Lactate supports cell-autonomous ECM production to sustain metastatic behavior in prostate cancer.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major component of the tumor environment, promoting the establishment of a pro-invasive behavior. Such environment is supported by both tumor- and stromal-derived metabolites, particularly lactate. In prostate cancer (PCa), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major contributors of secreted lactate, able to impact on metabolic and transcriptional regulation in cancer cells. Here, we describe a mechanism by which CAF-secreted lactate promotes in PCa cells the expression of genes coding for the collagen family. Lactate-exploiting PCa cells rely on increased α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) which activates the α-KG-dependent collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4HA1) to support collagen hydroxylation. De novo synthetized collagen plays a signaling role by activating discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), supporting stem-like and invasive features of PCa cells. Inhibition of lactate-induced collagen hydroxylation and DDR1 activation reduces the metastatic colonization of PCa cells. Overall, these results provide a new understanding of the link between collagen remodeling/signaling and the nutrient environment exploited by PCa.

Lactate: A Metabolic Driver in the Tumour Landscape.

The presence of lactate in human tumours has been long neglected, confined to the role of a waste product derived from glycolysis and as a biomarker of malignancy. More recently, lactate has been rediscovered as signalling molecule that plays important roles in the regulation of the metabolic pathways, the immune response, and cell-to-cell communication within the tumour microenvironment. This review examines recent discoveries about the functional role of lactate in shaping the behaviour and the phenotype of tumour and tumour-associated cells, and describes potential clinical approaches to target lactate transport and metabolism in tumours.

Stromal-induced mitochondrial re-education: Impact on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer aggressiveness.

Metabolic reprogramming as well as the flexible utilisation of fuel sources by tumour cells has been considered not only intrinsic to malignant cells but also sustained by resident and/or recruited stromal cells. The complexity of tumour-stroma cross-talk is experienced by neoplastic cells through profound changes in the own metabolic machinery. In such context, mitochondria are dynamic organelles that receive, orchestrate and exchange a multiplicity of stromal cues within the tumour cells to finely regulate key metabolic and signalling pathways, allowing malignant cells to adapt and thrive in an ever-changing environment. In this review, we focus on how tumour mitochondria are coached by stromal metabolic supply and how this re-education sustains tumour malignant traits.

miR-27a is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis in cancer supports unrestricted cell proliferation, survival and chemoresistance. The molecular bases of these processes are still undefined. Recent reports suggest crucial roles for microRNAs. Here, we provide new evidence of the implication of miR-27a in modulating colorectal cancer (CRC) metabolism and chemoresistance. METHODS: A survey of miR-27a expression profile in TCGA-COAD dataset revealed that miR-27a-overexpressing CRCs are enriched in gene signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated oxidative phosphorylation, mTOR activation and reduced chemosensitivity. The same pathways were analysed in cell lines in which we modified miR-27a levels. The response to chemotherapy was investigated in an independent cohort and cell lines. RESULTS: miR-27a upregulation in vitro associated with impaired oxidative phosphorylation, overall mitochondrial activities and slight influence on glycolysis. miR-27a hampered AMPK, enhanced mTOR signalling and acted in concert with oncogenes and tumour cell metabolic regulators to force an aerobic glycolytic metabolism supporting biomass production, unrestricted growth and chemoresistance. This latter association was confirmed in our cohort of patients and cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: We disclose an unprecedented role for miR-27a as a master regulator of cancer metabolism reprogramming that impinges on CRC response to chemotherapy, underscoring its theragnostic properties.

Correction: miR-27a is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Cancer metabolism in space and time: Beyond the Warburg effect.

Altered metabolism in cancer cells is pivotal for tumor growth, most notably by providing energy, reducing equivalents and building blocks while several metabolites exert a signaling function promoting tumor growth and progression. A cancer tissue cannot be simply reduced to a bulk of proliferating cells. Tumors are indeed complex and dynamic structures where single cells can heterogeneously perform various biological activities with different metabolic requirements. Because tumors are composed of different types of cells with metabolic activities affected by different spatial and temporal contexts, it is important to address metabolism taking into account cellular and biological heterogeneity. In this review, we describe this heterogeneity also in metabolic fluxes, thus showing the relative contribution of different metabolic activities to tumor progression according to the cellular context. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria in Cancer, edited by Giuseppe Gasparre, Rodrigue Rossignol and Pierre Sonveaux.

Mesenchymal to amoeboid transition is associated with stem-like features of melanoma cells.

