Hypermutation of the inactive X chromosome is a frequent event in cancer.

Mutation is a fundamental process in tumorigenesis. However, the degree to which the rate of somatic mutation varies across the human genome and the mechanistic basis underlying this variation remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we performed a cross-cancer comparison of 402 whole genomes comprising a diverse set of childhood and adult tumors, including both solid and hematopoietic malignancies. Surprisingly, we found that the inactive X chromosome of many female cancer genomes accumulates on average twice and up to four times as many somatic mutations per megabase, as compared to the individual autosomes. Whole-genome sequencing of clonally expanded hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from healthy individuals and a premalignant myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) sample revealed no X chromosome hypermutation. Our data suggest that hypermutation of the inactive X chromosome is an early and frequent feature of tumorigenesis resulting from DNA replication stress in aberrantly proliferating cells.

Reconstitution of EBV-directed T cell immunity by adoptive transfer of peptide-stimulated T cells in a patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for AITL.

Reconstitution of the T cell repertoire after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a long and often incomplete process. As a result, reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a frequent complication that may be treated by adoptive transfer of donor-derived EBV-specific T cells. We generated donor-derived EBV-specific T cells by stimulation with peptides representing defined epitopes covering multiple HLA restrictions. T cells were adoptively transferred to a patient who had developed persisting high titers of EBV after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). T cell receptor beta (TCRß) deep sequencing showed that the T cell repertoire of the patient early after transplantation (day 60) was strongly reduced and only very low numbers of EBV-specific T cells were detectable. Manufacturing and in vitro expansion of donor-derived EBV-specific T cells resulted in enrichment of EBV epitope-specific, HLA-restricted T cells. Monitoring of T cell clonotypes at a molecular level after adoptive transfer revealed that the dominant TCR sequences from peptide-stimulated T cells persisted long-term and established an EBV-specific TCR clonotype repertoire in the host, with many of the EBV-specific TCRs present in the donor. This reconstituted repertoire was associated with immunological control of EBV and with lack of further AITL relapse.

CVOT Summit Report 2023: new cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic outcomes.

The 9th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit: Congress on Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Outcomes was held virtually on November 30-December 1, 2023. This reference congress served as a platform for in-depth discussions and exchange on recently completed outcomes trials including dapagliflozin (DAPA-MI), semaglutide (SELECT and STEP-HFpEF) and bempedoic acid (CLEAR Outcomes), and the advances they represent in reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), improving metabolic outcomes, and treating obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). A broad audience of endocrinologists, diabetologists, cardiologists, nephrologists and primary care physicians participated in online discussions on guideline updates for the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes, heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD); advances in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its comorbidities; advances in the management of CKD with SGLT2 inhibitors and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (nsMRAs); and advances in the treatment of obesity with GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. The association of diabetes and obesity with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH) and cancer and possible treatments for these complications were also explored. It is generally assumed that treatment of chronic diseases is equally effective for all patients. However, as discussed at the Summit, this assumption may not be true. Therefore, it is important to enroll patients from diverse racial and ethnic groups in clinical trials and to analyze patient-reported outcomes to assess treatment efficacy, and to develop innovative approaches to tailor medications to those who benefit most with minimal side effects. Other keys to a successful management of diabetes and comorbidities, including dementia, entail the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology and the implementation of appropriate patient-physician communication strategies. The 10th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial Summit will be held virtually on December 5-6, 2024 ( http://www.cvot.org ).

High-Quality Cellulosic Fibers Engineered from Cotton-Elastane Textile Waste.

