A Snapshot of Doctoral Training in Epidemiology: Positioning Us for the Future.

Although epidemiology core competencies are established by the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health for masters-level trainees, no equivalent currently exists for the doctoral level. Thus, the objective of the Doctoral Education in Epidemiology Survey (2019) was to collect information on doctoral-level competencies in general epidemiology (doctoral) degree programs and other pertinent information from accredited programs in the United States and Canada. Participants (doctoral program directors or knowledgeable representatives of the program) from 57 institutions were invited to respond to a 39-item survey (18 core competencies; 9 noncore or emerging topic-related competencies; and 12 program-related items). Participants from 55 institutions (96.5%) responded to the survey, of whom over 85% rated 11 out of 18 core competencies as "very important" or "extremely important." More than 80% of the programs currently emphasize 2 of 9 noncore competencies (i.e., competency to ( 1) develop and write grant proposals, and ( 2) assess evidence for causality on the basis of different causal inference concepts). "Big data" is the most frequently cited topic currently lacking in doctoral curricula. Information gleaned from previous efforts and this survey should prompt a dialog among relevant stakeholders to establish a cohesive set of core competencies for doctoral training in epidemiology.

Residential segregation and overall survival of women with epithelial ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, the etiology of survival disparities in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is not fully understood. Residential segregation, both economic and racial, remains a problem within the United States. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effect of residential segregation as measured by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) on EOC survival in Florida by race and/or ethnicity. METHODS: All malignant EOC cases were identified from 2001 through 2015 using the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS). Census-defined places were used as proxies for neighborhoods. Using 5-year estimates from the American Community Survey, 5 ICE variables were computed: economic (high vs low), race and/or ethnicity (non-Hispanic white [NHW] vs non-Hispanic black [NHB] and NHW vs Hispanic), and racialized economic segregation (low-income NHB vs high-income NHW and low-income Hispanic vs high-income NHW). Random effects frailty models were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 16,431 malignant EOC cases were diagnosed in Florida among women living in an assigned census-defined place within the time period. The authors found that economic and racialized economic residential segregations influenced EOC survival more than race and/or ethnic segregation alone in both NHB and Hispanic women. NHB women continued to have an increased hazard of death compared with NHW women after controlling for multiple covariates, whereas Hispanic women were found to have either a similar or decreased hazard of death compared with NHW women in multivariable Cox models. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicated that racial and economic residential segregation influences survival among patients with EOC. Research is needed to develop more robust segregation measures that capture the complexities of neighborhoods to fully understand the survival disparities in EOC.

Racial and ethnic disparities in the overall survival of women with epithelial ovarian cancer in Florida, 2001-2015.

Many studies have focused on white and black disparities in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) but fewer include Hispanics. Florida presents a unique opportunity to study racial/ethnic disparities. This study examined racial/ethnic disparities in the overall survival of women with EOC in Florida by histology. All EOC cases from 2001 through 2015 were identified in the Florida Cancer Database System (FCDS). Survival curves by race/ethnicity and histology were generated by Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox regression evaluated the associations between race/ethnicity, histology, and survival. Eligible EOC cases (n = 21,721) identified in the 2001-2015 FCDS were included in the study. The median survival for non-Hispanic whites (NHWs), non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs), and Hispanics was 31, 21, and 35 months, respectively (p < 0.001). NHB had an increased [AHR 1.23 (95% CI 1.15, 1.30)] and Hispanics a nonsignificant decreased hazard [AHR 0.96 (95% CI 0.91, 1.02)] of death compared to NHW after controlling for other demographic, treatment, and tumor characteristics. Relative to NHWs, NBH had worse survival while Hispanics had equivalent survival. Future research should consider evaluating genetic and epigenetic modifications, and prevalence of cancer syndromes to further elucidate the etiologies of disease in these disparate populations.

