RESUMO
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that contribute to neuronal cytotoxicity and degeneration. Huntington's (HD), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's (PD) diseases are three of the major neurodegenerative diseases. To date, researchers have found various natural phytochemicals that could potentially be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, the application of natural phenolic compounds has gained significant traction in recent years, driven by their various biological activities and therapeutic efficacy in human health. Polyphenols, by modulating different cellular functions, play an important role in neuroprotection and can neutralize the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in animal models. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge on phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and coumarins, as well as their beneficial effects on human health. We further provide an overview of the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of natural dietary phenolics in curing neurodegenerative diseases in animal models.
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Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Animais , Humanos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/uso terapêutico , Polifenóis/uso terapêutico , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse collection of lipid bilayer-membrane-bound particles which are released from cells into the extracellular space and biologic fluids. In multicellular organisms, these vesicles facilitate the exchange of bioactive compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, various metabolites, and lipids between the cells. EVs are produced and released by almost all eukaryotic cells including immune cells and can have immunomodulating effects by either stimulation or suppression of their activities. This immune-modulating feature may provide a promising strategy for treating immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders and graft-versus-host disease. Moreover, immune cell-derived EVs have received attention as potential biomarkers for being used as diagnostic tools and preventive strategies such as for developing vaccines. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by different immune cell types, their effects on the immune system, and highlight their potential applications for immunotherapy.
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Vesículas Extracelulares , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Imunomodulação , Imunoterapia , Sistema Imunitário , Biomarcadores/metabolismoRESUMO
Scutellaria multicaulis is a medicinal herb which has been extensively prescribed in Iranian traditional medicine for treatment of infections, constipation, wounds, and also as medication for anxiety. To evaluate biological activities of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Sm-AgNPs), Sm-AgNPswere synthesized using S. multicaulis stem extract as capping and reducing agent. Characterization studies using UV-vis, XRD, DLS, Zeta potential, FESEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, RAMAN and TGA assays indicated that Sm-AgNPs had optimal shape, size (â¼60 nm) and stability (-46.4 mV) to be used as a drug. Findings also demonstrated that Sm-AgNPs display higher Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Content and possesses higher antioxidant activity. HPLC-MSn analysis of constituents in the S. multicaulis stem extract and Sm-AgNPs-free supernatant in negative ion mode showed that flavonoids, mainly jaceidin, skullcapflavon II, wogonin, oroxylin A and dihydroxy, trimethoxyflavone from extract have contributed to the synthesis of Sm-AgNPs. Additionally, Sm-AgNPs demonstrated effective anticarcinogenic properties on MDA-MB231 cells proliferation with IC50 value of 81.2 µg/mL at 48 h by inducing cell apoptosis. Overall, results confirmed the potential role of S. multicaulis stem extract as a potential raw material for synthesis of biologically active Sm-AgNPs, for development of new antitumor agents which could be utilized to combat breast cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Scutellaria , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Química Verde/métodos , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , PrataRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency/insufficiency is an important risk factor for several chronic conditions. We aimed to evaluate the knowledge and behavior of female adolescents with respect to the association between sunlight exposure, sunscreen use, and Vit D status. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was performed in northeastern Iran, among 940 female adolescents in January 2015. Each subject completed a questionnaire containing items about demographic characteristics, knowledge about Vit D and their use of sunscreen. Serum Vit D levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescence method and dietary intake of Vit D was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Few of the participants were aware of the biological functions of Vit D (8.8%), the causes of Vit D deficiency (16.7%), and the sources of Vit D (9.3%). Less than half of the participants used sunscreen during the day. The serum levels of Vit D in subjects who used sunscreen were significantly lower than those who did not (p = 0.004). However, there was no significant association between their knowledge about Vit D and serum Vit D, or dietary intake of Vit D. CONCLUSION: There appears to be a lack of coherence between lifestyle, behavior and knowledge that may affect the Vit D status of adolescent girls in northeastern Iran. This information provides a basis for developing public health planning (workshops or training at the college level) for the prevention of Vit D deficiency especially in adolescent girls.
