Dual elastography to discriminate adjacent stages of fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis B: A prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of dual elastography (dual-elasto) in continuous differentiation of liver fibrosis and inflammation in a large prospective cohort of patients with chronic HBV. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Adults with positive HBsAg for at least 6 months were recruited from 12 medical centers. Participants underwent dual-elasto evaluations. Biopsy was performed 3 days after dual-elasto examination. Four logistic regression models were trained and strung together into series models. Decision trees based on the series models were performed to achieve continuous differentiation of liver fibrosis and inflammation. The influence of inflammation on the fibrosis stage was also evaluated. A total of 560 patients were included in the training set and 240 in the validation set. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the series model were 0.82, 0.86, 0.93, and 0.96 to predict ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 in the validation set, which were significantly higher than those of serum markers and shear wave elastography (all p < 0.05), except for the ≥ F1 levels ( p = 0.09). The AUCs of the series model were 0.93, 0.86, 0.95, and 0.84 to predict inflammation stages ≥G1, ≥G2, ≥G3, and G4, respectively. Decision trees realized 5 continuous classifications of fibrosis and inflammation. Inflammation could enhance the mild fibrosis stage classification while showing limited influences on severe fibrosis or cirrhosis diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Dual-elasto demonstrated high performance in the continuous discrimination of fibrosis and inflammation in patients with HBV and could be used to diagnose mild fibrosis without the influence of inflammation.

CW-NET for multitype cell detection and classification in bone marrow examination and mitotic figure examination.

MOTIVATION: Bone marrow (BM) examination is one of the most important indicators in diagnosing hematologic disorders and is typically performed under the microscope via oil-immersion objective lens with a total 100× objective magnification. On the other hand, mitotic detection and identification is critical not only for accurate cancer diagnosis and grading but also for predicting therapy success and survival. Fully automated BM examination and mitotic figure examination from whole-slide images is highly demanded but challenging and poorly explored. First, the complexity and poor reproducibility of microscopic image examination are due to the cell type diversity, delicate intralineage discrepancy within the multitype cell maturation process, cells overlapping, lipid interference and stain variation. Second, manual annotation on whole-slide images is tedious, laborious and subject to intraobserver variability, which causes the supervised information restricted to limited, easily identifiable and scattered cells annotated by humans. Third, when the training data are sparsely labeled, many unlabeled objects of interest are wrongly defined as background, which severely confuses AI learners. RESULTS: This article presents an efficient and fully automatic CW-Net approach to address the three issues mentioned above and demonstrates its superior performance on both BM examination and mitotic figure examination. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness and generalizability of the proposed CW-Net on a large BM WSI dataset with 16 456 annotated cells of 19 BM cell types and a large-scale WSI dataset for mitotic figure assessment with 262 481 annotated cells of five cell types. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: An online web-based system of the proposed method has been created for demonstration (see https://youtu.be/MRMR25Mls1A).

α-Linolenic acid ameliorates pentylenetetrazol-induced neuron apoptosis and neurological impairment in mice with seizures via down-regulating JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Epilepsy ranks fourth among neurological diseases, featuring spontaneous seizures and behavioural and cognitive impairments. Although anti-epileptic drugs are currently available clinically, 30 % of epilepsy patients are still ineffective in treatment and 52 % of patients experience serious adverse reactions. In this work, the neuroprotective effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA, a nutrient) in mice and its potential molecular mechanisms exposed to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was assessed. The mice were injected with pentetrazol 37 mg/kg, and ALA was intra-gastrically administered for 40 d. The treatment with ALA significantly reduced the overall frequency of epileptic seizures and improved the behaviour impairment and cognitive disorder caused by pentetrazol toxicity. In addition, ALA can not only reduce the apoptosis rate of brain neurons in epileptic mice but also significantly reduce the content of brain inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-α). Furthermore, we predicted that the possible targets of ALA in the treatment of epilepsy were JAK2 and STAT3 through molecular docking. Finally, through molecular docking and western blot studies, we revealed that the potential mechanism of ALA ameliorates PTZ-induced neuron apoptosis and neurological impairment in mice with seizures by down-regulating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. This study aimed to investigate the anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of ALA, as well as explore its potential mechanisms, through the construction of a chronic ignition mouse model via intraperitoneal PTZ injection. The findings of this research provide crucial scientific support for subsequent clinical application studies in this field.

