Expression of periodontal interleukin-6 protein is increased across patients with neither periodontal disease nor diabetes, patients with periodontal disease alone and patients with both diseases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies have established that patients with diabetes have an increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. Interleukin (IL)-6, a multifunctional cytokine, plays a role in the tissue inflammation that characterizes periodontal disease. Our recent study has shown a trend of increase in periodontal IL-6 expression at the mRNA level across patients with neither periodontal disease nor diabetes, patients with periodontal disease alone and patients with both diseases. However, the periodontal IL-6 expression at the protein level in these patients has not been investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Periodontal tissue specimens were collected from eight patients without periodontal disease and diabetes (group 1), from 17 patients with periodontal disease alone (group 2) and from 10 patients with both periodontal disease and diabetes (group 3). The frozen sections were prepared from these tissue specimens and IL-6 protein expression was detected and quantified. RESULTS: The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the difference in IL-6 protein levels among the three groups was statistically significant (p = 0.035). Nonparametric analysis using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test showed a tendency of increase in periodontal IL-6 protein levels across group 1 to group 2 to group 3 (p = 0.006). Parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) on IL-6 protein levels showed that neither age nor gender significantly affected the difference of IL-6 levels among the groups. CONCLUSION: Periodontal IL-6 expression at the protein level is increased across patients with neither periodontal disease nor diabetes, patients with periodontal disease alone and patients with both diseases.

X-linked hypophosphatemia: a clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic assessment of morbidity in adults.

Research and management of XLH have concentrated on the disease in childhood, and the natural history and morbidity of XLH in adult life are thus poorly understood. We have studied 22 adults (6 men) with XLH to clarify these aspects of this most common inherited form of rickets and osteomalacia. Most study participants had presented with rickets in early childhood and had undergone tibial osteotomies on at least 1 occasion. Seventeen individuals had genu varum, 1 had genu valgum, and 4 had straight legs, attributable to successful osteotomies in 2. Five subjects reported increasing lower limb deformity in the late teens or subsequently. Eight subjects complained of bone pain, 6 of whom had radiologic evidence of pseudofractures; pseudofractures were found in 4 additional asymptomatic individuals. None of 16 subjects who underwent transiliac bone biopsy had normal double tetracycline labeling; accordingly, all were considered to have osteomalacia. Bone pain was associated with a relative osteoid volume in excess of 25%. Relative osteoid volume was inversely related to serum 1,25(OH)2D concentration (r = -0.74, p less than 0.02), but unrelated to serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate or their product. Eighteen participants complained of joint pain, predominantly in the knees and ankles. The severity of joint pain correlated with the degree of lower limb deformity (p = 0.011) which, in turn, was related to fasting serum phosphate concentration (r = -0.56, p less than 0.025) and TmP/GFR (r = -0.70, p less than 0.005). Enthesopathy affected 33% of those younger than 30 years, and all those above this age. Nineteen individuals had experienced significant dental problems, most commonly abscess formation. Eight had required complete dental clearance. Twelve women from the group had a total of 22 live births. Fifteen of these were by cesarean section, although radiologic evidence of pelvic narrowing was not found in any subject. Serum ALP was elevated in all but 3 of the 18 untreated subjects. Levels correlated with those of other indices of bone turnover (BGP r = 0.82, p less than 0.005; urine total HP r = 0.60, p less than 0.025; urine free HPr = 0.78, p less than 0.005), but were not related to the degree of osteomalacia found on bone biopsy. Serum levels of iPTH, 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, and thyroid hormones were generally normal in the untreated patients. We conclude that adults with untreated XLH have osteomalacia that is frequently symptomatic. Even greater morbidity is caused by degenerative joint disease arising from lower limb deformities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

X-linked hypophosphatemia: skeletal mass in adults assessed by histomorphometry, computed tomography, and absorptiometry.