Even small amounts of elastane in cotton-elastane blended textiles can prevent fiber-to-fiber recycling strategies in textile recycling. Herein, the selective separation of elastane from cotton blends was addressed by the aminolytic degradation of the synthetic component. Polar aprotic solvents were tested as elastane solvents, but side reactions impeded aminolysis with some of them. Aminolysis of elastane succeeded under mild conditions using dimethyl sulfoxide in combination with diethylenetriamine and 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene as a cleaving agent and catalyst, respectively. The analysis of the nitrogen content in the recovered cellulose fraction demonstrated that 2 h of reaction at 80 °C reduced the elastane content to values lower than 0.08%. The characterization of the recovered cellulose showed that the applied conditions did not affect the macromolecular properties of cellulose and maintained a cellulose I crystal structure. Degraded elastane products were recovered through precipitation with water. Finally, the cellulosic component was turned into new fibers by dry-jet wet spinning with excellent tensile properties.

Senescence-associated reprogramming promotes cancer stemness.

Cellular senescence is a stress-responsive cell-cycle arrest program that terminates the further expansion of (pre-)malignant cells. Key signalling components of the senescence machinery, such as p16INK4a, p21CIP1 and p53, as well as trimethylation of lysine 9 at histone H3 (H3K9me3), also operate as critical regulators of stem-cell functions (which are collectively termed 'stemness'). In cancer cells, a gain of stemness may have profound implications for tumour aggressiveness and clinical outcome. Here we investigated whether chemotherapy-induced senescence could change stem-cell-related properties of malignant cells. Gene expression and functional analyses comparing senescent and non-senescent B-cell lymphomas from Eµ-Myc transgenic mice revealed substantial upregulation of an adult tissue stem-cell signature, activated Wnt signalling, and distinct stem-cell markers in senescence. Using genetically switchable models of senescence targeting H3K9me3 or p53 to mimic spontaneous escape from the arrested condition, we found that cells released from senescence re-entered the cell cycle with strongly enhanced and Wnt-dependent clonogenic growth potential compared to virtually identical populations that had been equally exposed to chemotherapy but had never been senescent. In vivo, these previously senescent cells presented with a much higher tumour initiation potential. Notably, the temporary enforcement of senescence in p53-regulatable models of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia was found to reprogram non-stem bulk leukaemia cells into self-renewing, leukaemia-initiating stem cells. Our data, which are further supported by consistent results in human cancer cell lines and primary samples of human haematological malignancies, reveal that senescence-associated stemness is an unexpected, cell-autonomous feature that exerts its detrimental, highly aggressive growth potential upon escape from cell-cycle blockade, and is enriched in relapse tumours. These findings have profound implications for cancer therapy, and provide new mechanistic insights into the plasticity of cancer cells.

Reductive Amination of Dialdehyde Cellulose: Access to Renewable Thermoplastics.

The reductive amination of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) with 2-picoline borane was investigated for its applicability in the generation of bioderived thermoplastics. Five primary amines, both aliphatic and aromatic, were introduced to the cellulose backbone. The influences of the side chains on the course of the reaction were examined by various analytical techniques with microcrystalline cellulose as a model compound. The obtained insights were transferred to a 39%-oxidized softwood kraft pulp to study the thermal properties of thereby generated high-molecular-weight thermoplastics. The number-average molecular weights (Mn) of the diamine celluloses, ranging from 60 to 82 kD, were investigated by gel permeation chromatography. The diamine celluloses exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tg) from 71 to 112 °C and were stable at high temperatures. Diamine cellulose generated from aniline and DAC showed the highest conversion, the highest Tg (112 °C), and a narrow molecular weight distribution (D̵ of 1.30).

Mucosal melanomas of different anatomic sites share a common global DNA methylation profile with cutaneous melanoma but show location-dependent patterns of genetic and epigenetic alterations.

