Oncological Outcomes of Transoral Laryngeal Microsurgery with Fiber-Optic Diode Laser for Early Glottic Cancer: A Single-Center Experience.

Backgroud/Objectives: Transoral laser laryngeal microsurgery (LTLM) has been widely used in the treatment of early-stage glottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) for the past few decades. Although T stage, tumor grade, anterior commissure involvement, type of cordectomy, positive surgical margin, and postoperative additional therapies were accused as the prognostic factors for recurrence, there is still controversy about these data in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oncological results of our patients with early glottic LSCC treated with LTLM as a single-modality therapy in a single-center study. METHODS: Patients with early-stage (Tis-1-2/N0) glottic LSCC who underwent LTLM as a primary treatment from 2011 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinicopathological factors and oncologic outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-one patients were enrolled in this study. The 5-year overall (OS), disease-specific (DSS), disease-free (DFS), and laryngectomy-free survival rates were 84.5%, 97.9%, 79.2%, and 93.5%, respectively. The most common stage, histopathological type, and type of endoscopic cordectomy were T1 stage, well-differentiated cancer, and type 2 cordectomy, respectively. A positive surgical margin was defined in 20 (12.4%) patients. There was a significant relationship between histopathological grade and positive surgical margins (p = 0.038). OS and DSS rates of "wait and see" modality were lower, while DFS of radiotherapy was lower than that of other treatment modalities in patients with positive surgical margins, but the differences were not statistically significant. Nineteen (11.8%) patients had a recurrence. DSS was statistically significantly lower in patients with recurrence (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that anterior commissure involvement, surgical margin positivity, and higher T stage statistically did not reduce survival rates in early-stage LSCC patients treated with LTLM. As the histopathological grade of the tumor worsens, the risk of surgical margin positivity increases. RT may have a negative effect on recurrence and organ preservation in the additional treatment of patient with positive surgical margins.

Acromegaly might not negatively affect microvascular circulation.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis are well known complications of acromegaly. However, current data on microvascular circulation are limited. AIMS: To evaluate microvascular circulation in patients with acromegaly. METHODS: This comparative study included a total of 21 patients with acromegaly and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. A stereomicroscope under ×100 magnification was used by a single rheumatologist to evaluate the capillary dimensions (capillary loop length, capillary width) and capillary/mm count in the capillaries of subjects. Statistical data analysis was conducted using the SPSS 15.0 package program. RESULTS: The mean number of capillaries per millilitre (normal ≥8/mL) in the acromegaly group (AG) and healthy controls (HC) was 7.67 ± 1.88 and 8.67 ± 0.65, respectively (P = 0.04). In the AG and the HC, the number of tortuous capillaries, the mean capillary loop length and the mean capillary width were not different. Although the median number of capillaries in the AG was lower than in the HC, it was still within normal limits. CONCLUSION: Although the number of capillaries was statistically lower in patients with acromegaly, they were within a normal range and the difference was not clinically significant. Moreover, there was no difference in morphological characteristics between the groups. While endothelial dysfunction is the earliest known marker of the atherosclerotic process and is considered to be one of the complications of acromegaly, the disease may not result in impairment of microvasculature of those people afflicted by it.

Physical and cardiovascular performance in cases with acromegaly after regular short-term exercise.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired physical performance is a disturbing complication of acromegaly. We aimed to evaluate the role of regular exercise in amelioration of the impaired physical performance in acromegaly. METHODS: Patients with acromegaly were divided into two groups according to their participation in a prescheduled programme of exercise. Participants in the study group were exercised 3 days a week for 3 consecutive months. Exercise tolerance was evaluated by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and time (T) taken to complete the Bruce protocol, muscle flexibility by the sit and reach test (SRT) and muscle strength by the hand grip strength test (HGST). Concomitantly, anthropometric assessment was performed using body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), skinfold measurements from 8 points, percentage body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM). RESULTS: After 3 months of exercise, VO2 max and T were higher in cases that exercised than in cases that did not (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001). Over 3 months, within the exercise group, VO2 max and T of the Bruce protocol increased (P = 0.003 and P = 0.004) and heart rate during warming decreased (P = 0.04). SRT increased within the exercise group after 3 months (P = 0.004). HGSRT did not change significantly (right P = 0.06 and left P = 0.2). The sum of skinfolds, BMI, WHR and LBM remained stable over the study period (P = 0.1, P = 0.08, P = 0.3 and P = 0.09). PBF decreased slightly and FM decreased significantly over 3 months (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Even short-term exercise may improve impaired physical performance, muscle activity and disturbed body fat composition in acromegaly.