PURPOSE AND PATIENTS AND METHODS: X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common inherited form of rickets, yet its influence on skeletal mass in adulthood is controversial and incompletely characterized. Accordingly, we measured bone mass at several skeletal sites using histomorphometric and radiographic techniques in 19 adults (four men) with XLH (age range 20 to 66 years). Most subjects had not received medical therapy for XLH since puberty. RESULTS: Eight of 14 subjects who underwent transiliac bone biopsy had an elevated cancellous bone volume (osteoid and calcified bone), and the group's mean value was supranormal (p less than 0.01). Mineralized bone volume, however, was above normal in only three subjects (NS). Another measure of trabecular bone density, vertebral mineral density by computed tomography, was elevated in three of 13 subjects, and the mean value of the group was increased (p = 0.05). Integral spine bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) was elevated in six of 16 subjects, and the mean was also above normal (p less than 0.01). However, total body calcium, total body BMD (both by DPA), and forearm bone mineral content assessed by single photon absorptiometry (predominantly cortical bone) were normal in almost all subjects, as were the group means for these parameters. Mean regional BMD (by DPA) was below normal in the upper and lower limbs (p less than 0.001) and above normal in the spine (p less than 0.005) and ribs (p less than 0.01). There was no relationship between these indices of bone mass and either biochemical or clinical parameters of disease severity, although men tended to have higher z-scores for axial bone density than premenopausal women whose values, in turn, tended to be higher than those in postmenopausal women (NS). CONCLUSION: We conclude that axial bone mass tends to be increased in adults with XLH, sometimes dramatically so, and this is only partially attributable to hyperosteoidosis. Peripheral bone mass, however, tends to be diminished. Despite these group trends, most adults with untreated XLH have normal indices of bone mass as assessed by a variety of techniques at the commonly used measurement sites. These findings suggest that "osteoporotic" fractures are unlikely to develop as a late complication of XLH in adults.

The chronic ventilator-dependent unit: a lower-cost alternative to intensive care.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the fixed costs and patient outcomes of a specialty hospital unit for medically stable ventilator-dependent patients. The chronic ventilator-dependent unit (CVDU) was established to facilitate early dismissal from costly intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization for patients requiring continued specialized care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a cost analysis of the various ICUs that transferred patients to the CVDU by year from 1993 through 1998. In addition, direct and indirect costs for the CVDU were established by year for the same period. We then calculated the cost effect of transferring these patients for care from each high-cost ICU to the lower-cost CVDU. Ventilator weaning and mortality rates were also determined. RESULTS: During the 6 years of this study, $4,832,551 in patient care costs were saved by transferring care for 964 patients from ICUs to the CVDU. Ventilator weaning was successful in 64% of 549 patients, and mortality was 7% in the same patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Care in the CVDU yielded lower fixed costs per patient-day, and CVDU care was comparable to ICU hospitalization.

The Mayo Ventilator-Dependent Rehabilitation Unit: a 5-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcomes of 206 patients admitted to the Mayo Ventilator-Dependent Rehabilitation Unit (VDRU) during a 5-year study period. DESIGN: We analyze the patient data for 1990 through 1994, which had been prospectively entered into a computer database for a cohort of 206 patients who had become ventilator dependent during their current hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients in the VDRU were classified into one of six categories that reflected the reasons for ventilator dependence. Ability to be weaned from mechanical ventilation, duration of hospital stay and ventilator dependence, outcome, disposition, demographics, and long-term survival were analyzed. The VDRU patient group was compared for hospital and follow-up outcomes with a group of historical control patients previously described by us. RESULTS: The Mayo VDRU was established in January 1990. During the first 5 years of its operation, 206 newly ventilator-dependent patients were admitted to the VDRU, 190 (92%) of whom survived to be dismissed; 16 patients (8%) died in the hospital. Of the 190 patients dismissed, 77% were able to return to their homes. Overall, 153 patients were liberated from mechanical ventilation, whereas 37 remained either completely or partially ventilator dependent. Of these 37 patients, 27 (73%) were receiving nocturnal mechanical ventilation only. The 4-year survival was 53%. CONCLUSION: The Mayo VDRU has been highly successful in liberating newly ventilator-dependent patients from mechanical ventilation. The long-term survival after management in the VDRU has been excellent. In addition, the medical charges for care in the VDRU are less than intensive-care unit charges.

