were not significantly different between TNC(-/-) or TNX(-/-) and wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS: TNC does not appear to contribute directly to outflow resistance. However, TNC immunolocalization in the JCT of adult human eyes suggests that certain areas of the TM are being continuously remodeled with or without an IOP increase.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1)-null and TSP2-null mice exhibit lower intraocular pressures.

PURPOSE: Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and TSP2 are matricellular proteins that have been shown to regulate cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Both TSP1 and TSP2 are found in the trabecular meshwork (TM). In cadaver eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), TSP1 is increased in one third of patients. We hypothesized that TSP1 and TSP2 participate in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods. IOPs of TSP1-null, TSP2-null mice, and their corresponding wild-type (WT) mice were measured using a commercial rebound tonometer. Fluorophotometric measurements assessed aqueous turnover. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by optical coherence tomography. Iridocorneal angles were examined using light microscopy (LM), immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: Average IOPs of TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice were 10% and 7% less than that of the corresponding WT mice, respectively. CCTs were 6.5% less in TSP1-null mice (P < 0.05) and 1.1% less in TSP2-null mice (P > 0.05). Fluorophotometric measurements suggest that aqueous turnover rates in TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice are greater than those of WT mice. LM of the TSP1-null and TSP2-null iridocorneal angles reveals morphology, which is indistinguishable from that of their corresponding WTs. IF revealed possible concurrent underexpression of TSP2 in TSP1-null mice and of TSP1 in TSP2-null mice. TEM revealed larger collagen fibril diameters in TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice compared with WTs. CONCLUSIONS: TSP1-null and TSP2-null mice have lower IOPs than their WT counterparts. The rate of aqueous turnover suggests that the mechanism is enhanced outflow facility. An alteration in the extracellular matrix may contribute to this finding.

Keratoprosthesis in congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy after multiple failed grafts.

Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) has historically been managed with penetrating keratoplasty (PK), with moderate success, and, more recently, with Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). The possibility of repeated graft failures with CHED, however, makes alternative surgical procedures desirable. To our knowledge, this is the first reported use of a keratoprosthesis for management of CHED in a patient with multiple graft failures. The patient has been successfully followed for 5 years, has 20/30 vision, and no glaucoma.

SPARC-null mice exhibit lower intraocular pressures.

PURPOSE: SPARC is a matricellular protein that is highly expressed in remodeling tissues, including the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body. The hypothesis for the study was that SPARC contributes to the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). The IOPs of SPARC-null mice, their corresponding wild-type (WT), and heterozygous animals were compared. METHODS: Diurnal and nocturnal IOPs of C57Bl/6x129SvJ WT, SPARC-null, and heterozygous mice were measured. Fluorophotometric measurements were made to assess aqueous turnover. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured using histology, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and optical coherence tomography. Iridocorneal angles were examined using light microscopy (LM). RESULTS: During the day, the mean IOP of SPARC-null mice (n = 142, 16.9 +/- 2.4 mm Hg) was lower than that of both WT mice (n = 104, 19.9 +/- 2.9 mm Hg; P < 10(-12)), and heterozygotes (n = 38, 19.3 +/- 2.5 mm Hg; P < 10(-4)). At night, SPARC-null mice also exhibited a blunted increase in IOP in comparison to WT and heterozygous mice. CCTs were not significantly different between WT and SPARC-null mice. Heterozygous mice tended to have thicker corneas (3.4%). Fluorophotometric measurements suggest that aqueous turnover rates in SPARC-null mice are equal to if not greater than rates in WT mice. LM of the SPARC-null iridocorneal angle revealed morphology that is indistinguishable from WT. CONCLUSIONS: SPARC-null mice have lower IOPs than do their WT counterparts with equal CCTs. The rate of aqueous turnover suggests that the mechanism is enhanced outflow resistance.