Association between C-reactive protein and radiotherapy-related pain in a tri-racial/ethnic population of breast cancer patients: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Post-surgery adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) significantly improves clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients; however, some patients develop cancer or treatment-related pain that negatively impacts quality of life. This study examined an inflammatory biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP), in RT-related pain in breast cancer. METHODS: During 2008 and 2014, breast cancer patients who underwent RT were prospectively evaluated for pre- and post-RT pain. Pre- and post-RT plasma CRP levels were measured using a highly sensitive CRP ELISA kit. Pain score was assessed as the mean of four pain severity items (i.e., pain at its worst, least, average, and now) from the Brief Pain Inventory. Pain scores of 4-10 were classified as clinically relevant pain. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to ascertain the associations between CRP and RT-related pain. RESULTS: In 366 breast cancer patients (235 Hispanic whites, 73 black/African Americans, and 58 non-Hispanic whites), 17% and 30% of patients reported pre- and post-RT pain, while 23% of patients had RT-related pain. Both pre- and post-RT pain scores differed significantly by race/ethnicity. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, RT-related pain was significantly associated with elevated pre-RT CRP (≥ 10 mg/L) alone (odds ratio (OR) = 2.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02, 5.85); or combined with obesity (OR = 4.73; 95% CI = 1.41, 15.81) after adjustment for age and race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first pilot study of CRP in RT-related pain, particularly in obese breast cancer patients. Future larger studies are warranted to validate our findings and help guide RT decision-making processes and targeted interventions.

Teaching on the Continuum: Epidemiology Education From High School Through Graduate School.

Epidemiology education is increasingly recognized as a core science necessary for career preparation throughout the health sector, and graduate epidemiology instruction is continually being reevaluated to ensure students receive appropriate training. Recent work has also focused on the potential for epidemiology to be formally incorporated as a stand-alone discipline in undergraduate education and even integrated into wide-scale high-school science learning. As epidemiology educators, however, we face a tremendous challenge in that we should appreciate differences in students' instructional needs and goals (e.g., concepts and skills) at each educational level. In this article we propose an epidemiology learning continuum for students from high school through graduate school. We call for a student-centered instructional approach to best hone learners' grasp of concepts and skills. Furthermore, we propose scaffolded learning to help epidemiology students to develop more advanced insights and abilities as they progress in the field. This approach will not only best serve the discipline but also is well-aligned with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health's "Framing the Future" initiative for public health education for the 21st century.

Interrelationships of Cadmium, Smoking, and Angina in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a Cross-Sectional Study.

The interrelationships between cadmium biomarker levels, smoking, and myocardial infarction and stroke have been established. In this cross-sectional analysis, we explored the interrelationships of blood cadmium levels, smoking, and angina. We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2003-2014) accounting for the multi-staged complex sampling design. Participants 40-79 years of age with blood cadmium levels but without a history of myocardial infarction and/or stroke were included (n = 14,832). We examined blood cadmium levels (3 tertile groups) in relation to 3 (diagnosed, undiagnosed, and composite diagnosed and/or undiagnosed) angina outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, diabetes, smoking status, and household income were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of 14,832 participants, 741 (4.2%) had positive composite angina. The crude and adjusted ORs comparing those in the lowest tertile (referent group) of blood cadmium to those in the highest tertile for the composite outcome were 1.82 (95% CI 1.42-2.34) and 1.45 (95% CI 1.12-1.88), respectively. These cross-sectional data from a nationally representative sample contribute to the hypothesis that there are interrelationships between smoking, cadmium, and angina.