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Deficiência de Vitamina D , Vitamina D , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Protetores Solares/uso terapêutico , Estados Unidos , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D has recently attracted interest for its pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D supplements are a potentially important public health intervention, but the response to supplementation varies between individuals. AIM: We aimed to assess the association between several neuropsychological parameters and the magnitude of response to vitamin D supplementation using an artificial neural network method. METHODS: Neuropsychological function was assessed in 619 participants using standard questionnaires. The study participants received vitamin D capsules containing 50,000 IU vitamin D per week over 9 weeks. To assess the relationship between responsiveness to vitamin D supplements and the impact on these neuropsychological parameters, the best-performing artificial neural network algorithms were selected from a combination of different transfer functions in hidden and output layers and variable numbers of hidden layers (between two and 50). The performance of the artificial neural network algorithm was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis and variables of importance were identified. RESULTS: The artificial neural network algorithm with sigmoid transfer function in both hidden and output layers could predict responsiveness to vitamin D supplementation effectively. The sensitivity and specificity were between 0.60 and 0.70 and 0.66 and 0.70, respectively. Cognitive abilities (42.5%), basal vitamin D (21.3%), body mass index (9.5%), and daytime sleepiness (8%) are the most widely used variables to predict changes in serum vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive abilities status and baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D are important novel modifiers of the enhancement in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D after vitamin D supplementation.
Assuntos
Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Vitaminas/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Redes Neurais de Computação , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Curva ROC , Sonolência , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: The determinants of serum vitamin D seems to be the environmental factors (dietary and supplementary intake and exposure to ultraviolet light) and genetic factors. We aimed to study the relationship between a vitamin D-associated genetic polymorphism and serum 25(OH)D concentrations in healthy adolescent girls in Iran, and its effects on a high-dose supplement of vitamin D. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 616 healthy adolescent girls with mean age 15 received 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly over 9 weeks. Serum vitamin D levels and other metabolic factors were measured at baseline and after the intervention. The genotyping of the CYP2R1 variant (rs10741657) was performed by TaqMan genotyping assays. RESULTS: Regardless of the genetic background, at baseline, 87% of adolescent girls were vitamin D deficient (serum 25(OH)D level < 50 nmol/l). High-dose supplementation with VitD reduced the proportion of girls who were deficient substantially to about 24%. The genetic analysis revealed that although at baseline there was not a gene-vitamin D association ( p trend = 0.1), the response to supplementation appeared to be modulated by this variant ( p trend < 0.001). However, other anthropometric and biochemical measures were not affected by this intervention, over this short period. Serum 25(OH)D was increased in all participants although the carriers of the minor A allele seemed to be better responders so that the percentages of the change serum vitamin D in the holder of AA and AG genotypes were 539.4 ± 443.1 and 443.7 ± 384.6, respectively, compared with those with common GG genotype (363.3 ± 354.0). Our regression analysis revealed that the probability of an increase in serum 25(OH)D in a participant with AA genotype was 2.5-fold greater than those with a GG genotype (OR = 2.5 (1.4-4.4); p value = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, it appears that the rs10741657 variant of the CYP2R1 gene modulates the response to high-dose of vitamin D supplementation.
Assuntos
Colestanotriol 26-Mono-Oxigenase/genética , Família 2 do Citocromo P450/genética , Suplementos Nutricionais , Variação Genética , Vitamina D/sangue , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Metabolômica , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Vitamina D/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
Cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of current study was to investigate the relationship between the serum concentrations of 12 cytokines with mortality and extent of CAD in individuals undergoing angiography and healthy controls. 342 CAD patients were recruited and divided into 2 groups: those with ≥50% occlusion in at least one coronary artery [Angiography (+)] or <50% obstruction in coronary arteries [Angiography (-)]. Also 120 healthy subjects were enrolled as control group. Lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, body mass index, and blood pressure were evaluated in all the subjects. An Evidence Investigator® was used for measuring 12 cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, MCP-1, IFN-γ, EGF, VEGF) using sandwich chemiluminescent assays. Univariate analysis, multivariate regression models, ROC, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used for exploring the candidate markers in CAD patients. Serum level of IFN-γ, IL-4, MCP-1, EGF, IL-6, and IL-8 were markedly higher in angiogram-positive patients, while VEGF concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, compared to control group. ROC analysis for MCP-1 showed that a cut-off of 61.95 pg/mL had 91% sensitivity and 91% specificity for predicting CAD patients. Moreover, >2.16 pg/mL IL-6 had a > 94% sensitivity and 70% specificity in predicting 2 years mortality in the subjects with a serum MCP-1 > 61.95 pg/ mL, and patients having IL-6/MCP-1 combination had a shorter survival.Our findings demonstrate that CAD patients with serum MCP-1 and IL-6 levels of >61.95 and >2.16 pg/mL had a higher mortality with 94.1% sensitivity and 70.5% specificity for predicting mortality in CAD patients.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL2/sangue , Angiografia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Interleucina-6/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
One of the most pressing global environmental issues is the widespread abundance and distribution of microplastics (MPs). MPs can act as vectors for other contaminants in the environment making these small plastic particles hazardous for ecosystems. The presence of MPs in aquatic environments may pose threats to aquatic organisms that ingest them. This study examined effects of abamectin (ABM) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MP fragments on histopathological and enzymatic biomarkers in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed for 96 h to pristine PET-MPs at concentrations of 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L, ABM alone at 0.006 mg/L, and the same concentration of ABM in the presence of PET-MPs in aquaria. Histopathological analysis revealed tissue content changes in liver and kidney in the presence of ABM individually and in combination with MPs. Results of enzymatic analysis showed that MPs increased the bioavailability and toxicity of pesticides due to inhibition of catalase (CAT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) enzymes. However, MPs did not affect the toxicity of ABM for glutathione s-transferase (GST) enzyme. Despite the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in MPs or ABM treatments, and some neurotoxicity, no change in activity of this enzyme and neurotoxicity was observed in the combined MPs and ABM treatments, although toxicity effects of MPs and ABM on zebrafish require more detailed studies.
