The animated assessment of theory of mind for people with schizophrenia (AToMS): development and psychometric evaluation.

Theory of mind (ToM) deficits in people with schizophrenia have been reported and associated with impaired social interactions. Thus, ToM deficits may negatively impact social functioning and warrant consideration in treatment development. However, extant ToM measures may place excessive cognitive demands on people with schizophrenia. Therefore, the study aimed to develop a comprehensible Assessment of ToM for people with Schizophrenia (AToMS) and evaluate its psychometric properties. The AToMs was developed in 5 stages, including item formation, expert review, content validity evaluation, animation production, and cognitive interviews of 25 people with schizophrenia. The psychometric properties of the 16-item AToMS (including reliability and validity) were then tested on 59 people with schizophrenia. The newly developed animated AToMS assesses 8 ToM concepts in the cognitive and affective dimensions while placing minimal neurocognitive demands on people with schizophrenia. The AToMS presented satisfactory psychometric properties, with adequate content validity (content validity index = 0.91); mostly moderate item difficulty (item difficulty index = 0.339-0.966); good discrimination (coefficients = 0.379-0.786), internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.850), and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.901 for test-retest, 0.997 for inter-rater); and satisfactory convergent and divergent validity. The AToMS is reliable and valid for evaluating ToM characteristics in people with schizophrenia. Future studies are warranted to examine the AToMS in other populations (e.g., people with affective disorders) to cross-validate and extend its utility and psychometric evidence.

An Emergent Theory Depicting Patients' Fortitude Through the Healing and Recovering Process of Depression.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common mental disorder. Literature has explored patients' perspectives of the recovering process of depression. However, there is a lack of research to explore both patients' and caregivers' perspectives of the healing process and develop a theory to support patients with depression. AIMS: The purpose of this study is to develop a substantive theory that depicts patients with depression toward healing and recovering. METHODS: This study used a grounded theory approach and collected data between 2019 and 2020 in a medical center in Taiwan. A theoretical sampling was performed after interviewing 29 participants, including 20 patients who had recovered from depression and nine caregivers; data saturation was achieved. Data analysis was conducted with open, axial, and selective coding and used NVivo Version 11 to aid the process of coding. RESULTS: A substantive theory was developed and the core category was "Patients' fortitude through the healing and recovering process of depression." Other main categories interrelated in this core category were reframing negative thinking and cultivating positive thinking, rebuilding a positive self-worth by embracing self-compassion, and learning to cope with everyday stress. CONCLUSIONS: This theory could help health care professionals to work therapeutically with patients and commend their fortitude while experiencing depression and engaging them with the care they planned together; and find some joy in life. Educators and researchers could use this theory to advance nursing care.

Stigma, depression, and anxiety among patients with head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are vulnerable to psychiatric comorbidities, particularly anxiety and depression, and also suffer from cancer stigma. This study aimed to comprehensively compare HNC patients' stigma, depression, and anxiety, and elucidate the underlying relationships among them. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited inpatients with HNC from a medical center. Measurements included a psychiatric diagnostic interview, the Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC), and stressors of HNC patients. Structural equation modeling was used to establish models of potential mechanisms. RESULTS: Those patients having stressors of worry about health (t = 5.21, p < 0.001), worry about job (t = 2.73, p = 0.007), worry about family (t = 2.25, p = 0.026), or worry about economic problems (t = 2.09, p = 0.038) showed significantly higher SSS score than those having no such stressor. The SSS total score was significantly correlated with HAM-A (r = 0.509, p < 0.001), HAM-D (r = 0.521, p < 0.001), and EMIC (r = 0.532, p < 0.001) scores. Structural equation modeling was used to propose the possible effect of stigma on anxiety (ß = 0.51, p < 0.001), and then the possible effect of anxiety on depression (ß = 0.90, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Stigma is significantly correlated with anxiety and depression and might in HNC patients. Proper identification of comorbidities and a reduction of stigma should be advised in mental health efforts among patients with HNC.

Morbidity and Associated Factors of Depressive Disorder in Patients With Parkinson's Disease.

ABSTRACT: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder and is commonly comorbid with depression. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess morbidity and associated factors of depression in patients with PD. In total, 181 patients with PD were enrolled and assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Of the sample, 51% had at least one psychiatric diagnosis. The most prevalent psychiatric disorder was depressive disorder (27.6%), followed by rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (9.9%), insomnia disorder (8.8%), and adjustment disorder (2.8%). Severity of anxiety, suicide risk, and anxiolytics/hypnotics use were factors associated with depressive disorder in PD patients. Furthermore, severity of anxiety was significantly linked with suicide risk. We suggest that use of a standardized structured interview for early detection of depression in PD patients is crucial. Anxiety, anxiolytics/hypnotics use, depression, and suicide risks are interrelated and warrant clinical concerns regarding PD patients.