Discontinuation of somatostatin analogs while acromegaly is in long-term remission.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the disease activity of medically controlled patients with acromegaly after withdrawal of somatostatin receptor ligands (SRL). METHODS: Sixteen patients who were on a stable dose of SRL for more than 2 years and had at least 1 year of remission were included in the study. Five patients were on 10 mg, four were on 20 mg and three were on 30 mg of octreotide; whereas for lanreotide, one was on 60 mg, two were on 90 mg, and one was on 120 mg. All patients had received SRL with 28-day intervals. Basal GH, IGF1, glucose-suppressed GH levels were measured with 3-month intervals for a total of 12 months after withdrawal. Sella MRI evaluation was obtained at 6-month intervals. If the nadir GH level after glucose suppression was >1 ng/ml or IGF1 was above the normal limits during the follow-up period, SRL was restarted. RESULTS: Three months after stopping SRL, 10 (63%) had biochemical disease recurrence. After 12 months of follow-up, in total 13 (81%) of the patients recurred. The final basal GH levels before withdrawal, basal GH at month-3, and glucose suppressed GH levels were significantly lower in patients with sustained remission (p = 0.003, p < 0.001, and p = 0.001). Basal GH and glucose suppressed GH levels at month-3 were correlated with the basal GH levels at month-0 (r = 0.6, p = 0.008 and r = 0.5, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The final GH levels prior to discontinuation of SRL should be taken into consideration in patients with acromegaly in long-term remission. Moreover, the first visit 3 months after withdrawal is critically important for determining the future status of remission.

Impact of treatment satisfaction on quality of life of patients with acromegaly.

PURPOSE: To evaluate satisfaction of acromegalic subjects with their medical treatment and its contribution to their quality of life. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a total of 159 medications used in 133 subjects with acromegaly (controlled n = 84 and uncontrolled n = 49, female/male: 81/52). Subjects were asked to complete questionnaires on symptoms of depression (BDI) and satisfaction with the medical therapy they received for acromegaly (TSQM). Acromegaly cases also completed Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (AcroQoL). RESULTS: Subjects on pegvisomant therapy scored lower on convenience (p = 0.007). Cases on combination therapy had lower domain scores for effectiveness, convenience and global satisfaction in comparison to the cases on monotherapy (p = 0.01, p = 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). The time elapsed since diagnosis and the duration of medical therapy were positively correlated with effectiveness score (r = 0.2, p = 0.007 and r = 0.2, p = 0.04, respectively). The AcroQoL score was positively correlated with all domains of TSQM (for effectiveness r = 0.2, p = 0.01; for side effects r = 0.3, p = 0.001; for convenience r = 0.3, p = 0.004 and for global satisfaction r = 0.2, p = 0.01). In contrast, the BDI score was inversely correlated with all domains of TSQM (for effectiveness r = -0.3, p = 0.001; for side effects r = -0.2, p = 0.006; for convenience r = -0.3, p < 0.001 and for global satisfaction r = -0.3, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In acromegaly, quality of life, status of depression and satisfaction of the subjects with their treatment are intercorrelated.