Assuntos
Ivermectina , Polietilenotereftalatos , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/toxicidade , Microplásticos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismoRESUMO
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is a renowned medicinal plant with pharmaceutically valuable phenolic acids and flavonoids. The present study was aimed to study the eliciting effect of silver and copper nanoparticles (AgNPs and CuNPs, 50 and 100 mg/L), and methyl jasmonate (MeJa, 50 and 100 µM) on the biochemical traits, the accumulation of phenolic compounds and antioxidative capacity of P. frutescens cell suspension culture. Suspension cells were obtained from friable calli derived from nodal explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium containing 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP. The 21 days old cell suspension culture established from nodal explant derived callus supplemented with 100 mg/L MeJa resulted in the highest activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, and CuNPs 100 mg/L treated cells indicated the maximum content of total phenol, total anthocyanin, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and H2O2. Also, the highest content of ferulic acid (1.41 ± 0.03, mg/g DW), rosmarinic acid (19.29 ± 0.12, mg/g DW), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (16.81 ± 0.18, U/mg protein) were observed with 100 mg/L CuNPs, exhibiting a total increase of 1.58-fold, 2.12-fold, and 1.51-fold, respectively, higher than untreated cells. On the other hand, AgNPs 100 mg/L treated cells indicated the most amounts of caffeic acid (0.57 ± 0.03, mg/g DW) and rutin (1.13 ± 0.07, mg/g DW), as well as the highest scavenging potential of free radicals. Overall, the results of the present study can be applied for the large-scale production of valuable phenolic acids and flavonoids from P. frutescens through CuNPs and AgNPs 100 mg/L elicited cell suspension cultures.
Assuntos
Perilla frutescens , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Fenóis/química , Antioxidantes/química , Flavonoides , Técnicas de Cultura de CélulasRESUMO
Scutellaria multicaulis is a medicinal plant indigenous to Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. It has been widely used as a prominent herb in traditional medicine for thousands of years. This plant is reported to contain baicalein, wogonin, and chrysin flavonoids, which are a significant group of chemical ingredients which can cure different diseases, such as breast cancer. S. multicaulis leaf extract was used for the bioreduction of silver nanoparticles (SmL-Ag-NPs), and their phytochemical contents and antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic activity were evaluated. Optimal physicochemical properties of SmL-Ag-NPs were obtained by mixing 5% of leaf extract and 2 mM of aqueous AgNO3 solution and confirmed by characterization studies including UV-visible spectrophotometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X-ray crystallography (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. SmL-Ag-NPs exhibited a higher content of total phenol and total flavonoid and potential antioxidant activity. SmL-Ag-NPs also demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231 cell multiplication with an IC50 value of 37.62 µg/mL through inducing cell apoptosis. Results show that SmL-Ag-NPs is effective at inhibiting the proliferation of MDA-MB231 cells compared to tamoxifen. This demonstrates that SmL-Ag-NPs could be a bio-friendly and safe strategy to develop new cancer therapies with a reduction in the adverse effects of chemotherapy in the near future.