Month of birth and mental disorders: A population-based study and validation using global meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Month of birth (MOB) is associated with specified mental disorders (MDs). However, whether these relationships extend to all MDs remains unclear. We investigate the association using a population-based cohort study and a meta-analysis. METHODS: First, we examined patients with 34 DSM-5-classified MDs in the Taiwan national database. We estimated the relative risk ratios (RR) of each illness in each MOB relative to that in the general population and assessed the periodicity, with six further sensitivity analyses. Second, we searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane for related articles through 31 December 2020. We used a random-effects model, pooled RRs with 95% confidence intervals of each MOB from the identified studies, and transformed them from MOB to relative age in a year or season. RESULTS: The cohort included 1,951,777 patients. Except for posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, feeding/eating disorders, gender dysphoria, and paraphilic disorders, the other MDs had significant MOB periodicity. The meta-analysis included 51 studies investigating 10 MDs. The youngest age at the start of school owing to MOB was associated with the highest RRs of intellectual disability (1.13), autism (1.05), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (1.13). Winter births had significant risks of schizophrenia (1.04), bipolar I disorder (1.02), and major depressive disorder (1.01), and autumn births had a significant risk of alcohol use disorder (1.02). No significant associations between season of birth and Alzheimer's disease, or eating disorders were found. CONCLUSIONS: MOB is related to the risks of certain MDs. This finding provides a reference for future research on the etiology of MDs.

Lithium concentration and recurrence risk during maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: Multicenter cohort and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare differences in efficacy during maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder (BD) according to lithium serum levels. A multicenter retrospective cohort study and a dose-response meta-analysis were conducted. METHODS: The cohort study was conducted in Taiwan from 2001 to 2019 to identify patients with euthymic BD according to different serum levels (<0.4, 0.4-0.8, and 0.8-1.2 mmol/L). We adopted adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for time to the recurrence of mood episodes having the <0.4 mmol/L group as the reference group. Moreover, we systematically searched for related articles in major databases before January 31, 2021 (PROSPERO: CRD42021235812). We used random-effects modeling to estimate the dose-response relationships between lithium serum levels and recurrence of mood episodes, which were depicted as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS: A total of 1406 participants (cohort: 466; meta-analysis: 940) were included. In the cohort study, the 0.4-0.8 mmol/L group was associated with a significantly lower risk of recurrences (aHR: 0.75), while the 0.8-1.2 mmol/L group had a lower risk without statistical significance (aHR: 0.77). The dose-response meta-analysis showed that with the increase in lithium serum levels, the risk decreased (linear model OR: 0.85, for every 0.1 mmol/L increase; non-linear model OR: 1.00 at 0.0 mmol/L, 0.42 at 0.4 mmol/L, and 0.27 at 0.8 mmol/L). CONCLUSION: Although confounding by indication cannot be excluded, the combined results suggest a significant preventative effect on the recurrence of major affective episodes among those with serum levels of 0.4-0.8 mmol/L.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depressive Disorder in Caregivers of Individuals With Parkinson Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Parkinson disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease. Caring for an individual with PD can have a variety of negative physical and psychological effects on caregivers which may challenge their ability to continue in their caretaking role. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depressive disorders in caregivers of individuals with PD using standardized instruments. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design with consecutive sampling. Study participants were recruited from the neurological ward or neurological outpatient clinic of a medical center from August 2018 to July 2019. Caregivers of persons with PD were enrolled and assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Brief Fatigue Inventory, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Big Five Inventory-10. RESULTS: Of the 162 caregivers that completed the study, 67.3% (n = 109) were females. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was depressive disorder (11.1%), followed by insomnia disorder (7.4%) and anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (4.3%); 28% of the caregivers had a psychiatric diagnosis. Using logistic regression analysis, it was found that duration of caregiving (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.05-1.58), severity of anxiety (OR = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.36-2.53), and severity of fatigue (OR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16) were 3 significant associated factors for the development of depression. CONCLUSION: Depression was the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in caregivers of people with PD. Early diagnosis of these caregivers is crucial to the offering of suitable support and treatment and might improve caregivers' quality of life.