Cutaneous, ocular, and mucosal melanomas are histologically indistinguishable tumors that are driven by a different spectrum of genetic alterations. With current methods, identification of the site of origin of a melanoma metastasis is challenging. DNA methylation profiling has shown promise for the identification of the site of tumor origin in various settings. Here we explore the DNA methylation landscape of melanomas from different sites and analyze if different melanoma origins can be distinguished by their epigenetic profile. We performed DNA methylation analysis, next generation DNA panel sequencing, and copy number analysis of 82 non-cutaneous and 25 cutaneous melanoma samples. We further analyzed eight normal melanocyte cell culture preparations. DNA methylation analysis separated uveal melanomas from melanomas of other primary sites. Mucosal, conjunctival, and cutaneous melanomas shared a common global DNA methylation profile. Still, we observed location-dependent DNA methylation differences in cancer-related genes, such as low frequencies of RARB (7/63) and CDKN2A promoter methylation (6/63) in mucosal melanomas, or a high frequency of APC promoter methylation in conjunctival melanomas (6/9). Furthermore, all investigated melanomas of the paranasal sinus showed loss of PTEN expression (9/9), mainly caused by promoter methylation. This was less frequently seen in melanomas of other sites (24/98). Copy number analysis revealed recurrent amplifications in mucosal melanomas, including chromosomes 4q, 5p, 11q and 12q. Most melanomas of the oral cavity showed gains of chromosome 5p with TERT amplification (8/10), while 11q amplifications were enriched in melanomas of the nasal cavity (7/16). In summary, mucosal, conjunctival, and cutaneous melanomas show a surprisingly similar global DNA methylation profile and identification of the site of origin by DNA methylation testing is likely not feasible. Still, our study demonstrates tumor location-dependent differences of promoter methylation frequencies in specific cancer-related genes together with tumor site-specific enrichment for specific chromosomal changes and genetic mutations. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Profile of the multicenter cohort of the German Cancer Consortium's Clinical Communication Platform.

Treatment concepts in oncology are becoming increasingly personalized and diverse. Successively, changes in standards of care mandate continuous monitoring of patient pathways and clinical outcomes based on large, representative real-world data. The German Cancer Consortium's (DKTK) Clinical Communication Platform (CCP) provides such opportunity. Connecting fourteen university hospital-based cancer centers, the CCP relies on a federated IT-infrastructure sourcing data from facility-based cancer registry units and biobanks. Federated analyses resulted in a cohort of 600,915 patients, out of which 232,991 were incident since 2013 and for which a comprehensive documentation is available. Next to demographic data (i.e., age at diagnosis: 2.0% 0-20 years, 8.3% 21-40 years, 30.9% 41-60 years, 50.1% 61-80 years, 8.8% 81+ years; and gender: 45.2% female, 54.7% male, 0.1% other) and diagnoses (five most frequent tumor origins: 22,523 prostate, 18,409 breast, 15,575 lung, 13,964 skin/malignant melanoma, 9005 brain), the cohort dataset contains information about therapeutic interventions and response assessments and is connected to 287,883 liquid and tissue biosamples. Focusing on diagnoses and therapy-sequences, showcase analyses of diagnosis-specific sub-cohorts (pancreas, larynx, kidney, thyroid gland) demonstrate the analytical opportunities offered by the cohort's data. Due to its data granularity and size, the cohort is a potential catalyst for translational cancer research. It provides rapid access to comprehensive patient groups and may improve the understanding of the clinical course of various (even rare) malignancies. Therefore, the cohort may serve as a decisions-making tool for clinical trial design and contributes to the evaluation of scientific findings under real-world conditions.

Thermo-Reversible Cellulose Micro Phase-Separation in Mixtures of Methyltributylphosphonium Acetate and γ-Valerolactone or DMSO.

We have identified cellulose solvents, comprised of binary mixtures of molecular solvents and ionic liquids that rapidly dissolve cellulose to high concentration and show upper-critical solution temperature (UCST)-like thermodynamic behaviour - upon cooling and micro phase-separation to roughly spherical microparticle particle-gel mixtures. This is a result of an entropy-dominant process, controllable by changing temperature, with an overall exothermic regeneration step. However, the initial dissolution of cellulose in this system, from the majority cellulose I allomorph upon increasing temperature, is also exothermic. The mixtures essentially act as 'thermo-switchable' gels. Upon initial dissolution and cooling, micro-scaled spherical particles are formed, the formation onset and size of which are dependent on the presence of traces of water. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and 13 C cross-polarisation magic-angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR spectroscopy have identified that the cellulose micro phase-separates with no remaining cellulose I allomorph and eventually forms a proportion of the cellulose II allomorph after water washing and drying. The rheological properties of these solutions demonstrate the possibility of a new type of cellulose processing, whereby morphology can be influenced by changing temperature.