Familial acromegaly due to aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene mutation in a Turkish cohort.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) is associated with 15-20% of familial isolated pituitary adenomas and 50-80% of cases with AIP mutation exhibit a somatotropinoma. Herein we report clinical characteristics of a large family where AIP R304X variants have been identified. AIP mutation analysis was performed on a large (n = 52) Turkish family across six generations. Sella MRIs of 30 family members were obtained. Basal pituitary hormone levels were evaluated in 13 family members harboring an AIP mutation. Thirteen of 52 family members (25%) were found to have a heterozygous nonsense germline R304X mutation in the AIP gene. Seven of the 13 mutation carriers (53.8%) had current or previous history of pituitary adenoma. Of these 7 mutation carriers, all but one had somatotropinoma/somatolactotropinoma (85.7% of the pituitary adenomas). Of the 6 acromegaly patients with AIP mutation (F/M: 3/3) the mean age at diagnosis of acromegaly was 32 ± 10.3 years while the mean age of symptom onset was 24.8 ± 9.9 years. Three of the six (50%) acromegaly cases with AIP mutation within the family presented with a macroadenoma and none presented with gigantism. Biochemical disease control was achieved in 66.6% (4/6) of the mutation carriers with acromegaly after a mean follow-up period of 18.6 ± 17.6 years. Common phenotypic characteristics of familial pituitary adenoma or somatotropinoma due to AIP mutation vary between families or even between individuals within a family.

Impact of exercise on quality of life and body-self perception of patients with acromegaly.

In acromegaly the impact of therapy on well-being and self-perception of patients is not clearly defined. The data existing on the effect of treatment on health-related quality of life in patients with acromegaly is inconclusive. In this study we addressed the effect of exercise on health-related quality of life, symptoms of depression and perception of body image in patients with acromegaly. Patients with acromegaly were stratified into two groups according to their participation in a prescheduled program of exercise. Participants in the study group performed exercise for 75 min a day for 3 days a week during cosecutive 3 months. Warming, cardio, strength, balance and stretching moves applied in every course. Both the exercise group and control group were asked to complete a questionnaire on quality of life, symptoms of depression and self-perception of body image. Each questionnaire was answered by both groups before the beginning of the exercise program (at month-0) and after the completion of the program (at month-3). In exercise group after the completion of exercise period there was a tendency towards decreament in body mass index and IGF-I, although not statistically significant (p = 0.08 and p = 0.09). Self-assessment of body image improved significantly after participation in the exercise program (p = 0.01). Present findings support that exercise may be an adjunctive method for patients with acromegaly to improve self esteem and perception.

Evaluation of ovarian reserve in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Human ovary is commonly the target of an autoimmune attack in cases of organ- or non-organ-specific autoimmune disorders. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is likely to be associated with ovarian dysfunction and diminished ovarian reserve. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible negative association between this significantly prevalent autoimmune disease and the ovarian reserve. Thirty-two premenopausal women with primary hypothyroidism, who under replacement therapy with thyroxine were recruited. Forty-nine healthy female subjects who had normal anti-thyroid antibody levels and were comparable with the HT group in terms of age and BMI values, comprised the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the study and the control patients in terms of antral follicle count. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were significantly higher in woman with HT compared to the control group. The results of this study found no impairment in ovarian reserve parameters of patients with HT. Interestingly, the results revealed a significant increase in serum AMH levels of the patients with HT compared to controls. Hashimoto's thyroiditis may share a common etiologic linkage with polycystic ovary syndrome; therefore, leading to elevated serum AMH levels, which we are currently unable to define elaborately.

5 -Alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone may contribute to perceptual processing and attention of the cases with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.

