Endotracheal Intubation after Acute Drug Overdoses: Incidence, Complications, and Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: Drug overdose is the leading cause of injury-related fatality in the United States, and respiratory failure remains a major source of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the incidence and risk factors for endotracheal intubation after acute drug overdose. METHODS: This secondary data analysis was performed on a 5-year prospective cohort at two urban tertiary-care hospitals. The present study analyzed adult patients with suspected acute drug overdose to derive independent clinical predictors of endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: We analyzed 2497 patients with acute drug overdose, of whom 87 (3.5%) underwent endotracheal intubation. Independent clinical risk factors for endotracheal intubation were: younger age (odds ratio [OR] 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-0.98), and history of obstructive lung disease (OR 6.6, 95% CI 3.5-12.3); however, heart failure had no association. Patients with obstructive lung disease had significantly more hypercapnia (mean difference 6.8 mm Hg, 95% CI 2.3-11.3) and a higher degree of acidemia (mean pH difference 0.04, 95% CI 0.01-0.07) than patients without obstructive lung disease. Lack of rapid sequence sedative/paralytic was associated with in-hospital fatality. Early complications of endotracheal intubation itself included desaturation (3.4%) and bradycardia (1%). CONCLUSIONS: Endotracheal intubation was infrequently performed on patients with acute drug overdose, and complications were rare when performed. Risk factors associated with endotracheal intubation included younger age and prior obstructive lung disease.

A Hanging and Its Complications.

Hanging has become the second most common form of successful suicide in the United States. Along with a high mortality rate, the long-term morbidity is consequential for both the individual patient and society. A thorough knowledge of the clinical approach will assist the emergency physician in providing optimal care and helping to minimize delayed respiratory complications. Using a case-based scenario, the initial management strategies along with rational evidence-based treatments are reviewed.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the CARE Measure in a primary care setting in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: The Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure is a validated patient-rated measure of consultation quality in the UK. OBJECTIVES: To provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the CARE Measure in a primary care setting in Hong Kong. METHODS: Following translation, back-translation and pilot testing, a Chinese version of the CARE Measure was developed and tested on 253 unselected primary care patients in Hong Kong. RESULTS: The Chinese-CARE Measure was regarded by patients as being relevant to their consultations, with on average only 5.5% of patients rating the items as not important (range 3.6-10.2% for individual items), suggesting high acceptability and face validity. This was also supported by the relatively low number of 'not applicable' responses recorded for the measure (average 8.2%, range 0.4-21.7% for individual items). Internal reliability was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.962) and was reduced by the removal of any of the 10 items, and homogeneity was indicated by high corrected item-total correlations (0.786-0.876). Factor analysis showed a single solution for the Chinese-CARE Measure items with high item loadings (0.821-0.891). Construct validity was further supported by significant hypothesized relationships with other variables (patient enablement and patient satisfaction). Consultation length and continuity of care were independent predictors of Chinese-CARE Measure score in stepwise multiple regression analysis but together explained <10% of variation in CARE score. CONCLUSION: These preliminary data support the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the CARE Measure in primary care in Hong Kong.