Predictive biomarker for surgical outcome in patients with advanced primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Are we there yet? An analysis of the prospective biobank for ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most common subtype of ovarian cancer and is associated with high mortality rates. Surgical outcome is one of the most important prognostic factors. There are no valid biomarkers to identify which patients may benefit from a primary debulking approach. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to discover and validate a predictive panel for surgical outcome of residual tumor mass after first-line debulking surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Firstly, "In silico" analysis of publicly available datasets identified 200 genes as predictors for surgical outcome. The top selected genes were then validated using the novel Nanostring method, which was applied for the first time for this particular research objective. 225 primary ovarian cancer patients with well annotated clinical data and a complete debulking rate of 60% were compiled for a clinical cohort. The 14 best rated genes were then validated through the cohort, using immunohistochemistry testing. Lastly, we used our biomarker expression data to predict the presence of miliary carcinomatosis patterns. RESULTS: The Nanostring analysis identified 37 genes differentially expressed between optimal and suboptimal debulked patients (p < 0.05). The immunohistochemistry validated the top 14 genes, reaching an AUC Ø0.650. The analysis for the prediction of miliary carcinomatosis patterns reached an AUC of Ø0.797. CONCLUSION: The tissue-based biomarkers in our analysis could not reliably predict post-operative residual tumor. Patient and non-patient-associated co-factors, surgical skills, and center experience remain the main determining factors when considering the surgical outcome at primary debulking in high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients.

Chemically Accelerated Stabilization of a Cellulose-Lignin Precursor as a Route to High Yield Carbon Fiber Production.

The production of carbon fiber from bio-based or renewable resources has gained considerable attention in recent years with much of the focus upon cellulose, lignin, and cellulose-lignin composite precursor fibers. A critical step in optimizing the manufacture of carbon fiber is the stabilization process, through which the chemical and physical structure of the precursor fiber is transformed, allowing it to withstand very high temperatures. In this work, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to explore and optimize stabilization by simulating different stabilization profiles. Using this approach, we explore the influence of atmosphere (nitrogen or air), cellulose-lignin composition, and alternative catalysts on the carbon yield, efficiency, and rate of stabilization. Carbon dioxide and water vapor released during stabilization are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, providing further information about the stabilization mechanism and the accelerating effect of oxygen and increased char yield (carbon content), especially for lignin. A range of different catalysts are evaluated for their ability to enhance the char yield, and a phosphorus-based flame retardant (H3PO4) proved to be the most effective; in fact, a doubling of the char yield was observed.

Elevated liver enzymes and comorbidities in type 2 diabetes: A multicentre analysis of 51 645 patients from the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (DPV) database.

AIM: To assess the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes and associated diabetes-related comorbidities in type 2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between 2010 and 2019, 281 245 patients with T2D (aged 18-75 years) from 501 Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (DPV) centres were evaluated, resulting in analysis of 51 645 patients with complete data on demographics and liver enzymes. RESULTS: Elevated liver enzymes were found in 40.2% of all patients. However, only 8.6% of these patients had International Classification of Diseases-10 codes for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and/or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, body mass index and glycated haemoglobin, a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension (P < 0.0001), dyslipidaemia (P < 0.0001), peripheral artery disease (P = 0.0029), myocardial infarction (P = 0.0003), coronary artery disease (P = 0.0001), microalbuminuria (P < 0.0001) and chronic kidney disease (P < 0.0001) was seen in patients with elevated versus normal liver enzymes. The prevalence of elevated liver enzymes was lowest in patients receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors or a combination of SGLT2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. CONCLUSION: Elevated liver enzymes are common in patients with T2D and clearly correlate with a higher prevalence of clinically relevant comorbidities. Assessing liver enzymes should be standard clinical routine in T2D due to a possible predictive role for comorbidities and complications.