Neurosteroids (NSs) are endogenous steroid hormones, which are synthesised and metabolised within the central nervous system (CNS). NSs aid myelination and glial differentiation and modulate cognitive functions. Herein, we aim to investigate the relationship between NS levels, 5-alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone (5-α-DHP) and allopregnanolone (ALPG), and their relationship with cognitive changes in relapsing remitting MS patients.A total of 43 cases with well controlled, relapsing remitting MS composed the study group. The control group included 21 age and gender matched healthy controls (HC). MS patients were assessed by calculating Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, and the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRBNT) was performed in both MS group and HC. Levels of 5-α-DHP and ALPG levels were also evaluated for each participant.The median level of 5-α-DHP was 48 [IQR: 39.2-144.2] pg/mcgL in the MS group and 68.4 [IQR: 57.1-365.9] pg/mcgL in HC (p = 0.02). The median ALPG level was found to be 56.5 [IQR: 37.7-75.4] pg/mcgL in the MS group and 43.9 [IQR: 29.4-70.2] pg/mcgL in HC (p = 0.1). In both groups 5-α-DHP levels were positively correlated with Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) scores (HC: p = 0.01, r = 0.3 and MS: p = 0.03, r = 0.3). In the MS group, higher EDSS scores were associated with lower scores on Spatial Recall Test (SPART)-Delayed (p = 0.009, r= -0.4) and SDMT (p = 0.01, r= -0.4). The disease duration was negatively correlated with the scores on SPART-Immediate, SPART-Delayed and SDMT (p = 0.02, r= -0.4; p = 0.005, r= -0.4 and p = 0.05, r= -0.3).5-α-DHP may be lower even in well-controlled cases. 5-α-DHP may contribute to better perceptual processing and attention in cases with MS.

Effect of Resection and Surgical Experience on Survival in Patients with Craniopharyngiomas: Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery in Series of 31 Cases.

AIM: To share the surgical outcomes of 31 patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) at a single center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis of 31 craniopharyngioma cases (2013-2022) with a minimum 6-month follow-up included demographic data, preoperative findings, postoperative resection volumes, recurrence rates, pathological diagnoses, and complications. RESULTS: Herein, 34 EETS surgeries were performed on 31 patients (12 males, 19 females). The presenting symptoms included visual loss (58%), hypopituitarism (54.8%), and diabetes insipidus (25.8%). Gross total resection was achieved in 87% of the patients, with 64.5% total and 22.5% near-total resection. Total resection prevented recurrences, contrasting with 75% recurrence in the subtotal resection patients (p=0.000). The primary patients showed 73.1% total resection, while only 20% of the recurrent patients achieved it (p=0.049). When comparing the first 16 cases with the last 15 cases in terms of surgical experience, the rates of resection (p=0.040) and recurrence-free survival (p=0.020) in the last 15 cases were statistically significant. Patients with preoperative visual loss demonstrated 94.4% improvement or stability postoperatively. Postoperative complications included hypopituitarism (71.4%), permanent diabetes insipidus (60.8%), worsening vision (6.5%), cerebrospinal fluid leakage (9.7%), meningitis (6.5%), and a 3.2% perioperative mortality rate. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the role of surgical resection in craniopharyngiomas, emphasizing the impact of surgical experience on recurrence-free survival. Primary surgery, with minimal complications and maximal resection, is crucial in managing recurrence challenges. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery, particularly in experienced centers, offers advantages such as panoramic vision and access to the third ventricle base, facilitating total and near-total resection and extending recurrence-free survival.

Distinguishing Pituitary Metastasis and Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors through Conventional MR Imaging and Clinical Features.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Given their overlapping features, pituitary metastases frequently imitate pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in neuroimaging studies. This study aimed to distinguish pituitary metastases from pituitary neuroendocrine tumors on the basis of conventional MR imaging and clinical features as a practical approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this 2-center retrospective study, backward from January 2024, preoperative pituitary MR imaging examinations of 22 pituitary metastases and 74 pituitary neuroendocrine tumors were analyzed. Exclusion criteria were as follows: absence of a definitive histopathologic diagnosis, history of pituitary surgery or radiation therapy before MR imaging, and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors treated with medical therapy. Two radiologists systematically evaluated 13 conventional MR imaging features that have been reported more commonly as indicative of pituitary metastases and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in the literature. Age, sex, history of cancer, and maximum tumor size constituted the clinical/epidemiologic features. The primary cancer origin for this study was also noted. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used for the selection of variables, determining independent predictors, and modeling. Interobserver agreement was evaluated for all imaging parameters using the Cohen κ statistic or intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients with pituitary metastases (8 women; mean age, 49.5 [SD, 13] years) and 74 patients with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (36 women; mean age, 50.1 [SD, 11] years) were enrolled. There was no statistically significant distributional difference in age, sex, or maximum tumor size between the 2 groups. Lung cancer (9/22; 41%) was the most commonly reported primary tumor, followed by breast (3/22; 13.6%) and unknown cancer (3/22; 13.6%). Logistic regression revealed 3 independent predictors: rapid growth on control MR imaging, masslike or nodular expansion of the pituitary stalk, and a history of cancer. The model based on these 3 features achieved an area under the curve, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Brier score of 0.987 (95% CI, 0.964-1), 97.9% (95% CI, 92.7%-99.8%), 95.5% (95% CI, 77.2%-99.9%), 98.6% (95% CI, 92.7%-100%), and 0.025, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Two conventional features based on pituitary MR imaging with the clinical variable of history of cancer had satisfying predictive performance, making them potential discriminators between pituitary metastases and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. In cases in which differentiation between pituitary metastases and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors poses a challenge, the results of this study may help with the diagnosis.