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Microalgae have been discovered as an environmental-friendly and cost-effective solution for heavy metal treatment issues. This study illustrated the bioremediation of two heavy metals (e.g. copper and iron) and nutrients (e.g. nitrate and phosphate) uptake by freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Scendesmus obliquus (S. obliquus), and their 50-50% mix culture under the suspension and biofilm conditions. After one week of culture in 1L Erlenmeyer flasks, under the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline, various concentrations of copper and iron were added to the culture bioreactors and their concentrations changes were studied. The results obtained showed that C. vulgaris, S. obliquus, and mix culture removed 98.25-99.9%, 98.75-99.1%, and 98.61-99.9% of copper and 90.22-94.05%, 85.68-99.19%, and 91.67-97.85% of iron, respectively. The results suggested that copper has more toxicity effects than iron. C. vulgaris showed to be the most vulnerable among cultures. S. obliquus showed to be more resistant to copper and iron stress situations. Mix culture showed better efficiency in iron uptake. It also demonstrated that there is a limit to nitrate uptake. Increasing heavy metal concentrations may increase nutrient uptake as long as it doesn't reach a toxic amount. Also, biofilm structure showed an effective role in heavy metal resistance.
Assuntos
Chlorella vulgaris , Metais Pesados , Microalgas , Cobre/toxicidade , Cobre/química , Nitratos , Ferro , Fosfatos , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Nutrientes , BiofilmesRESUMO
Green synthesized nanoparticles (GSNPs) display fascinating properties compared to physical and chemical synthesized ones. GSNPs are currently used in numerous applications such as food packaging, surface coating agents, environmental remediation, antimicrobial, and medicine. In the present study, the aqueous leaf extract of Perilla frutescens L. having suitable capping, reducing, and stabilizing compounds was used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Pf-AgNPs). The bioreductant capacity of aqueous leaf extract of P. frutescens for Pf-AgNPs was determined by different confirmatory techniques including UV-Visible spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM, EDX, zeta potential, DLS, SERS, and FTIR analysis. The results exhibited that Pf-AgNPs had optimal size (< 61 nm), shape (spherical), and stability (- 18.1 mV). The antioxidant activity of Pf-AgNPs with both DPPH and FRAP assays was significantly higher compared to P. frutescens extract. Furthermore, Pf-AgNPs had high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.78 mg/mL), and Candida albicans (MIC = 8 mg/mL) while the plant extract showed low antimicrobial activity against both bacterial strains and the fungus tested. Pf-AgNPs and P. frutescens extract also exhibited moderate toxicity on MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 346.2 and 467.4 µg/mL, respectively. The results provide insights into using the biosynthesized Pf-AgNPs as an eco-friendly material for a wide range of biomedical applications.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Perilla frutescens , Humanos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Prata/farmacologia , Prata/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Química Verde/métodosRESUMO
Cichorium intybus, commonly called chicory, has been widely used as a coffee substitute. It display a wide range of natural compounds and medicinally uses in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. This study synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ci-AgNPs) using C. intybus leaf-derived callus extract to evaluate phytochemical content, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities against human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231). The optimal shape, size and stability of Ci-AgNPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectrophotometry, FESEM, EDX, XRD, DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR and sp-ICP-MS studies. The antibacterial activity of Ci-AgNPs was assessed using disk diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and they displayed distinct zones of inhibition. Colorimetric phytochemical analysis of Ci-AgNPs revealed their higher total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) content. Ci-AgNPs also indicated a high level of antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH assays. The Ci-AgNPs were investigated for their anticancer activities on the cancerous MDA-MB231 cells viability and apoptosis using MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. Ci-AgNPs showed dose dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231 cells with IC50 value of 187.6 µg/mL at 48 h through induction of apoptosis. The biocompatibility test showed that Ci-AgNPs induced neglectable cytotoxicity (lower than 3 %) toward human erythrocytes. This is the first study that reports the bio-callus mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticle using C. intybus callus extract which provided a promising anticancer activity against human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells and therefore could be used as an alternative and interesting benign strategy for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles useful in cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Cichorium intybus , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Escherichia coli , Feminino , Humanos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Prata/químicaRESUMO
Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) can cause toxicity in aquatic organisms, but presence of natural organic matter (NOM) may alter toxicity of PS-NPs. To better understand effects of NOM on acute toxicity of PS-NPs, humic acid (HA) as a model of NOM was added to green microalga Chlorella vulgaris medium in the presence of amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2). Acute toxicity tests of PS-NH2 to C. vulgaris biomass and chlorophyll a content showed statistical differences between media treated with different concentrations of PS-NH2 and control groups (p<0.05). HA significantly mitigated PS-NH2 toxicity to C. vulgaris biomass and chlorophyll a end-points (p<0.05). Additionally, high HA concentration was more effective than low concentration (10 vs 5 mg/L), showing a greater ameliorative effect on PS-NH2 acute toxicity (p<0.05). Algae exposed to higher PS-NH2 concentrations showed greater morphological changes (i.e., diminution of photosynthetic pigments, reduction of algal size and formation of more cellular aggregates). Formation of high amounts of algal aggregates under influence of PS-NH2 was presumably related to the high electrostatic tendency of these particles (with positively charged surfaces) to C. vulgaris polysaccharide walls (having negative charge). Formation of aggregates was significantly reduced in the presence of HA. HA with dominant negatively charged functional groups (following sorption by PS-NH2 via reduction of PS-NH2 zeta potential), could decrease electrostatic attraction between PS-NH2 and algae, thereby substantially ameliorating cellular aggregation and cell size reduction.