Contemporary psychiatric intervention for chronic schizophrenia patients incarcerated in a religious asylum in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: In 2017, Long-Fa Temple, an illegal religious asylum in Taiwan, was forced to shut down. Hundreds of chronic mentally ill patients were incarcerated there but provided with no modern psychiatric treatment. This study investigated the effectiveness of providing psychiatric intervention for patients subsequently transferred from Long-Fa Temple to a medical center. METHODS: In total, 88 patients (mean age: 57.2 years, 52.3% male) who had been incarcerated at Long-Fa Temple were transferred to a southern medical center. The patients underwent comprehensive biological, psychological, and social treatment for 18 months. The patients were evaluated once a month in terms of their psychotic symptoms, self-care, nutrition status, cognitive function, occupational function, and family function. RESULTS: Regarding the patients' length of stay, 18.2% were incarcerated in Long-Fa Temple for less than 10 years, 21.6% for 10-20 years, and 60.2% for more than 20 years. In terms of psychiatric diagnosis, 98.9% of the patients had been diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. During the 18-month treatment period, negative symptoms decreased significantly, while the patients' self-care ability, nutrition status, cognition, occupational function, and family function all significantly improved over time. Patients who had been incarcerated for less than 10 years demonstrated better improvements in psychotic symptoms, self-care, nutrition status, and cognitive function. CONCLUSION: Contemporary psychiatric intervention is beneficial for chronically untreated mentally ill patients, and the patients who had a shorter duration of illness had a better reserve of recovery. These findings can serve as an important reference for psychiatric intervention in developing countries.

Defining cognitive and functional profiles in schizophrenia and affective disorders.

BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive dysfunction is a common symptom of various major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar I disorder (BD). In this study, we investigated whether cognitive profiles and daily skill functioning could effectively differentiate between patients with schizophrenia, MDD, and BD. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 63 patients with schizophrenia, 55 patients with MDD, 43 patients with BD, and 92 healthy control subjects. We evaluated participants' cognitive functions and functional capacity using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment, Brief Version (UPSA-B), respectively. Multivariate analysis of covariance was then adopted to determine inter-group differences in BACS and UPSA-B performance. RESULTS: The BACS was capable of differentiating patients with a major psychiatric disorder (schizophrenia, MDD, and BD) from healthy subjects. Furthermore, schizophrenia patients had poorer motor speed performance than patients with affective disorders. The UPSA-B, particularly the financial portion, was able to distinguish schizophrenia patients from other groups. However, we did not observe any differences in UPSA-B performance between patients with mood disorders and the healthy controls. No significant difference between patients with BD and those with MDD were observed in either cognitive function or in functional capacity. The performances of the BACS and the UPSA-B were positively correlated, particularly in the MDD group. CONCLUSION: Considering overall performance, the BACS and the UPSA-B characterize different endophenotyping profiles in the aforementioned four participant groups. Therefore, the results support the need for comprehensive assessments that target both cognitive function and functional capacity for patients with major psychiatric disorders.

Anxiety comorbidities in patients with major depressive disorder: the role of attachment.

Objectives: Attachment connects mood expressions and is related to the psychopathology of depression and anxiety. However, whether insecure attachment can predict the risk of an increased number of anxiety comorbidities in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unclear.Methods: Sixty-six patients with MDD were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Depression, anxiety and insecure attachment among patients were assessed accordingly. Patients' disease characteristics and psychopathology were evaluated using a structured psychiatric MINI interview, the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the 21-item Beck Anxiety Inventory, while the attachment was assessed with the Chinese self-reporting version of the Attachment Style Questionnaire.Results: We found that 74.2% of MDD patients had at least one anxiety comorbidity, and 24.2% of MDD patients had multiple anxiety comorbidities. Common anxiety comorbidities included generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The patients who had multiple anxiety comorbidities exhibited lower secure attachment levels and higher anxious/preoccupied and avoidant attachment levels.Conclusions: Anxious/preoccupied attachment is associated with an increased risk of multiple anxiety comorbidities in MDD patients. A longitudinal study with a larger sample size is needed to identify the causal relationship of anxious/preoccupied attachment and anxiety comorbidities during the course of MDD.

Mental health of caregivers of individuals with disabilities: Relation to Suicidal Ideation.