Synergistic Effects of Organosilicon and Cu(OH)2 in Controlling Sugarcane Leaf Scald Disease.

Sugarcane leaf scald is a systemic disease caused by Xanthomonas albilineans that limits sugarcane yield and quality. Previous research has shown that exogenous application of copper hydroxide to plants is effective in controlling this disease. However, long-term bactericide use causes serious "3R" problems: resistance, resurgence, and residue. It is therefore urgent to discover new methods for the improvement of bactericide efficiency and efficacy. In the present study, disease index values for leaf scald were measured in sugarcane seedlings over time to determine the effects of different concentrations of copper hydroxide, types of silicon additive, and treatment timing after inoculation with X. albilineans on controlling sugarcane leaf scald disease. Our results show copper hydroxide mixed with organosilicon additive could improve the bactericide efficiency and efficacy and reduce the growth of pathogenic bacteria, even at a reduced concentration in both laboratory and field conditions. This study provides an important practical model for controlling sugarcane leaf scald disease by reducing the concentration of bactericide and increasing its efficacy in sugarcane fields.

Silicon enhancement for endorsement of Xanthomonas albilineans infection in sugarcane.

Silicon (Si) is considered to be a plant growth and development regulator element as well as provide the regulatory response against various biotic stressors. However, the potential mechanism of Si enhancement to regulate plant disease resistance remains to be studied. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effects of Si application on the performance of sugarcane against Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) infection. Si was applied exogenously (0, 3.85 and 7.70 g Si/kg soil) and the results show that plant height, stem circumference and leaf width of siliconized sugarcane have been improved, which effectively reduced the disease index (0.17-0.21) and incidence (58.2%-69.1%) after Xa infection. Lowest values of MDA (348.5 nmol g-1 FW) and H2O2 (3539.4 mmol/L) were observed in 7.70 g Si/kg soil followed by in 3.85 g Si/kg soil (MDA: 392.6 nmol g-1 FW and H2O2: 3134.6 mmol/L) than that of the control. Whereas, PAL enzyme activity (50.8 mmol/L), JA (230.2 mmol/L) and SA (2.7 ug mL-1) contents were significantly higher in 7.70 g Si/kg soil followed by in 3.85 g Si/kg soil (PAL: 46.3 mmol/L, JA: 182.7 mmol/L and SA: 2.4 ug mL-1) as compared to control. The lower MDA, H2O2 level and higher enzymatic activities were associated with the highest expression levels of their metabolic pathway associated genes i.e., ShMAPK1, ShLOX, ShPAL, ShAOS, ShAOC, ShC4H, ShCAT, Sh4CL and ShNPR1 (22.08, 15.56, 10.42, 3.35, 2.54, 2.14, 1.82, 1.67 and 1.22 folds, respectively) in 7.70 g Si/kg soil as compared to other experimental units and control. Overall, the results of current study indicates that siliconized sugarcane more actively regulates disease resistance through modulation of growth and MDA, H2O2, SA and JA associated metabolic pathways.

L-Histidine-DNA interaction: a strategy for the improvement of the fluorescence signal of poly(adenine) DNA-templated gold nanoclusters.

An interesting phenomenon is described that the fluorescence signal of poly(adenine) (A) DNA-templated gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) is greatly improved in the presence of L-histidine by means of L-histidine-DNA interaction. The modified nanoclusters display strong fluorescence emission with excitation/emission maxima at 290/475 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield (QY) is improved from 1.9 to 6.5%. Fluorescence enhancement is mainly ascribed to the L-histidine-DNA interaction leading to conformational changes of the poly(A) DNA template, which offer a better microenvironment to protect AuNCs. The assay enables L-histidine to be determined with good sensitivity and a linear response that covers the 1 to 50 nM L-histidine concentration range with a 0.3 nM limit of detection. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of imidazole-containing drugs in pharmaceutical samples. A turn-on fluorescent method has been designed for the sensitive detection of L-histidine as well as imidazole-containing drugs on the basis of the L-histidine-DNA interaction.

Molecular characterization of DNA methyltransferase 1 and its role in temperature change of armyworm Mythimna separata Walker.