Disease heterogeneity of adult diabetes based on routine clinical variables at diagnosis: Results from the German/Austrian Diabetes Follow-up Registry.

AIM: To cluster adults with diabetes using variables from real-world clinical care at manifestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We applied hierarchical clustering using Ward's method to 56 869 adults documented in the prospective Diabetes Follow-up Registry (DPV). Clustering variables included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), components of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension/dyslipidaemia/hyperuricaemia) and beta-cell antibody status. Time until use of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), use of insulin, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), retinopathy or neuropathy were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression models. RESULTS: We identified eight clusters: four clusters comprised early diabetes onset (median age 40-50 years) but differed with regard to BMI, HbA1c, DKA and antibody positivity. Two clusters included adults with diabetes onset aged in their early 60s who met target HbA1c, but differed in BMI and sex distribution. Two clusters were characterized by late diabetes onset (median age 69 and 77 years) and comparatively low BMI, but differences in HbA1c. Earlier insulin use was observed in adults with high HbA1c, and earlier OAD use was observed in those with high BMI. Time until CKD or CVD was shorter in those with late onset, whereas retinopathy occurred earlier in adults with late onset and high HbA1c, and in adults with early onset, but high HbA1c and high percentage of antibody positivity. CONCLUSIONS: Adult diabetes is heterogeneous beyond classical type 1/type 2 diabetes, based on easily available variables in clinical practice using an automated clustering algorithm that allows both continuous and binary variables.

Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of 1-Alkylidene/Arylidene-1,2,4-triazolinium Salts: A Combined NMR/Density Functional Theory Approach.

In a recent report on the synthetic approach to the novel substance class of 1-alkylidene/arylidene-1,2,4-triazolinium salts, a reaction mechanism suggesting a regioselective outcome was proposed. This hypothesis was tested via a combined NMR and density functional theory (DFT) approach. To this end, three experiments with 13C-labeled carbonyl reactants were monitored in situ by solution-state NMR. In one experiment, an intermediate as described in the former mechanistic proposal was observed. However, incorporation of 13C isotope labels into multiple sites of the heterocycle could not be reconciled with the "regioselective mechanism". It was found that an unproductive reaction pathway can lead to 13C scrambling, along with metathetical carbonyl exchange. According to DFT calculations, the concurring reaction pathways are connected via a thermodynamically controlled cyclic 1,3-oxazetidine intermediate. The obtained insights were applied in a synthetic study including aliphatic ketones and para-substituted benzaldehydes. The mechanistic peculiarities set the potential synthetic scope of the novel reaction type.

Cerebral Abnormalities in Spina Bifida: A Neuropathological Study.

INTRODUCTION: Spina bifida (SB) is the most common neural tube defect in humans. Here, we analyzed systematically the neuropathological findings of the brain in SB cases. METHODS: 79 cases with SB aperta (SBA) and 6 cases with SB occulta (SBO) autopsied at the Charité Neuropathology from 1974 to 2000 were re-evaluated retrospectively. For this, case files and spinal cord as well as brain sections were studied. RESULTS: While no brain malformations were detected in SBO cases, 95% of SBA cases had brain malformations. Main brain anomalies identified were hydrocephalus (71%), Chiari II malformation (36%), heterotopia (34%), other cerebellar anomalies (36%), gyrification defects (33%), and ependymal denudation (29%). Hydrocephalus was observed as early as gestational week 17 and was highly associated to Chiari II and ependymal denudation. In 55% SBA was accompanied by further anomalies not primarily affecting the CNS. CONCLUSION: We confirm using neuropathologic methods brain malformations in most SBA but none in SBO cases. In addition to our previous radiologic study, we now demonstrate the high prevalence of cerebellar malformations and cerebral heterotopias in SBA. The early detection of hydrocephalus and Chiari II malformation in fetuses raises the question whether these arise parallel rather than in strict temporal sequence.