Is outdoor vector control needed for malaria elimination? An individual-based modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Residual malaria transmission has been reported in many areas even with adequate indoor vector control coverage, such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The increased insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes has resulted in reduced efficacy of the widely used indoor tools and has been linked with an increase in outdoor malaria transmission. There are considerations of incorporating outdoor interventions into integrated vector management (IVM) to achieve malaria elimination; however, more information on the combination of tools for effective control is needed to determine their utilization. METHODS: A spatial individual-based model was modified to simulate the environment and malaria transmission activities in a hypothetical, isolated African village setting. LLINs and outdoor attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) stations were used as examples of indoor and outdoor interventions, respectively. Different interventions and lengths of efficacy periods were tested. Simulations continued for 420 days, and each simulation scenario was repeated 50 times. Mosquito populations, entomologic inoculation rates (EIRs), probabilities of local mosquito extinction, and proportion of time when the annual EIR was reduced below one were compared between different intervention types and efficacy periods. RESULTS: In the village setting with clustered houses, the combinational intervention of 50% LLINs plus outdoor ATSBs significantly reduced mosquito population and EIR in short term, increased the probability of local mosquito extinction, and increased the time when annual EIR is less than one per person compared to 50% LLINs alone; outdoor ATSBs alone significantly reduced mosquito population in short term, increased the probability of mosquito extinction, and increased the time when annual EIR is less than one compared to 50% LLINs alone, but there was no significant difference in EIR in short term between 50% LLINs and outdoor ATSBs. In the village setting with dispersed houses, the combinational intervention of 50% LLINs plus outdoor ATSBs significantly reduced mosquito population in short term, increased the probability of mosquito extinction, and increased the time when annual EIR is less than one per person compared to 50% LLINs alone; outdoor ATSBs alone significantly reduced mosquito population in short term, but there were no significant difference in the probability of mosquito extinction and the time when annual EIR is less than one between 50% LLIN and outdoor ATSBs; and there was no significant difference in EIR between all three interventions. A minimum of 2 months of efficacy period is needed to bring out the best possible effect of the vector control tools, and to achieve long-term mosquito reduction, a minimum of 3 months of efficacy period is needed. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the value of incorporating outdoor vector control into IVM as a supplement to traditional indoor practices for malaria elimination in Africa, especially in village settings of clustered houses where LLINs alone is far from sufficient.

A cross-sectional survey of cadmium biomarkers and cigarette smoking.

Cadmium contamination of tobacco may contribute to the health hazards of cigarette smoking. The 2005-2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data provided a unique opportunity to conduct a cross-sectional survey of cadmium biomarkers and cigarette smoking. Among a sample of 6761 participants, we evaluated mean differences and correlations between cadmium biomarkers in the blood and urine and characteristics of never, former and current smokers. We found statistically significant differences in mean cadmium biomarker levels between never and former smokers as well as between never and current smokers. In current smokers, duration in years had a higher correlation coefficient with urinary than blood cadmium levels. In contrast, number of cigarettes smoked per day had a higher correlation coefficient with blood than urinary cadmium levels. These data suggest that blood and urine cadmium biomarker levels differ by duration and dose. These findings should be considered in evaluating any association between cadmium and smoking related diseases, especially cardiovascular disease.

Relationship Between Current Substance Use and Unhealthy Weight Loss Practices Among Adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between current substance use and unhealthy weight loss practices (UWLP) among 12-to-18 year olds. METHODS: Participants were 12-to-18 year olds who completed the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey in Florida (N = 5620). Current alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use was self-reported based on last 30-day use. UWLP was defined based on self-report of at least one of three methods to lose weight in last 30-days: (1) ≥24 h of fasting, (2) diet pill use, and (3) laxative use/purging. The reference group included those with no reported UWLP. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, academic performance, age-sex-specific body mass index percentiles, and perceived weight status were fitted to assess relationships between UWLP and current substance use. RESULTS: About 15 and 41 % of adolescents reported ≥1 UWLP and use of ≥1 substance in the last 30-days, respectively. Over half (60.1 %) of adolescents who reported substance use engaged in UWLP (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of current alcohol use (50.6 %) was the highest among those who reported UWLP, followed by marijuana (31.9 %), tobacco (19.7 %), and cocaine (10.5 %) use. Adolescents who reported current tobacco [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.7, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.1-3.6], alcohol (AOR 2.2, 95 % CI 1.9-2.6), or marijuana (AOR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.7-2.5) use had significantly higher odds of UWLP compared to their non-user counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study shows that substance use and UWLP behaviors are likely to co-exist in adolescents. Further studies are necessary to determine the temporal relationship between substance use and UWLP. It is recommended that intervention programs for youth consider targeting these multiple health risk behaviors.

Modelling optimum use of attractive toxic sugar bait stations for effective malaria vector control in Africa.