DNA methylation refers to the addition of cytosine residues in a CpG context (5'-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3'). As one of the most common mechanisms of epigenetic modification, it plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and in a diverse range of biological processes across all multicellular organisms. The relationship between temperature and DNA methylation and how it acts on the adaptability of migratory insects remain unknown. In the present work, a 5,496 bp full-length complementary DNA encoding 1,436 amino acids (named MsDnmt1) was cloned from the devastating migratory pest oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker. The protein shares 36.8-84.4% identity with other insect Dnmt1 isoforms. Spatial and temporal expression analysis revealed that MsDnmt1 was highly expressed in adult stages and head tissue. The changing temperature decreased the expression of MsDnmt1 in both high and low temperature condition. Besides, we found that M. separata exhibited the shortest duration time from the last instar to pupae under 36°C environment when injected with DNA methylation inhibitor. Therefore, our data highlight a potential role for DNA methylation in thermal resistance, which help us to understand the biological role adaptability and colonization of migratory pest in various environments.

Novel thermosensitive hydrogels based on methoxy polyethylene glycol-co-poly(lactic acid-co-aromatic anhydride) for cefazolin delivery.

Thermosensitive micelles composed of a copolymer of methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG), polylactic acid (PLA), and 1,6-bis (p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane (CPH), namely methoxy polyethylene glycol-co-polylactic acid-co-aromatic anhydride (mPEG-PLCPHA), were fabricated for application as a promising hydrophilic drug carrier. The copolymer can self-assemble into micelles in PBS by hydrophobic interaction. The diameters of these micelles increased as the environmental temperature increased. An increase in viscosity with sol-to-gel transition occurred as temperature increased from room temperature to body temperature. During the in vitro degradation process, hydrogels demonstrated a more stable degradation rate. Both in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity results showed that the materials had excellent biocompatibility due to less acidic products formation. In vitro cefazolin release profiles showed a stable release for 30 days. The hydrogel encapsulated cefazolin exhibited a good antibacterial effect. Based on these results, mPEG-PLCPHA can serve as an injectable depot gel for drug delivery. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: In this study, thermosensitive hydrogel encapsulated cefazolin was found to exhibit good antibacterial effects with sustained levels for up to 30 days, enabling the development of an injectable depot gel for long-term drug delivery.

Effect of tamoxifen, methoxyprogesterone acetate and combined treatment on cellular proliferation and apoptosis in SKOV3/DDP cells via the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tamoxifen (TAM), methoxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and their combined treatment on cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer SKOV3/DDP cells, as well as the potential mechanisms. METHODS: MTT assay was used to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µM) of TAM, MPA and their combined treatment on the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer SKOV3/DDP cells. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the cell cycle and apoptosis rate of SKOV3/DDP cells treated with medium concentration (10 µM) of TAM, MPA and their combined treatment. Change in the protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to drug treatments was measured using Western-blot. RESULTS: The proliferation of SKOV3/DDP cells was inhibited by 1, 10 and 100 µM of TAM or MPA in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to the control group, 10 µM TAM could significantly arrest SKOV3/DDP cells in the G0/G1 stage and induce apoptosis (p < 0.01). However, 10 µM MPA only promoted cell apoptosis, while exhibited little effect on the cell cycle. We further found that 10 µM TAM could remarkably reduce the protein expression of VEGF, while 10 µM MPA only induce a slight reduction. Strikingly, the combined treatment of TAM and MPA exhibited additive effect on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis rate and VEGF expression of SKOV3/DDP cells. CONCLUSIONS: We found that TAM, MPA and their combined treatment exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer SKOV3/DDP cells. Hence, TAM and MPA could be potential cytotoxic drugs to treat cisplatin-resistant patients with advanced ovarian cancer.

Lycopene ameliorates insulin resistance and increases muscle capillary density in aging via activation of SIRT1.