OBJECTIVE: The mental health of caregivers of individuals with disabilities is frequently neglected. This study investigated mental health status and Suicidal Ideation (SI) among caregivers and examined the predictive factors for SI. METHOD: Caregivers of individuals with physical or mental disabilities in a tertiary hospital in southern Taiwan were recruited through snowball sampling. They were assessed by self-report questionnaires, consisting of the Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire and a subset of the three-item Chinese Health Questionnaire, to assess probable depression and common mental disorders (CMDs), with cutoff points of 19 and 3, respectively. RESULTS: Among 255 caregivers, 32.9% had probable depression, 37.6% had probable CMDs, and 18.8% experienced SI. The level of SI was correlated with primary caregivers (p=0.015), lack of support from co-caregivers (p=0.023), caring for younger patients (p=0.010), caring for patients with mental disability (p=0.019) or catastrophic diseases (p=0.005), and caregivers' probable depression (p<0.001) and CMDs (p<0.001). Regression analysis predicted the greatest SI among caregivers caring for younger patients (odds ratio [OR]=0.98, p=0.048) and for patients with catastrophic diseases (OR=3.15, p=0.008), as well as for caregivers with probable depression (OR=3.90, p=0.010) or CMDs (OR=9.40, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: When examining SI, clinicians should be aware of the mental health of caregivers who are responsible for people with disability. In particular, they should be vigilant regarding caregivers of individuals who are of younger age or have catastrophic diseases and regarding caregivers who exhibit probable depression and CMDs.

Muscle relaxation for individuals having tattoos removed through laser treatment: possible effects regarding anxiety and pain.

Effectively managing pain is vital for the well-being and satisfaction of patients undergoing dermatologic treatments involving lasers. This study investigates the potential outcome of using muscle relaxation techniques to reduce pain among people having their tattoos removed with laser treatment. This study consists of 56 participants (mean age 18.1 ± 2.1 years) that had tattoos removed using the principle of selective photothermolysis. These participants underwent muscle relaxation before receiving the laser treatment. Their peripheral skin temperatures (PST) were measured both at the beginning and the end of the muscle relaxation period. Then, the Beck Anxiety Inventory was applied to evaluate anxiety levels. Once the laser treatment was completed, pain levels were measured using a visual analogue scale. A total of 125 person-sessions of laser treatment and psychometric assessments were performed in this study. The muscle relaxation method significantly increased the PST of the participants while reducing the levels of anxiety and pain throughout the course of the laser treatment procedure. The PST, anxiety scores, and pain scores all showed significant correlations with one another. According to the results obtained, this study proposes that muscle relaxation techniques be considered possibly auxiliary treatment options for individuals having tattoos removed through laser treatment. Additional studies with a comparison group and a larger sample size are required in the future to confirm the effectiveness of such intervention.

A genetic risk score combining 32 SNPs is associated with body mass index and improves obesity prediction in people with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is strongly associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and various other diseases. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple risk loci robustly associated with body mass index (BMI). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether a genetic risk score (GRS) combining multiple BMI risk loci might have utility in prediction of obesity in patients with MDD. METHODS: Linear and logistic regression models were conducted to predict BMI and obesity, respectively, in three independent large case-control studies of major depression (Radiant, GSK-Munich, PsyCoLaus). The analyses were first performed in the whole sample and then separately in depressed cases and controls. An unweighted GRS was calculated by summation of the number of risk alleles. A weighted GRS was calculated as the sum of risk alleles at each locus multiplied by their effect sizes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the discriminatory ability of predictors of obesity. RESULTS: In the discovery phase, a total of 2,521 participants (1,895 depressed patients and 626 controls) were included from the Radiant study. Both unweighted and weighted GRS were highly associated with BMI (P < 0.001) but explained only a modest amount of variance. Adding 'traditional' risk factors to GRS significantly improved the predictive ability with the area under the curve (AUC) in the ROC analysis, increasing from 0.58 to 0.66 (95% CI, 0.62-0.68; χ(2) = 27.68; P < 0.0001). Although there was no formal evidence of interaction between depression status and GRS, there was further improvement in AUC in the ROC analysis when depression status was added to the model (AUC = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.68-0.73; χ(2) = 28.64; P <0.0001). We further found that the GRS accounted for more variance of BMI in depressed patients than in healthy controls. Again, GRS discriminated obesity better in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. We later replicated these analyses in two independent samples (GSK-Munich and PsyCoLaus) and found similar results. CONCLUSIONS: A GRS proved to be a highly significant predictor of obesity in people with MDD but accounted for only modest amount of variance. Nevertheless, as more risk loci are identified, combining a GRS approach with information on non-genetic risk factors could become a useful strategy in identifying MDD patients at higher risk of developing obesity.