Assuntos
Chlorella vulgaris , Microalgas , Nanopartículas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Clorofila A , Substâncias Húmicas , Plásticos , Poliestirenos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
The K121Q polymorphism of the ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene has been variably associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in several populations. However, this association has not been studied in Iranian subjects and we hypothesized that the K121Q variant might be associated with T2D and related metabolic traits in this population. The K121Q genotypes were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 377 normoglycemic controls and 155 T2D patients. T2D patients had significantly higher values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, apoB, insulin, and HOMA-IR, and lower levels of HDL than the normoglycemic subjects. The frequency of the Q allele did not differ between T2D and normoglycemic subjects (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.90-2.00, P = 0.70). The Q allele frequency was 16.5% in T2D and 15.2% in normoglycemic subjects. The ENPP1 genotype (KQ + QQ) was not associated with the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C, apo B, BMI, HOMA-IR, and insulin levels in both normoglycemic and T2D groups. Our results suggest that the ENPP1 121Q allele might not be associated with T2D and related metabolic traits among Iranian subjects.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Doenças Metabólicas/genética , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Pirofosfatases/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Substituição de Aminoácidos/genética , Substituição de Aminoácidos/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genética Populacional , Genótipo , Ácido Glutâmico/genética , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Lisina/genética , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/fisiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/fisiologia , Pirofosfatases/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Microplastic (MP) is a major contaminant in the aquatic environment. In addition to the physical threats posed by microplastic ingestion, their potential as a vector for the transport of hydrophobic pollutants is required to be adequately addressed. This study examined the effects of polystyrene microplastics individually or combined with chlorpyrifos insecticide on nutritional parameters in muscle of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to individual polystyrene microplastic concentrations (30 or 300 µg/L), or individual chlorpyrifos concentrations (2 or 6 µg/L), and their combination at similar concentrations of chlorpyrifos and microplastics. Results showed individual polystyrene microplastics had minimal effects on amino acid and fatty acid composition and no effect on protein contents of fish muscle. However, significant alterations in amino acid and fatty acid composition, and protein contents, were observed in combined polystyrene microplastics and chlorpyrifos groups. These findings suggested that polystyrene microplastics cause toxicity and increase the adverse effects of chlorpyrifos on the muscle of fish. This investigation provided evidence toward low nutritional value of farmed or wild fish muscle that grows in areas with high concentrations of microplastics and pesticides.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Microplásticos , Músculos , Plásticos , PoliestirenosRESUMO
Presence of nanoplastics within aqueous media has raised concerns about their adverse impacts on aquatic organisms. This study evaluated toxic effects of amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2) with diameters of 90 (PS-NH2-90), 200 (PS-NH2-200) and 300 (PS-NH2-300) nm on green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. A dose-dependent toxicity response by PS-NH2-90 and/or PS-NH2-200 on biomass and photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a) end-points of C. vulgaris was observed. Whereas varied concentrations of PS-NH2-300 had no significant toxic effect on biomass and chlorophyll a end-points compared to control groups (p > 0.05). A comparison of toxicity of similar concentrations of PS-NH2-90, PS-NH2-200 and PS-NH2-300 showed small-sized PS-NH2 were more toxic than large-sized PS-NH2 (toxicity of PS-NH2 increased in the order PS-NH2-300 < PS-NH2-200 < PS-NH2-90). With decreasing PS-NH2 size, greater morphological changes and loss of original shape were observed, so that algal density/size reduced, and cell aggregations increased. Since PS-NH2 have high affinity to C. vulgaris due to electrostatic interaction with polysaccharide wall of algae, this could be as the main reason for formation of large aggregates at high concentrations of PS-NH2 compared to low concentrations of PS-NH2 used in algae medium. At high concentrations, PS-NH2 may act as intermediaries for connection of algal cells and therefore formation of aggregates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that high amounts of PS-NH2-90 were found to be embedded and adsorbed on algal cells, thereby limiting transfer of materials, gas exchange and energy between the aqueous medium and algal cells. These data may have serious ecological health implications, as C. vulgaris are important primary producers responsible for producing oxygen in aquatic environments.