Lycopene (Ly) is a kind of hydrocarbon, which belongs to the family of tetraterpene carotene and exists in red fruits and vegetables. The decrease of capillary density and blood flow with age is a significant reason for the increase of mortality and morbidity. Herein, our study aims to explore the effects of Ly (a bioactive food compound) on vascular aging in vitro and in vivo and its potential mechanisms. The cytological results showed that Ly could promote the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) and enhance the ability of HUVECs to form capillary-like structures. Furthermore, the expression of SIRT1 in aged HUVECs was up-regulated. In vivo, aging rats showed signs of insulin resistance and blood vessel damage. Additionally, the capillary density and blood flow were reduced during the vascular aging process in both D-gal-induced and naturally aging muscle. However, when Ly was given, these conditions could be reversed. Simultaneously, the contents of ATP, lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined, and it was found that Ly could promote angiogenesis by increasing the utilization rate of glucose and promoting energy metabolism. Finally, in the insulin resistance cell model, we knocked down the SIRT1 and administrated with Ly, and found that it couldn't restore insulin transdution. In conclusion, all the data in this study demonstrate that Ly could reactivate SIRT1 and improve insulin resistance, which was a reversible cause of vascular aging.

Glutathione-stabilized copper nanoclusters mediated-inner filter effect for sensitive and selective determination of p-nitrophenol and alkaline phosphatase activity.

A simple and highly selective fluorescence biosensor has been exploited for p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity detection based on the glutathione-stabilized copper nanoclusters (GSH-CuNCs) mediated-inner filter effect (IFE). The GSH-CuNCs were prepared by employing GSH as stabilizer and ascorbic acid (AA) as reductant. The obtained GSH-CuNCs exhibited a strong blue fluorescence emission at 420 nm with an excitation wavelength of 365 nm, which overlapped largely with the absorption spectra of p-nitrophenol (p-NP). Therefore, the luminescence of GSH-CuNCs could be quenched by p-NP through inner filter effect. In addition, ALP catalyzed the substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) to form p-nitrophenol (p-NP), which also leading to the fluorescence quenching of GSH-CuNCs. The fluorescent strategy was realized for the sensitive determination of p-NP and ALP activity with the promising limit of detection of 20 nM (for p-NP) and 0.003 mU⋅mL-1 (for ALP). Furthermore, the method could be applied to detect the p-NP content in river water samples and ALP activity in human serum samples.

Liposome-assisted chemical redox cycling strategy for advanced signal amplification: A proof-of-concept toward sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.

This work presents a novel signal amplification strategy for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on liposome-assisted chemical redox cycling for in situ formation of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) on TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) electrode. The system was exemplified by ascorbic acid (AA)-loaded liposome, the redox cycling of AA utilizing tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) as reductant, and the use of Au nanoclusters (Au NCs)/TiO2 NTs as working electrode to implement the ECL detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Specifically, the AA-loaded liposomes were used as tags to label the captured PSA through a sandwich immunoreaction. After the lysate of the liposome was transferred onto the interface of Au NCs/TiO2 NTs in the presence of Au3+ and TECP, the chemical redox cycling was triggered. In the cycling, Au3+ was directly reduced in situ by AA to form Au NPs on Au NCs/TiO2 NTs electrode, whereas the oxidation product of AA was reduced by TCEP to regenerate AA. The large loading capacity of the liposome and chemical redox cycling resulted in the incomplete reduction of the Au NCs to Au NPs on the TiO2 NTs electrode, enhancing the ECL intensity greatly. The multiple signal amplification strategy achieved an ultrasensitive detection for PSA with a detection limit down to 6.7 × 10-15 g mL-1 and a wide linear concentration range from 1.0 × 10-14 to 1.0 × 10-8 g mL-1. It is believed that this work is anticipated to extend the employment of advanced chemical redox cycling reaction in the field of ECL bioassays.

Research Note: Effect of age on hematological parameter and reference intervals for commercial Lohmann silver layer.

Hematological parameters play a key role in assessing the disease states and physiological status of birds, however the reliable information of hematological reference values for Lohmann silver in the pre- and post-laying periods is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to research the effect of age on hematological parameters and provide reliable reference intervals for commercial Lohmann silver layer. Blood samples were obtained from 231 laying hens at different ages (5-37 wk) with 4-wk sampling intervals. A total of 12 hematological parameters including leucocytes (WBC, 109/L), red blood cell (RBC,1012/L), hemoglobin (HGB, g/L), hematocrit (HCT,%), mean corpuscular volume (MCV, fL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH, pg), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC, g/L), red cell distribution width (RDW,%), platelet count (PLT,109/L), mean platelet volume (MPV, fL), platelet volume distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT, fL) were determined with a reference value advisor. One-ANOVA and Tukey test were utilized to test for significant differences of each parameter between ages. Our findings showed that these parameters were significantly affected by age, except for HCT in the pre-laying period. And reference intervals for all parameters except MCH, MCHC, MCV, MPV, and PDW in the pre-laying period were higher than that in the post-laying period. The results of this study may serve as indispensable information when diagnosing the health of Lohmann silver layer.