Survey on implementation of molecular testing in ovarian cancer and PARP inhibitor: a national North-Eastern German Society of Gynecologic Oncology/Young Academy of Gynecologic Oncology/Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie intergroup analysis.

BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, BRCA testing has evolved as a standard management in epithelial ovarian cancer. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the implementation of molecular testing and PARP inhibitor therapy in Germany. METHODS: The questionnaire contained 40 questions covering real-life data on genetic testing and the use of PARP inhibitors. It was divided into three main parts: basic demographics of respondents, genetic counseling and testing, and treatment with PARP inhibitors. The questionnaire was distributed via mail between August 2020 and May 2021. RESULTS: A total of 315 physicians participated in the survey, of whom 54.9% were specialized in the field of gynecologic oncology. Two-thirds of respondents (67.4%) stated that they tested more than 80% of patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer for BRCA mutation; however, only 42.5% of gynecologists who performed genetic counseling had an additional qualification in subject-specific genetic counseling, which is mandatory for predictive genetic testing in Germany. The main reasons for failure of BRCA testing were patient refusal (54.6%) and organizational or logistical issues (31.7%). Only 13.7% of respondents felt sufficiently equipped with supportive information material on patient counseling, whereas a high need for information material was indicated by 86.3% of the respondents. Molecular tumor profiling to infer homologous recombination (HR) deficiency status was provided by only 53.3% of institutions. PARP inhibitors were applied on a regular basis by 62.1% of respondents. The most important criteria for selection of appropriate PARP inhibitor therapy were the side effect profile (78.2%) and efficacy (71.2%). The majority of respondents (66.5%) preferred a combination of olaparib and bevacizumab over PARP inhibitors alone in the frontline setting. CONCLUSION: Adequate structure for BRCA/HR deficiency testing, and systematic education programs are needed to prevent delay in counseling and undertreatment of women with epithelial ovarian cancer. In Germany, a combination of olaparib and bevacizumab seems to be the preferred treatment in the first-line setting.

Protein kinase C targeting of luminal (T-47D), luminal/HER2-positive (BT474), and triple negative (HCC1806) breast cancer cells in-vitro with AEB071 (Sotrastaurin) is efficient but mediated by subtype specific molecular effects.

PURPOSE: Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a pivotal role in malignant cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness and migration. However, its exploitation as therapeutic target in breast cancer has been merely explored. Here were evaluated the AEB071 (Sotrastaurin™) treatment efficiency of breast cancer cell lines derived from estrogen receptor positive (T-47D), estrogen/HER2 receptor positive (BT474), and triple negative (HCC1806) breast cancer cells under 2D (monolayer) and 3D (multicellular tumor spheroids) culture conditions. Additionally, spheroid cocultures of BC and N1 fibroblasts were analyzed. METHODS: We quantitatively assessed the proliferation capacity of breast cancer cells and fibroblasts as a function of AEB071 treatment using flow cytometry. The activities of PKC isoforms, substrates, and key molecules of the PKC signaling known to be involved in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation and cellular survival were additionally evaluated. Moreover, a multigene expression analysis (PanCancer Pathways assay) using the nanoString™ technology was applied. RESULTS: All breast cancer cell lines subjected to this study were sensitive to AEB071 treatment, whereby cell proliferation in 2D culture was considerably (BT474) or moderately (HCC1806) retarded in G0/G1 or in G2/M phase (T-47D) of the cell cycle. Regardless of the breast cancer subtype the efficiency of AEB071 treatment was significantly lower in the presence of N1 fibroblast cells. Subtype specific driver molecules, namely IL19, c-myb, and NGFR were mostly affected by the AEB071 treatment. CONCLUSION: A combined targeting of PKC and a subtype specific driver molecule might complement specified breast cancer treatment.