BACKGROUND: The development of insecticide resistance and the increased outdoor-biting behaviour of malaria vectors reduce the efficiency of indoor vector control methods. Attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs), a method targeting the sugar-feeding behaviours of vectors both indoors and outdoors, is a promising supplement to indoor tools. The number and configuration of these ATSB stations needed for malaria control in a community needs to be determined. METHODS: A hypothetical village, typical of those in sub-Saharan Africa, 600 × 600 m, consisting of houses, humans and essential resource requirements of Anopheles gambiae (sugar sources, outdoor resting sites, larval habitats) was simulated in a spatial individual-based model. Resource-rich and resource-poor environments were simulated separately. Eight types of configurations and different densities of ATSB stations were tested. Anopheles gambiae population size, human biting rate (HBR) and entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were compared between different ATSB configurations and densities. Each simulated scenario was run 50 times. RESULTS: Compared to the outcomes not altered by ATSB treatment in the control scenario, in resource-rich and resource-poor environments, respectively, the optimum ATSB treatment reduced female abundance by 98.22 and 91.80 %, reduced HBR by 99.52 and 98.15 %, and reduced EIR by 99.99 and 100 %. In resource-rich environments, n × n grid design, stations at sugar sources, resting sites, larval habitats, and random locations worked better in reducing vector population and HBRs than other configurations (P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference of EIR reductions between all ATSB configurations (P > 0.05). In resource-poor environments, there was no significant difference of female abundances, HBRs and EIRs between all ATSB configurations (P > 0.05). The optimum number of ATSB stations was about 25 for resource-rich environments and nine for resource-poor environments. CONCLUSIONS: ATSB treatment reduced An. gambiae population substantially and reduced EIR to near zero regardless of environmental resource availability. In resource-rich environments, dispersive configurations worked better in reducing vector population, and stations at or around houses worked better in preventing biting and parasite transmission. In resource-poor environments, all configurations worked similarly. Optimum numbers of bait stations should be adjusted according to seasonality when resource availability changes.

Global matters of epidemiology and the ethical challenges of addressing the health of populations.

PURPOSE: The American College of Epidemiology (ACE) held its 2022 Annual Meeting, September 8-11, with a conference theme of 'Pandemic of Misinformation: Building Trust in Epidemiology'. The ACE Ethics Committee hosted a symposium session in recognition of the global spotlight placed on epidemiology and public health due to the COVID-19 crisis. The ACE Ethics Committee invited previous Chairs of the Ethics Committee and current President of the International Epidemiological Association to present at the symposium session. This paper aims to highlight the ethical challenges presented during the symposium session. METHODS: Three speakers with diverse backgrounds representing expertize from the fields of ethics, epidemiology, public health, clinical trials, pharmacoepidemiology, statistics, law, and public policy, covering perspectives from the U.S., Europe, and Southeast Asia were selected to present on the ethical challenges in epidemiology and public health applying a global theme. Dr. D. Weed presented on 'Causation, Epidemiology and Ethics'; Dr. C.M. Pandey presented on the 'Ethical Challenges in the Practice of Digital Epidemiology'; and Dr. J. Acquavella presented on 'Departures from Scientific Objectivity: A Cause of Eroding Trust in Epidemiology.' RESULTS: The collective goal to improve the public's health was a mutually shared theme across the three distinct areas. We highlight the common ethical guidance and principle-based approaches that have served epidemiology and public health in framing and critical analysis of novel challenges, including autonomy, beneficence, justice, scientific integrity, duties to the profession and community, and developing and maintaining public trust; however, gaps remain in how best to address health inequalities and the novel emergence and pervasiveness of misinformation and disinformation that have impacted the health of the global community. We introduce an ethical framework of translational bioethics that places considerations of the social determinants of health at the forefront. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic required an expedited public health response and, at the same time, placed the profession of epidemiology and public health, its system, and structures, under the microscope like never before. This article illustrates that revisiting our foundations in research and practice and orienting contemporary challenges using an ethical lens can assist in identifying and furthering the health of populations globally.

Current ethical and social issues in epidemiology.