Medium and Long-Term Data from a Series of 96 Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgeries for Cushing Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative data on Cushing's disease (CD) are equivocal in the literature. These discrepancies may be attributed to different series with different criteria for remission and variable follow-up durations. Additional data from experienced centers may address these discrepancies. In this study, we present the results obtained from 96 endoscopic transsphenoidal surgeries (ETSSs) for CD conducted in a well-experienced center. METHODS: Pre- and postoperative data of 96 ETSS in 87 patients with CD were included. All cases were handled by the same neurosurgical team between 2014 and 2022. We obtained data on remission status 3-6 months postoperatively (medium-term) and during the latest follow-up (long-term). Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathology results were obtained for each case. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration was 39.5±3.2 months. Medium and long-term remission rates were 77% and 82%, respectively. When only first-time operations were considered, the medium- and long-term remission rates were 78% and 82%, respectively. The recurrence rate in this series was 2.5%. Patients who showed remission between 3-6 months had higher longterm remission rates than did those without initial remission. Tumors >2 cm and extended tumor invasion of the cavernous sinus (Knosp 4) were associated with lower postoperative remission rates. CONCLUSION: Adenoma size and the presence/absence of cavernous sinus invasion on preopera-tive MRI may predict long-term postoperative remission. A tumor size of 2 cm may be a supporting criterion for predicting remission in Knosp 4 tumors. Further studies with larger patient populations are necessary to support this finding.

Acromegaly is associated with higher frequency of female sexual dysfunction: experience of a single center.

The aim of the study was to assess female sexual dysfunction (FSD), quality of life and depression status in female patients with acromegaly. Fifty-seven sexually active female patients with acromegaly disease (21 controlled, 36 uncontrolled) monitored by Cerrahpasa Medical School, Endocrinology and Metabolism out-patient clinic and age and body mass index-matched 46 healthy female subjects were included in the study. Sexual functions and status of depression in both patient and control groups were evaluated by using the Female Sexual Function Index Form (FSFI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. Quality of life was evaluated by using the Acromegaly Quality of Life (AcroQoL) Scale. Hormone levels were studied in the groups. The FSFI total score and desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction domains in patients with acromegaly were significantly lower than in the healthy controls (p ≤ 0.0001). There was no difference between biochemically controlled and uncontrolled patients with acromegaly with respect to FSFI scores (p = 0.7). AcroQoL total score in female patients with controlled acromegaly and uncontrolled acromegaly were 46.33 ± 16.5% and 50.13 ± 18.21%, respectively (p = 0.53). The difference in BDI scores between controlled and uncontrolled acromegaly patients was not significant but they were significantly higher in the control group (p ≤ 0.0001). In the correlation analysis, a negative correlation was found between FSFI total and BDI score (r = -0.69, p< 0.001), age (r = -0.45, p< 0.001), and IGF-I (r = -0.28, p = 0.006). This study showed that sexual dysfunction and depression rates in female patients with acromegaly are higher than in healthy females.