Deep Learning Fast Screening Approach on Cytological Whole Slides for Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis.

Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer in the endocrine system, and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most prevalent type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 70 to 80% of all thyroid cancer cases. In clinical practice, visual inspection of cytopathological slides is an essential initial method used by the pathologist to diagnose PTC. Manual visual assessment of the whole slide images is difficult, time consuming, and subjective, with a high inter-observer variability, which can sometimes lead to suboptimal patient management due to false-positive and false-negative. In this study, we present a fully automatic, efficient, and fast deep learning framework for fast screening of papanicolaou-stained thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) and ThinPrep (TP) cytological slides. To the authors' best of knowledge, this work is the first study to build an automated deep learning framework for identification of PTC from both FNA and TP slides. The proposed deep learning framework is evaluated on a dataset of 131 WSIs, and the results show that the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 99%, precision of 85%, recall of 94% and F1-score of 87% in segmentation of PTC in FNA slides and an accuracy of 99%, precision of 97%, recall of 98%, F1-score of 98%, and Jaccard-Index of 96% in TP slides. In addition, the proposed method significantly outperforms the two state-of-the-art deep learning methods, i.e., U-Net and SegNet, in terms of accuracy, recall, F1-score, and Jaccard-Index (p<0.001). Furthermore, for run-time analysis, the proposed fast screening method takes 0.4 min to process a WSI and is 7.8 times faster than U-Net and 9.1 times faster than SegNet, respectively.

A clinical empirical study on the role of refined rice bran in the prevention and improvement of metabolic syndrome.

Rice bran contains lipolytic enzymes with extremely high activity that facilitate the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. This also causes rice bran to easily deteriorate, limiting its use, and they are not popular in the market. Researchers look forward to seeing the refined rice brans work well for metabolic syndrome. This study used gas cooling by liquid nitrogen and an instant sterilization system operated at high temperature to stabilize and refine the rice bran. The refined rice bran was compared using in vitro tests with three other types of rice bran that had not been specially treated. The refined rice bran was discovered to have superior solubility, fast absorption, and excellent oxidation resistance compared with the other three rice bran samples. In a human subject test, significant improvements in waistline, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and triglyceride level were discovered after participants ingested refined rice bran for 8 weeks. This indicated that consuming refined rice bran can reduce the waistline, control blood pressure and blood glucose, and inhibit fate formation. The items for which significance was obtained are also the indicators of metabolic syndrome, as stipulated by the World Health Organization. Therefore, according to the results of the human subject test, ingesting refined rice bran can improve the metabolic syndrome. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This refinement improved the in vivo absorption and stabilized the properties of the rice bran for better preservation. In this study, excellent results were obtained using the refined rice bran in both in vitro tests and a human subject test. Refined rice bran thus has potential for mass production and used as a health supplement. It can alleviate the symptoms of metabolic syndrome and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

[Changes of insulin resistance and islet beta cells function in subjects with high-normal blood pressure].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of insulin resistance and islet beta cells function in subjects with euglycemia and high-normal blood pressure. METHODS: Total 423 subjects were divided into normal blood pressure group and high-normal blood pressure group. Body height, weight, waist and hip circumference, and biochemical data were measured. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity index (ISI)-composite, and first-phase (1 PH) Stumvoll index were calculated. Results Waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR were significantly higher and IPH Stumvoll index and ISI-composite were significantly lower in high-normal blood pressure group than in normal blood pressure group (P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r = 0.122) and negatively correlated with 1PH Stumvoll index (r = -0. 159) and ISI-composite (r = -0.131) (P < 0.05). SBP and triglyceride were independent factors for IPH Stumvoll index. CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance and islet dysfunction may exist in subjects with high-normal blood pressure.