PURPOSE: The American College of Epidemiology held its 2021 Annual Meeting virtually, September 8-10, with a conference theme of 'From Womb to Tomb: Insights from Health Emergencies'. The American College of Epidemiology Ethics Committee hosted a symposium session in recognition of the ethical and social challenges brought to light by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and on the occasion of the publication of the third edition of the classic text, Ethics and Epidemiology. The American College of Epidemiology Ethics Committee invited the book editor and contributing authors to present at the symposium session titled 'Current Ethical and Social Issues in Epidemiology.' The purpose of this paper is to further highlight the ethical challenges and presentations. METHODS: Three speakers with expertise in ethics, health law, health policy, global health, health information technology, and translational research in epidemiology and public health were selected to present on the social and ethical issues in the current landscape. Dr. S Coughlin presented on the 'Ethical and Social Issues in Epidemiology', Dr. L Beskow presented on 'Ethical Challenges in Genetic Epidemiology', and Dr. K Goodman presented on the 'Ethics of Health Informatics'. RESULTS: New digital sources of data and technologies are driving the ethical challenges and opportunities in epidemiology and public health as it relates to the three emerging topic areas identified: (1) digital epidemiology, (2) genetic epidemiology, and (3) health informatics. New complexities such as the reliance on social media to control infectious disease outbreaks and the introduction of computing advancements are requiring re-evaluation of traditional bioethical frameworks for epidemiology research and public health practice. We identified several cross-cutting ethical and social issues related to informed consent, benefits, risks and harms, and privacy and confidentiality and summarized these alongside more nuanced ethical considerations such as algorithmic bias, group harms related to data (mis)representation, risks of misinformation, return of genomic research results, maintaining data security, and data sharing. We offered an integrated synthesis of the stages of epidemiology research planning and conduct with the ethical issues that are most relevant in these emerging topic areas. CONCLUSIONS: New realities exist for epidemiology and public health as professional groups who are faced with addressing population health, and especially given the recent pandemic and the widespread use of digital tools and technologies. Many ethical issues can be understood in the context of existing ethical frameworks; however, they have yet to be clearly identified or connected with the new technical and methodological applications of digital tools and technologies currently in use for epidemiology research and public health practice. To address current ethical challenges, we offered a synthesis of traditional ethical principles in public health science alongside more nuanced ethical considerations for emerging technologies and aligned these with lifecycle stages of epidemiology research. By critically reflecting on the impact of new digital sources of data and technologies on epidemiology research and public health practice, specifically in the control of infectious outbreaks, we offered insights on cultivating these new areas of professional growth while striving to improve population health.

Common topics discerned in ethics in epidemiology and public health syllabi: in-depth review.

This commentary reviews ethics in epidemiology and public health (PH) syllabi collected in 2011 and 2018. The syllabi repository was an American College of Epidemiology (ACE) Ethics Committee project to support institutions and faculty introducing, furthering or improving ethics in epidemiology and public health courses. Of 83 syllabi from 52 accredited public health schools and programs, 80 were reviewed to identify the most common ethics topics. The extracted information was categorized into eight main groups: (1) ethical/moral foundations and theories; (2) case studies in epidemiology/PH; (3) ethical issues in PH practice; (4) ethical issues in general epidemiologic/PH research; (5) ethical issues in specific research areas; (6) ethical issues in information technology; (7) ethical issues in other emerging topics in epidemiology/PH; and (8) others. The frequency of topics in each category was computed, and common topics were presented. Ethical issues absent from the syllabi were inferred. This commentary is intended to promote a dialog among those desiring to elevate epidemiology and public health ethics to an educational level commensurate with its importance.

The COVID-19 cannabis health study: Results from an epidemiologic assessment of adults who use cannabis for medicinal reasons in the United States.