[Detection of BRAF V600E mutation in metastatic colorectal carcinoma : A QuIP round robin test]. / Nachweis der BRAF-V600E-Mutation beim metastasierten kolorektalen Karzinom : Ein QuIP-Ringversuch.

Round robin testing is an important instrument for quality assurance. Increasingly, this also applies to the results of molecular diagnostics in pathology, which directly influence therapy decisions in precision oncology. In metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC), the focus has been on detecting KRAS and NRAS mutations, whose absence allows therapy with EGFR blocking antibodies. Recently, BRAF has been added as another predictive marker, since mCRC patients with BRAF V600E mutation benefit significantly from treatment with encorafenib (a BRAF inhibitor) in combination with cetuximab (anti-EGFR antibody) after systemic therapy. Due to the approval of this treatment in 2020, it is a pre-requisite that BRAF V600E mutation detection in diagnostic pathologies is reliably performed. Therefore, this round robin test with BRAF V600E testing either by immunohistochemistry or molecular methods was performed. The round robin test results demonstrate that molecular BRAF V600E detection is currently clearly superior to immunohistochemical detection.

Effect of Enzymatic Depolymerization of Cellulose and Hemicelluloses on the Direct Dissolution of Prehydrolysis Kraft Dissolving Pulp.

Prehydrolysis kraft (PHK) pulps account for more than half of the global market of dissolving pulp. Characterized by high reactivity toward dissolution, their performances can still be improved by activation treatments. This study compares the dissolution kinetics in cupriethylenediamine of a hardwood and a softwood PHK pulps before and after their activation by high-solid-content mechano-enzymatic treatments. Three enzyme combinations were tested: endoglucanase (E), xylanase and mannanase (XM), and endoglucanase, xylanase, and mannanase (EXM). Xylanase and mannanase reduced the hemicellulose content of only hardwood (by max. 2.4%). Mixing and carbohydrate depolymerization decreased the dissolution time of hardwood and softwood pulps by a maximum of 63 and 30% with E, 37 and 16% with XM, and 44 and 30% with EXM, respectively. The shortening of the dissolution time was partially hindered by hornification, which increased with hemicellulose degradation. Interestingly, XM accelerated the dissolution while preserving a high weight-average molecular mass.

Fast and quantitative compositional analysis of hybrid cellulose-based regenerated fibers using thermogravimetric analysis and chemometrics.

Cellulose can be dissolved with another biopolymer in a protic ionic liquid and spun into a bicomponent hybrid cellulose fiber using the Ioncell® technology. Inside the hybrid fibers, the biopolymers are mixed at the nanoscale, and the second biopolymer provides the produced hybrid fiber new functional properties that can be fine-tuned by controlling its share in the fiber. In the present work, we present a fast and quantitative thermoanalytical method for the compositional analysis of man-made hybrid cellulose fibers by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in combination with chemometrics. First, we incorporated 0-46 wt.% of lignin or chitosan in the hybrid fibers. Then, we analyzed their thermal decomposition behavior in a TGA device following a simple, one-hour thermal treatment protocol. With an analogy to spectroscopy, we show that the derivative thermogram can be used as a predictor in a multivariate regression model for determining the share of lignin or chitosan in the cellulose hybrid fibers. The method generated cross validation errors in the range 1.5-2.1 wt.% for lignin and chitosan. In addition, we discuss how the multivariate regression outperforms more common modeling methods such as those based on thermogram deconvolution or on linear superposition of reference thermograms. Moreover, we highlight the versatility of this thermoanalytical method-which could be applied to a wide range of composite materials, provided that their components can be thermally resolved-and illustrate it with an additional example on the measurement of polyester content in cellulose and polyester fiber blends. The method could predict the polyester content in the cellulose-polyester fiber blends with a cross validation error of 1.94 wt.% in the range of 0-100 wt.%. Finally, we give a list of recommendations on good experimental and modeling practices for the readers who want to extend the application of this thermoanalytical method to other composite materials. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-03923-6.