Von Hippel Lindau disease with metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor causing ectopic Cushing's syndrome.

We present a 39-year-old woman who was previously diagnosed with Von Hippel Lindau Disease (VHLD). She had surgery and radiotherapy for cranial hemangioblastoma (HA) 11 years ago and had unilateral adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma in another hospital 6 month prior to her admission to our center. Moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity, progressive weight gain and menstrual irregularities persisted after adrenalectomy. Her laboratory results were consistent with ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS). A pancreatic solid mass with a nodule on the left lung were revealed upon computed tomography. In addition, Gallium-68 Somatostatin Receptor PET confirmed the pancreatic involvement and demonstrated additional lesions on the left lung and in the aortocaval lymphatic system on the right side, suggesting metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with [177Lutetium-DOTA0,Tyr3] octreotate was performed on the patient, with no side effects observed. She was discharged from the hospital 10 days after the first cycle.

Acromegaly is not associated with irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: In acromegaly, the gastrointestinal system is under the influence of excessive growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-I). Increased bowel length and delayed transit time may cause functional disturbance of the bowel. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the frequency of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in cases with acromegaly. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three active cases with acromegaly newly diagnosed between 2010-2011 were included in the study. The control group consisted of ninety gender and age-matched healthy controls (HC). All cases were questioned for presence of IBS using Rome III criteria. Abdominal ultrasonography and colonoscopy results of acromegalic patients were obtained. In addition, cases with acromegaly were evaluated for their quality of life and status of depression by using the Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (AcroQoL) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. RESULTS: The median GH and IGF-1 levels of cases with acromegaly were 5.72 [IQR: 2.2-34] ng/ml and 753 [IQR: 503-1050] ng/ml, respectively. The median AcroQoL score of patients with acromegaly was 56 [IQR: 43-71.5] and the median BDI score was 16 [IQR: 11-21]. Rome III diagnostic criteria were positive in 2 of 23 acromegaly patients and in 3 of 90 HC (p=0.26). IBS was present in 1 of 23 of the acromegaly patients compared to 3 of 90 HC (p=0.81). CONCLUSION: Although acromegaly and IBS may cause similar gastrointestinal symptoms, acromegaly is not associated with a greater incidence of true IBS.

Ubiquitin-specific Protease 8 Gene Expression in Sporadic Pituitary Adenomas.

OBJECTIVES: In sporadic pituitary adenomas, the role of Ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) is not clearly defined. Mutations in USP8 gene are known to influence formation of the corticotroph adenomas. However, it has not been clarified whether changes in expression of USP8 have an impact on other pituitary adenomas or not. In this study we addressed the changes in USP8 gene expression levels in pituitary adenomas (PA) relative to non-adenomatous brain tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: USP8 gene expression analysis was performed on a total of 43 tissue samples from human pituitary adenomas and on 16 tissue samples from non-pituitary brain tissues (control group). Adenomatous tissues and control tissues were assessed for quantification of RNA expression of USP8.The levels of USP8 gene expression were determined relative to those in control group. RESULTS: Overall, the USP8 gene expression levels in PA were 3.7 times higher than the control brain tissues (CBT) (p=0.002). However, after stratification, only the USP8 in the secretory PA were higher than CBT(p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Present findings support that USP8 gene expression levels may contribute to pitutary tumorigenesis and hormonogenesis..

Do neurosteroids have impact on depression and cognitive functions in cases with acromegaly?