Relationship between obesity and the risk of clinically significant depression: Mendelian randomisation study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been shown to be associated with depression and it has been suggested that higher body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of depression and other common mental disorders. However, the causal relationship remains unclear and Mendelian randomisation, a form of instrumental variable analysis, has recently been employed to attempt to resolve this issue. AIMS: To investigate whether higher BMI increases the risk of major depression. METHOD: Two instrumental variable analyses were conducted to test the causal relationship between obesity and major depression in RADIANT, a large case-control study of major depression. We used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in FTO and a genetic risk score (GRS) based on 32 SNPs with well-established associations with BMI. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis, as expected, showed that individuals carrying more risk alleles of FTO or having higher score of GRS had a higher BMI. Probit regression suggested that higher BMI is associated with increased risk of major depression. However, our two instrumental variable analyses did not support a causal relationship between higher BMI and major depression (FTO genotype: coefficient -0.03, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.13, P = 0.73; GRS: coefficient -0.02, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.07, P = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Our instrumental variable analyses did not support a causal relationship between higher BMI and major depression. The positive associations of higher BMI with major depression in probit regression analyses might be explained by reverse causality and/or residual confounding.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol abnormalities correlate with severe fatigue in major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the differences of metabolic profiles and atherogenicity between various levels of fatigue severity in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and examine the extent to which metabolic abnormality correlates with fatigue severity. METHODS: We recruited 119 patients with MDD and assessed fatigue severity using Krupp's Fatigue Severity Scale. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma levels of fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated as log10 (triglycerides/HDL-C). RESULTS: MDD with severe fatigue were more likely to be younger (43.3 ± 10.3 years vs. 49.4 ± 8.5 years, p = 0.001), had a younger age of onset (34.7 ± 9.7 years vs. 40.7 ± 9.5 years, p = 0.001), demonstrated higher HAMD scores (18.0 ± 7.6 vs. 10.9 ± 7.5, p < 0.001), as well as lower HDL-C levels (48.5 ± 10.8 vs. 55.3 ± 13.9, p = 0.003), a greater prevalence of low HDL-C (43.9% vs. 22.6%, p = 0.015) and higher AIP levels (0.4 ± 0.3 vs. 0.3 ± 0.3, p = 0.046). Both a decreased plasma HDL-C level (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91-0.99, p = 0.009) and a diagnosis of low HDL-C (OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.27-8.57, p = 0.015) were significantly correlated with an increased risk of fatigue severity. CONCLUSION: HDL-C could potentially protect patients with MDD from severe fatigue and the associated risk of cardiovascular disease.

An Exploration of Pediatricians' Professional Identities: A Q-Methodology Study.

Professional identities may influence a wide range of attitudes, ethical standards, professional commitments and patient safety. This study aimed to explore the important elements that comprise pediatricians' professional identities. A Q-methodology was used to identify the similarities and differences in professional identity. Forty pediatricians were recruited from two tertiary referral hospitals in Taiwan. A list of statements was developed by five attending physicians and three residents. R software was used to analyze the Q-sorts to load the viewpoints and formulate the viewpoint arrays. Additional qualitative data-one-to-one personal interviews-were analyzed. Twenty-eight of forty pediatricians, 11 males and 17 females, with an average age of 39.9 (27-62) years, were associated with four viewpoints. We labeled the four viewpoints identified for professional identity as (1) professional recognition, (2) patient communication, (3) empathy and (4) insight. The professional recognition viewpoint comprised of youngest participants-28-36 years-with the majority as residents (77.8%), while the empathy viewpoint comprised the oldest participants-38-62 years-with all as attending physicians. All participants in the empathy and insight viewpoints were married. This study found professional identity to be a multifaceted concept for pediatricians, especially in the areas of professional recognition, patient communication, empathy and insight into patient care.

Suicide risks among caregivers of patients with depressive disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the suicide risk factors among caregivers of individuals with depression who may develop suicidal ideation due to the ongoing challenges of managing the patient's mood fluctuations. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled dyads of patients with depression and their caregivers from a medical centre. The assessment included a psychiatric diagnostic interview, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the List of Threatening Experiences, Benefit Finding Scale, Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Stigma Subscale of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue, Big Five Inventory-10, the Family APGAR Index and the Suicide Assessment Scale. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were used to explore the interrelationship between the mental health of patients and caregivers. RESULTS: Among the 125 caregivers, 60.0% (n = 75) were females. The most common psychiatric diagnoses were depressive disorders (33 of 125; 26.4%), followed by anxiety disorders (21 of 125; 16.8%) and insomnia disorder (19 of 125; 15.2%). There was a significant association between the stressful life events of depressive patients and the suicide risk of their caregivers. The severity of anxiety and depression in caregivers was significantly associated with the suicide risk among the caregivers. CONCLUSION: A relationship may exist between the psychological well-being of patients with depression and their caregivers.