In vivo analysis of single, pre- and postprocessing quantitative CT techniques.

Measurements of bone mineral using single and dual-energy quantitative computed tomography (CT) are examined in vivo in 108 vertebral bodies scanned on a Siemens DRH scanner. Pre and postprocessing dual-energy techniques are compared. In the range of clinically useful kilovoltage, the choice of beam energy does not make a significant difference to the single-energy bone mineral measurement. Postprocessing dual-energy measurement in vivo shows a statistically significant decrease in the amount of mineral measured compared to single-energy measurements, whereas the preprocessing measurement shows a significant increase.

Use of an intramedullary hip-screw compared with a compression hip-screw with a plate for intertrochanteric femoral fractures. A prospective, randomized study of one hundred patients.

One hundred elderly patients who had an intertrochanteric femoral fracture were randomized to treatment with a compression hip-screw with a plate (fifty patients) or a new intramedullary device, the intramedullary hip-screw (fifty patients). All patients were followed prospectively for one year or until death. A detailed assessment of the functional status and the plain radiographs of the hip was performed one, three, six, and twelve months postoperatively. The two treatment groups were strictly comparable. The operative time needed to insert the intramedullary hip-screw was significantly greater than that needed to insert the compression hip-screw with the plate (p = 0.02), but use of the intramedullary hip-screw was associated with less estimated intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.011). The prevalence of perioperative complications, such as bronchopneumonia, cardiac failure, and urinary tract infection, was comparable in the two treatment groups. There were one intraoperative fracture of the femoral shaft and two intraoperative fractures of the greater trochanter in the group managed with the intramedullary hip-screw. One patient had pulling-out of the compression hip-screw on the seventh postoperative day. Four patients had a trochanteric wound hematoma, without infection, after insertion of an intramedullary hip-screw. All but one of the fractures healed. The one non-union, which was in a patient who had a compression hip-screw, was treated with a hemiarthroplasty. The mortality rate was similar in the two treatment groups. The patients who had an intramedullary hip-screw had, on the average, significantly better mobility at one (p < 0.0001) and three months (p = 0.0013) postoperatively. This difference was no longer seen at six and twelve months, although the patients who had an intramedullary hip-screw still had significantly better walking ability outside the home at those time-periods (p = 0.05). The compression hip-screw was removed from two patients because of pain in the mid-portion of the thigh, which had begun after consolidation of the fracture. Fourteen patients who had an intramedullary hip-screw had cortical hypertrophy at the level of the tip of the nail at twelve months postoperatively. Cortical hypertrophy was significantly related to the use of two interlocking screws (p = 0.02). Six of these patients also had pain in the mid-portion of the thigh, and the nail had been locked with two screws in five of them. Three of the six patients had the hardware removed because of the pain, and the symptoms resolved. A seventh patient had pain without cortical hypertrophy. The intramedullary hip-screw device was associated with significantly less sliding of the lag-screw and subsequent shortening of the limb in the region of the thigh (p = 0.012 and 0.019, respectively); these differences were more pronounced when the unstable fractures in the two treatment groups were compared (p < 0.001).

Bonding of hydroxyapatite-coated femoral prostheses. Histopathology of specimens from four cases.

We examined specimens of hydroxyapatite-coated femoral prostheses from four patients who had died within nine months of implantation for fractured neck of femur. Histology showed newly formed immature bone overlying the hydroxyapatite coating with new trabeculae bridging to the endosteal bone layer. In the diaphysis, where there had been contact between the hydroxyapatite and the cortex, there was dense, firmly anchored bone with an haversian architecture. In other places the newly formed bone had a trabecular structure, containing bone marrow tissue with normal cellularity. It appeared that biological osseointegration had taken place.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the foot and ankle.