Prediction of the Antioxidant Response Elements' Response of Compound by Deep Learning.

The antioxidant response elements (AREs) play a significant role in occurrence of oxidative stress and may cause multitudinous toxicity effects in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Determining if one compound can activate AREs is crucial for the assessment of potential risk of compound. Here, a series of predictive models by applying multiple deep learning algorithms including deep neural networks (DNN), convolution neural networks (CNN), recurrent neural networks (RNN), and highway networks (HN) were constructed and validated based on Tox21 challenge dataset and applied to predict whether the compounds are the activators or inactivators of AREs. The built models were evaluated by various of statistical parameters, such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The DNN prediction model based on fingerprint features has best prediction ability, with accuracy of 0.992, 0.914, and 0.917 for the training set, test set, and validation set, respectively. Consequently, these robust models can be adopted to predict the ARE response of molecules fast and accurately, which is of great significance for the evaluation of safety of compounds in the process of drug discovery and development.

Incorporation of surface-modified hydroxyapatite into poly(methyl methacrylate) to improve biological activity and bone ingrowth.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the most frequently used bone void filler in orthopedic surgery. However, the interface between the PMMA-based cement and adjacent bone tissue is typically weak as PMMA bone cement is inherently bioinert and not ideal for bone ingrowth. The present study aims to improve the affinity between the polymer and ceramic interphases. By surface modifying nano-sized hydroxyapatite (nHAP) with ethylene glycol and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) sequentially via a two-step ring opening reaction, affinity was improved between the polymer and ceramic interphases of PCL-grafted ethylene glycol-HAP (gHAP) in PMMA. Due to better affinity, the compressive strength of gHAP/PMMA was significantly enhanced compared with nHAP/PMMA. Furthermore, PMMA with 20 wt.% gHAP promoted pre-osteoblast cell proliferation in vitro and showed the best osteogenic activity between the composites tested in vivo. Taken together, gHAP/PMMA not only improves the interfacial adhesion between the nanoparticles and cement, but also increases the biological activity and affinity between the osteoblast cells and PMMA composite cement. These results show that gHAP and its use in polymer/bioceramic composite has great potential to improve the functionality of PMMA cement.

Association of ghrelin polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in Han Nationality Chinese.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of ghrelin gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in Han Nationality Chinese. METHODS: A total of 240 patients with metabolic syndrome and 427 adults aged above forty years were recruited. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: The allelic frequency of the Leu72Met polymorphism was 17.3% in the patient group and 11.9% in the control group (chi2 = 7.36, P = 0.007). Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent among carriers of the Met72 variant (43.8 vs 33.1%, age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio = 1.57, P = 0.01). No Arg51Gln variants were found in our study subjects. CONCLUSION: Rather than being associated with its individual components, Leu72Met polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome in the Han Nationality Chinese. Arg51Gln polymorphism is rare in the Han Nationality Chinese.

Identification of a regulatory single nucleotide polymorphism in the adiponectin (APM1) gene associated with type 2 diabetes in Han nationality.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic defects of the the adiponectin (APM1) gene that contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and determine the functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APM1 gene associated with T2DM in Han nationality. METHODS: The APM1 gene 5'-UTR was screened by direct sequencing to identify common polymorphisms. Identified SNPs were genotyped in 585 nondiabetic controls, 278 subjects with impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) and 212 patients with T2DM. The functions of SNPs in the regulatory region were assessed by reporter gene assay. Possible association between SNPs and plasma APMI levels or metabolic parameters was statistically assessed. RESULTS: Three SNPs were identified in the APM1 gene 5'-UTR. A case-control study revealed that SNP -11377 G/C had significant differences in allele frequencies between T2DM patients and nondiabetic controls (G 0.314/C 0.686 vs. G 0.265/C 0.735, P=0.03). Haplotype analysis of three SNPs in the APM1 gene showed that no significant association of haplotypes with T2DM. IGT was detected in the present study. Reporter gene assay showed that SNP did not influence the transcription efficiency in the 3T3-L1 cell line. CONCLUSION: SNP -11377 G/C in the proximal promoter region of the APM1 gene contributes to the development of T2DM in Han nationality but may not be a functional SNP in the APM1 gene.