OBJECTIVE: Neurosteroids (NSs) are a distinct hormone group and, they are known for their contribution into the status of mood and cognitive functions. Whether they are also involved in the mood disturbances and cognition in acromegaly is not known. Herein we aimed to evaluate the relation of mood status and cognitive functions with the NS levels in cases with acromegaly. DESIGN: A total of 33 cases with acromegaly composed the acromegaly group (AG) and, 30 age and gender-matched cases without acromegaly composed the control group (CG). The levels of Allopregnanolone (AP), pregnenolone (PRG), 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androsterone (ADT), GH and IGF-1 were measured in each group. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depressive symptoms, whereas an extensive neuropsychological assessment with several neurocognitive tests were carried out for each subject by an experienced psychologist. RESULTS: Cases with acromegaly had lower 24OHC and DHEA levels (p = 0.002 and p = 0.007, respectively) in comparison to CG. Of the cognitive functions time to complete 1 s Series was significantly higher and, the scores on Switching Verbal Fluency Test, Boston Naming Test (BNT)-semantic and BNT-phonological, the highest learning point of Oktem Verbal Memory Processes Test (VMPT) were significantly lower in cases with acromegaly in comparison to those in controls (p = 0.004, p = 0.01, p < 0.001, p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). KAS-perseveration errors were higher in CG (p = 0.03). In AG the levels of AP were negatively correlated with the scores on Months backward Test (MBT), Animal Naming Test, Construction, BNT-spontaneous and positively correlated with BNT-incorrect answers; PRG was positively correlated with VMPT-retention scores, ADT was negatively correlated with MBT and 3 s Series scores, DHEAS was positively correlated with VMPT-the highest learning point whereas it was negatively correlated with MBT scores. Additionally, the scores on BDI were positively correlated with DHEA levels in AG. CONCLUSION: Cognitive changes may be encountered in acromegaly and, neurosteroids may contribute to the changes in certain cognitive functions.

The frequency and related factors of primary headaches in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of primary headache and potential biomarkers in patients diagnosed with Hashimoto thyroiditis. METHODS: Patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis referred to the outpatient endocrinology clinic were included in the study. The demographic data, thyroid function test results, and autoantibody titers were recorded. The headache's clinical characteristics were also determined. The same researcher used the visual analog scale for headache severity rating in all patients. RESULTS: 155 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis were included the study. There were 95 (61.3%) cases diagnosed with headache consisting of 20 (21.1%) migraine cases, 17 (17.9%) tension type headaches (TTHs), and 20 (21.1%) new daily persistent headaches (NDPHs). 38 of 155 (24.5%) had hypothyroidism related headaches (HRHs). There was no statistically significant relationship between the headache type and a high blood antibody level anti thyroid peroxidase antibody (p=0.135), while a positive correlation was found with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (p<0.001). Hashimoto patients with migraine (n=14, 70.0%) were found to have higher blood antibody levels, while these ratios were found as 86.8% (n=33) in HRH-patients, 76.5% (n=13) in TTH-patients, and 60.0% (n=12) in NDPH-patients. 86 of 155 (55.5%) patients reported new onset headaches after a Hashimoto's thyroiditis diagnosis, and the headaches persisted without hormone therapy in 48 (84.2%) of these patients. These patients diagnosed with primary headache and this was interpreted as demonstrating comorbidity between Hashimoto's disease and primary headaches. CONCLUSION: Detection of only the relationship between TSH level and headache suggested that different mechanisms play a role in the pathophysiology. In the diagnosis of primary headache, it is important to look into secondary reasons.

Metabolic Syndrome May Exacerbate Macular and Retinal Damage in Psoriasis Vulgaris.

Purpose: To evaluate whether cases with both psoriasis and metabolic syndrome are prone to retinal and macular changes. Materials and Methods: A total of 174 eyes of 87 subjects were evaluated. Of the 87 subjects, 24 had psoriasis, 19 had psoriasis and metabolic syndrome, 18 had metabolic syndrome only and 26 were healthy subjects. Biochemical analysis, anthropometric, blood pressure and optical coherence tomography measurements and thickness analysis were obtained for each case. Results: The superior retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was significantly lower in the psoriasis and metabolic syndrome group than in the psoriasis group. For all parafoveal quadrants, the ganglion cell complex thickness was statistically significantly lower in the psoriasis group than in the healthy group. The central macula was thinnest in the healthy group among the four groups. Conclusions: Psoriasis can cause retinal changes, and metabolic syndrome may cause additional damage in the retina and macula in cases with psoriasis.