Assuntos
Chlorella vulgaris , Microalgas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Biomassa , Clorofila A , Microplásticos , Poliestirenos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Microplastic (MP) sorption and transfer of chemical contaminants has been widely reported, yet few studies have investigated combined effects of contaminant-loaded MPs on organisms. This study examined effects of pristine or chlorpyrifos (CPF)-loaded polystyrene (PS) fragments on histopathological and histomorphometrical biomarkers in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) . In laboratory, O. mykiss were exposed for 96 h to pristine PS-MPs concentrations (30 or 300 µg/L), concentrations of CPF alone (2 or 6 µg/L), and the same concentrations of CPF in the presence of PS-MPs in aquaria . Results showed the highest histopathological alterations in both CPF concentrations and when combined with PS-MPs in fish gills. Alternatively, high histopathological lesions including massive necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and shed of villi tips were observed in fish gut in high CPF concentrations combined with high PS-MP concentrations of (6 µg/L CPF+300 µg/L PS- MPs). Individual CPF and PS-MP concentrations or combined together showed significant changes in histomorphometrical biomarkers in fish gills, gut and skin. Findings highlight that pristine PS-MPs cause toxicity and increase adverse effects of CPF in O. mykiss, especially in gill tissue. We present evidence that pristine short-term exposure to even low concentrations of PS-MPs has a significant impact on biomarker responses in O. mykiss.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Brânquias , Microplásticos , Plásticos , Poliestirenos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are increasing data highlighting the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of vitamin D deficiency. But individuals vary in their responsiveness to vitamin D supplementation. In this study, the association between several cardiometabolic risk factors and the magnitude of response to vitamin D supplementation (change in vitamin D level) was investigated using a novel artificial neural networks (ANNs) approach. METHODS: Six hundred eight participants aged between 12 to 19 years old were recruited to this prospective interventional study. Nine vitamin D capsules containing 50,000 IU vitamin D/weekly were given to all participants over the 9 week period. The change in serum 25(OH) D level was calculated as the difference between post-supplementation and basal levels. Suitable ANNs model were selected between different algorithms in the hidden and output layers and different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer. The major determinants for predicting the response to vitamin D supplementation were identified. RESULTS: The sigmoid in both the hidden and output layers with 4 hidden neurons had acceptable sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, assessed as the area under the ROC curve, was determined in our study. Baseline serum vitamin D (30.4%), waist to hip ratio (10.5%), BMI (10.5%), systolic blood pressure (8%), heart rate (6.4%), and waist circumference (6.1%) were the most important factors in predicting the response to serum vitamin D levels. CONCLUSION: We provide the first attempt to relate anthropometric specific recommendations to attain serum vitamin D targets. With the exception of cardiometabolic risk factors, the relative importance of other factors and the mechanisms by which these factors may affect the response requires further analysis in future studies (Trial registration: IRCT201509047117N7; 2015-11-25; Retrospectively registered).
RESUMO
University students are a target group for blood donor programs. To develop a blood donation culture among university students, it is important to identify factors used to predict their intent to donate blood. This study attempted to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to be employed in assessing variables in a blood donation behavior model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a commonly used theoretical foundation for social psychology studies. We employed an elicitation study, in which we determined the commonly held behavioral and normative beliefs about blood donation. We used the results of the elicitation study and a standard format for creating questionnaire items for all constructs of the TPB model to prepare the first draft of the measurement tool. After piloting the questionnaire, we prepared the final draft of the questionnaire to be used in our main study. Examination of internal consistency using Chronbach's alpha coefficient and item-total statistics indicated the constructs "Intention" and "Self efficacy" had the highest reliability. Removing one item from each of the constructs, "Attitude," "Subjective norm," "Self efficacy," or "Behavioral beliefs", can considerably increase the reliability of the measurement tool, however, such action is controversial, especially for the variables "attitude" and "subjective norm." We consider all the items of our first draft questionnaire in our main study to make it a reliable measurement tool.