Background: Clinical indications for medicinal cannabis include chronic conditions; thus users (MCUs) are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). The study aimed to provide data on cannabis use and self-reported behavioral changes among MCUs with preexisting chronic conditions in response to the pandemic.Methods: An internet-based questionnaire was administered to adults ≥18 who self-reported medicinal cannabis use within the past year. Data are from respondents between March 21 and April 23, 2020; response rate was 83.3%. Health conditions and cannabis frequency, route, and patterns of use were assessed via the COVID-19 Cannabis Health Questionnaire (Vidot et al. 2020).Results: Participants (N = 1202) were predominantly non-Hispanic white (82.5%) and 52.0% male (mean age 47.2 years). Mental health (76.7%), pain (43.7%), cardiometabolic (32.9%), respiratory (16.8%), and autoimmune (12.2%) conditions were most reported. Those with mental health conditions reported increased medicinal cannabis use by 91% since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic compared to those with no mental health conditions (adjusted odds ratio: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.38-2.65). 6.8% reported suspected COVID-19 symptoms. Two percent (2.1%) have been tested for COVID-19 with only 1 positive test result. Some MCUs (16%) changed their route of cannabis administration, switching to nonsmoking forms.Conclusions: The majority of MCUs reported at least one preexisting chronic health condition. Over half report fear of COVID-19 diagnosis and giving the virus to someone else; yet only some switched from smoking to nonsmoking forms of cannabis. Clinicians may consider asking about cannabis use among their patients, particularly those with chronic health conditions.

Recent trends in hospital utilization and mortality for HIV infection: 2000-2005.

OBJECTIVE: Ethnic minority populations have been disproportionately affected by the HIV disease. The objective of this report was to assess the prevalence and trend of HIV-related hospitalization and mortality in Florida in 2000 through 2005 by 6 sex- race/ethnic groups. METHODS: Using data from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration from 2000 through 2005, discharge records with primary or secondary diagnosis of HIV infection were included, and chi2 and Cochran-Armitage tests and multiple regression models were used in analyses. RESULTS: Of all HIV-related hospitalizations (N = 159695), about 56%, 28%, and 12% of records belonged to blacks, whites, and Hispanics, respectively. The average proportions of HIV hospitalization during the period of 2000-2005 were approximately 29% (black male), 27% (black female), 22% (white male), 9% (Hispanic male), 6% (white female), and 3% (Hispanic female) (all p < .01). The frequencies of death were the highest among black males followed by black females, white males, Hispanic males, white females, and Hispanic females. CONCLUSION: Sex-racial/ethnic disparities are evident in the HIV-related hospital utilizations and deaths. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for the disparities among hospitalized patients to reduce both health and economic consequences associated with HIV disease in Florida.

Hospital Length of Stay after Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery by Race/Ethnicity and Procedure Type among Florida Patients.

OBJECTIVES: Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (MBS) has become increasingly common as a treatment option for severely obese. We examined the association of hospital length of stay (LOS) by race-ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white [NHW], NH black [NHB]) and MBS-procedure among Florida inpatients. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of inpatient records was performed using the 2016 Florida Agency for Health Care Administrative (AHCA) data. Records of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB), and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) procedures based on ICD 10th edition code were analyzed. Via logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of longer LOS (≥2 versus < 2days) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for racial-ethnic groups (NHW versus other groups) and MBS type (SG versus LAGB or RYGB) adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and insurance status. RESULTS: The majority of the sample (N = 10,630, approximately 56% NHW, 21% NHB, 20% Hispanic, 3% Other) underwent SG (71%), followed by RYGB (24%) and LAGB (5%). Hispanic were more likely (aOR 1.27; 95% CI 1.14-1.42) and NHB were less likely (0.68; 0.61-0.75) than NHW to have longer LOS regardless of MBS type. Compared to SG, LAGB patients were more likely (2.09; 1.70-2.55) but RYGB patients were less likely (0.32; 0.29-0.36) to have longer LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Although LAGB is considered the least invasive MBS, recipients tend to stay longer in hospital after adjustment for health insurance and sociodemographic factors. Medical and socioecological reasons for racial-ethnic variations in LOS relating MBS should be explored further.

Lessons from the fields: a migrant HIV prevention project.

Migrant and seasonal workers are vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to poverty, inadequate knowledge of preventive strategies, and lack of access to health care. This study addresses the disparate impact of HIV among Hispanic and African American migrant workers in Immokalee, Florida, who use alcohol and other drugs. Through pilot testing to adapt the experimental and comparison interventions to these two distinct populations, research staff have learned the importance of (1) establishing and maintaining trust between outreach staff and the migrant community; (2) being aware of cultural nuances and practices that might create challenges to the research process, and the interaction of these factors with poverty; and (3) having flexibility in recruitment and intervention. As one of the first intervention studies in this population to use an experimental design and to focus on the social and contextual factors that contribute to risky behaviors, these lessons may provide guidance for future researchers.