Magnetic resonance imaging enhances the inherent differences in the density of tissues to allow the diagnosis of pedal disorders not readily observed by other diagnostic means. The technique is particularly useful for the evaluation of the nature and extent of soft tissue pathology. In addition, certain osseous and joint disorders, such as osteomyelitis and Sudeck's atrophy, may be detected in their incipient stages.

Histopathology of a well-functioning hydroxyapatite-coated femoral prosthesis after 52 months.

A fully hydroxyapatite-coated femoral implant was retrieved during autopsy. This component, provided with a bipolar femoral head, had been inserted for a displaced fracture of the femoral neck 52 months before. Osseointegration of the implant was evident, without any formation of fibrous tissue :39.9% of the perimeter of the prosthesis at the level of its proximal third was interfaced with bone (62.8% at the mid-third and 65.2% at the distal third). Remodeling of bone had ensued. Deposition of bone was most prominent in the calcar zone, along the medial and lateral aspects and around the tip. Proximally, cortical porosity was found to be increased by 73%, whereas medullary bone porosity was increased by a factor of 2. Cell-mediated resorption of the coating was systematically present in these bone remodeling areas. The average thickness of the coating was respectively 10.8, 50.2 and 151.2 microns in the proximal, mid- and distal thirds of the implant. Formation of new bone was often coupled with resorption. No debris from the coating was found in the joint tissues or in the articulating surface of the polyethylene insert. These overall histopathological features support mechanical stability of the implant and active remodelling of bone along with focal removal of HA coating associated with osteoclastic activity. No side effects from coating degradation could be demonstrated.

CT-directed rib biopsy.

A retrospective review of 11 cases of CT guided rib biopsy is presented. No complications occurred. In 10 of 11 cases open biopsy was averted. In this group the biopsy result is consistent with the remainder of the patients' test results and subsequent clinical course. Our series includes one false-negative biopsy. The true positive and negative biopsy results led to alterations in clinical management in each case. We conclude that CT-directed rib biopsy is a safe and useful procedure in carefully selected patients.

Reversed intestinal rotation.

The authors report a case of reversed intestinal rotation and review the embryology, clinical presentation, and radiographic findings of this disorder. Although this developmental anomaly of the bowel is rare, it may be diagnosed by the distinctive position, course, and narrowing of the transverse colon.

Computed tomography in planning percutaneous bone biopsy.

Computed tomography (CT) was performed prior to anticipated percutaneous bone biopsy in 19 patients. The CT results were categorized on the basis of how useful they were in prebiopsy planning. In four cases CT was not useful, in four cases it was confirmatory, and in 11 cases it was definitive. CT influenced the choice of biopsy site, needle type, or position in seven of the 11 cases, and it indicated that no biopsy should be performed in four cases. It is concluded that CT is useful in prebiopsy planning and management.

CT of the lumbar spine: normal variants and pitfalls.

Benign variants in the appearance of the lumbar spine on CT may be confused with significant lesions. Here such benign processes and their distinguishing features are illustrated.

The shoulder impingement syndrome: prevalence of radiographic findings and correlation with response to therapy.

The shoulder impingement syndrome is believed to be caused by compression of the rotator cuff tendons and subacromial bursa between the humeral head and structures that make up the coracoacromial arch. Plain film findings were tabulated for 36 patients, 22-81 years old, who had signs and symptoms of an acute impingement syndrome. The most common radiographic abnormalities were subacromial bony proliferation in 68%, degenerative changes in the greater tuberosity of the humerus in 66%, and degenerative joint disease in the acromioclavicular joint in 66%. There was evidence of calcium deposition in the rotator cuff in 37%, inferiorly oriented acromioclavicular osteophytes in 32%, and degenerative changes of the lesser humeral tuberosity in 29%. The acromiohumeral space was narrowed in only 21%. The radiographic findings were scored blindly and compared to the treatment outcome of 6 weeks of medical therapy. There was no statistically significant correlation between any of the radiographic findings and the response to medical therapy. The results suggest that radiographic findings are extremely common in patients with the acute impingement syndrome, but that they are not useful as prognostic indicators of the short-term response to medical treatment.