The Interrelationship of Benefit Finding, Demoralization, and Stigma among Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Their Caregivers.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease with a relentlessly progressive course of illness. This study aimed to assess the dyadic dynamics of benefit finding (BF), demoralization, and stigma on the depression severity of PD patients and their caregivers. This study used a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. In total, 120 PD patients and 120 caregivers were recruited from the neurological ward or neurological outpatient clinic of a medical center in Taiwan from October 2021 to September 2022. PD patients and their caregivers were enrolled and assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Benefit Finding scale, Demoralization Scale, Stigma Subscale of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue, and Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire. Among the 120 patients and 120 caregivers that successfully completed the study, 41.7% (N = 50) and 60% (N = 72) were female, respectively. The most common psychiatric diagnoses of both the PD patients (17.5%) and their caregivers (13.3%) were depressive disorders. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the stigma, BF, and demoralization of PD patients might contribute to their depression severity. Demoralization and stigma of PD patients' caregivers might also contribute to the depression severity of PD patients. Caregivers' BF and demoralization were significantly linked with their depression severity. PD patients' BF degree and their caregivers' BF degree had significant interactive effects. Both patients' and their caregivers' stigma levels had significant interactive effects. Clinicians should be aware of and manage these contributing factors between PD patients and their caregivers in order to prevent them from exacerbating each other's depression.

Comparative predictive efficacy of atherogenic indices on metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia patients endure high risks of metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular mortality. Evidence on comparing detective power among atherogenic indices of the metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients with antipsychotics treatment is still lacking. METHOD: We recruited 128 schizophrenia patients and collected blood samples to determine plasma levels of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Five components of metabolic syndrome were assessed. Atherogenic indices, such as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), Castelli's risk index-I (CRI-I) and Castelli's risk index-II (CRI-II), were calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and regression analysis were adopted to compare the detective power of each atherogenic index for metabolic syndrome. The optimal cutoff points using maximization of Youden's index and the positive likelihood ratios were calculated. RESULTS: 51 (39.8 %) had metabolic syndrome. AIP (0.2 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2), AC (2.5 ± 0.9 vs. 3.4 ± 0.9), CRI-I (3.5 ± 0.9 vs. 4.4 ± 0.9,) and CRI-II (2.1 ± 0.7 vs. 2.6 ± 0.7) were higher in the group with metabolic syndrome (all p < 0.001). AIP had the highest AUC (0.845, 95 % CI: 0.770, 0.920). The optimal cut-off point of AIP to predict metabolic syndrome was 0.4 with the corresponding sensitivity 83.7 %, specificity 80.3 %, and positive likelihood ratio 4.2. Regression analysis revealed that only AIP significantly correlated with the metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among atherogenic indices, only AIP has superior discrimination for detecting metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia with antipsychotics treatment.

The Morbidity and Associated Factors of Depression in Caregivers of Patients with Depressive Disorder.

Objective: Depressive disorder significantly impacts patients' daily living activities and quality of life. Caregivers of patients with depression may also suffer from psychological distress related to the chronic burden of caring for the patient's mood changes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morbidity and associated factors of depression in caregivers of patients with depressive disorder. Methods: In this study, we used a cross-sectional design with consecutive sampling. Study subjects were recruited from the psychiatric outpatient clinic of a medical center from August 2021 to June 2022. Caregivers of depressive disorder patients were enrolled and assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Suicide Assessment Scale (SAS), Stigma Scale of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC), and Family APGAR Index. Results: Of the 120 caregivers that completed the study, 59.2% (n=71) were females. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was depressive disorders (25.8%), followed by anxiety disorders (17.5%) and insomnia disorder (15.8%); 54.2% of the caregivers had a psychiatric diagnosis. Using logistic regression analysis, we found that anxiolytics/hypnotics use (OR=5.58; 95% CI, 1.84-16.96; p<0.01), higher suicide risk (SAS) (OR=1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16; p<0.001), and lower family support (APGAR scores) (OR=0.82; 95% CI, 0.71-0.94; p<0.01) were three significant associated factors. Conclusion: Depression was the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in caregivers of patients with depressive disorder. Early psychiatric diagnosis for caregivers of patients with depression is crucial to offering suitable support and treatment and may improve caregivers' quality of life.