Competencies acquired in epidemiology doctoral programs.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compile and describe the range of competencies imparted by doctoral programs in epidemiology using publicly available information. METHODS: Through the Council on Education for Public Health database, institutions conferring doctoral (PhD, ScD, DrPH) degrees in epidemiology were identified. The competencies listed on the corresponding institutions' websites were extracted and summarized. RESULTS: Forty-eight PhD and thirteen DrPH institutions indicate that their graduates will gain 11 common competencies. The most frequently noted competency for both PhD (93.7%) and DrPH (100%) degrees is related to the communication domain, reflecting the need for graduates to be able to effectively communicate epidemiologic information to others (epidemiology peers, other scientists, policy makers, students). CONCLUSIONS: Although variations in the listed competencies exist among doctoral programs in epidemiology, there are common competencies across programs. Further examination of these programs is required to capture information beyond that conveyed on the websites. This preliminary report, along with those findings presented in previous reports on doctoral education, may stimulate further discussion with a group of faculty teaching at the doctoral level, employers of doctoral graduates, and/or the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health representatives.

Expanding ethics curriculum resources: American College of Epidemiology's syllabus collection project.

This commentary provides an update on the evolution of the American College of Epidemiology's online and open-source collection of ethics syllabi in epidemiology and public health. Begun in 2011, the syllabus-collection project anticipated the Council on Education for Public Health's accreditation requirement calling for "the development of ethical practice" and identifying a need to "demonstrate our commitment to ethical dealings." The Ethics Committee of the American College of Epidemiology continued the project in 2018 seeking to acquire as many syllabi as possible for the repository; all 180 Council on Education for Public Health-accredited schools and programs were contacted and asked to share syllabi that addressed ethical and related issues. The overarching goal was to support institutions that have not yet introduced ethics into public health and epidemiology curricula. In total, 45 new syllabi were collected in 2018 and collated with the 38 acquired in 2011; 83 syllabi have been compiled from 52 accredited entities. Having a readily available on-line resource to support institutions and faculty seeking to introduce or improve the presentation of ethics in public health and epidemiology curricula is believed to be an important contribution to public health science and pedagogy.

Untangling the ethical intersection of epidemiology, human subjects research, and public health.

PURPOSE: Members of the American College of Epidemiology (ACE) Ethics Committee identified current ethics and epidemiology topic areas to consider for further discussion, consultation, teaching opportunities, and conference presentation. This article reflects on the activities of the Committee at the ACE Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, September 24-26, 2017. METHODS: The overall aim for the Ethics Committee was to engage members of the College and other audiences and highlight the evolution of ethics and epidemiology since the inception of the original Ethics Guidelines published by the ACE Ethics and Standards of Practice Committee in 2000. The Ethics Committee organized a symposium session at the 2017 Annual Meeting of ACE on the ethics of human subjects research as it relates to specialized areas of epidemiology and the intersecting role of public health. This article presents a summary and further discussion of that symposium session. RESULTS: Three topic areas were presented: an overview of ethics and epidemiology (E.S.P.), very high biomarker levels in environmental epidemiology research (S.M.P.), and the interface of epidemiology, human subjects research, and public health interventions (S.M.). This article begins by reviewing the foundations of epidemiology and public health and the well-known ethical principles of human subjects research. Then, it considers the ethical considerations in the use of population registry data in epidemiological research, environmental epidemiology, and epidemic surveillance and response. This article may form the basis of teaching of ethics principles related to epidemiology and public health and may serve as a companion piece to the original ACE Ethics Guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Researchers are increasingly faced with ethical considerations in diverse, nontraditional, and specialized areas of epidemiology and public health. This article illustrates these challenges with real-world examples of clinical and population registry data, the study of environmental biomarkers, and Zika virus epidemic; it also reviews relevant ethical principles underpinning these examples and identifies where gaps in knowledge may exist.