BACKGROUND: Cellular plasticity confers cancer cells the ability to adapt to microenvironmental changes, a fundamental requirement for tumour progression and metastasis. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a transcriptional programme associated with increased cell motility and stemness. Besides EMT, the mesenchymal to amoeboid transition (MAT) has been described during tumour progression but to date, little is known about its transcriptional control and involvement in stemness. The aim of this manuscript is to investigate (i) the transcriptional profile associated with the MAT programme and (ii) to study whether MAT acquisition in melanoma cancer cells correlates with clonogenic potential to promote tumour growth. RESULTS: By using a multidisciplinary approach, we identified four different treatments able to induce MAT in melanoma cells: EphA2 overexpression, Rac1 functional inhibition using its RacN17 dominant negative mutant, stimulation with Ilomastat or treatment with the RhoA activator Calpeptin. First, gene expression profiling identified the transcriptional pathways associated with MAT, independently of the stimulus that induces the MAT programme. Notably, gene sets associated with the repression of mesenchymal traits, decrease in the secretion of extracellular matrix components as well as increase of cellular stemness positively correlate with MAT. Second, the link between MAT and stemness has been investigated in vitro by analysing stemness markers and clonogenic potential of melanoma cells undergoing MAT. Finally, the link between MAT inducing treatments and tumour initiating capability has been validated in vivo. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results demonstrate that MAT programme in melanoma is characterised by increased stemness and clonogenic features of cancer cells, thus sustaining tumour progression. Furthermore, these data suggest that stemness is not an exclusive feature of cells undergoing EMT, but more generally is associated with an increase in cellular plasticity of cancer cells.

FADS1/2 control lipid metabolism and ferroptosis susceptibility in triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has limited therapeutic options, is highly metastatic and characterized by early recurrence. Lipid metabolism is generally deregulated in TNBC and might reveal vulnerabilities to be targeted or used as biomarkers with clinical value. Ferroptosis is a type of cell death caused by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation which is facilitated by the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Here we identify fatty acid desaturases 1 and 2 (FADS1/2), which are responsible for PUFA biosynthesis, to be highly expressed in a subset of TNBC with a poorer prognosis. Lipidomic analysis, coupled with functional metabolic assays, showed that FADS1/2 high-expressing TNBC are susceptible to ferroptosis-inducing agents and that targeting FADS1/2 by both genetic interference and pharmacological approach renders those tumors ferroptosis-resistant while unbalancing PUFA/MUFA ratio by the supplementation of exogenous PUFA sensitizes resistant tumors to ferroptosis induction. Last, inhibiting lipid droplet (LD) formation and turnover suppresses the buffering capacity of LD and potentiates iron-dependent cell death. These findings have been validated in vitro and in vivo in mouse- and human-derived clinically relevant models and in a retrospective cohort of TNBC patients.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 controls a lipid droplet-peroxisome axis and is a vulnerability of endocrine-resistant ER+ breast cancer.

Targeting aromatase deprives ER+ breast cancers of estrogens and is an effective therapeutic approach for these tumors. However, drug resistance is an unmet clinical need. Lipidomic analysis of long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) ER+ breast cancer cells, a model of aromatase inhibitor resistance, revealed enhanced intracellular lipid storage. Functional metabolic analysis showed that lipid droplets together with peroxisomes, which we showed to be enriched and active in the LTED cells, controlled redox homeostasis and conferred metabolic adaptability to the resistant tumors. This reprogramming was controlled by acetyl-CoA-carboxylase-1 (ACC1), whose targeting selectively impaired LTED survival. However, the addition of branched- and very long-chain fatty acids reverted ACC1 inhibition, a process that was mediated by peroxisome function and redox homeostasis. The therapeutic relevance of these findings was validated in aromatase inhibitor-treated patient-derived samples. Last, targeting ACC1 reduced tumor growth of resistant patient-derived xenografts, thus identifying a targetable hub to combat the acquisition of estrogen independence in ER+ breast cancers.

Influence of residual platelet count on routine coagulation, factor VIII, and factor IX testing in postfreeze-thaw samples.

The use of frozen-thawed samples rather than fresh samples for specialized coagulation testing is becoming commonplace, thereby creating novel risks that may jeopardize the quality of hemostasis testing. Residual platelets (PLTs) in frozen plasma are most critical as freezing-induced activation and injury may impair routine and specialized testing after thawing. The aim of this study was to verify the impact of postcentrifugation PLT count in postfreeze-thawed samples on activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, factor VIII (FVIII) activity testing, and factor IX (FIX) activity testing. These parameters were herein assessed in postfreeze-thaw paired plasma samples collected from 15 healthy volunteers and subjected to 4 different centrifugation forces (i.e., 3,000, 1,500, 1,000, and 500g), using data obtained with centrifugation force of 1,500g as the gold standard, in agreement with current recommendations. Compared with reference samples, PLT counts in fresh aliquots were indistinguishable in specimens centrifuged at 1,000g, significantly lower in those centrifuged at 3,000g and significantly higher in those centrifuged at 500g. In all cases except samples centrifuged at 3,000g, the PLT count was significantly decreased in postfreeze-thaw compared with paired fresh specimens. In postfreeze-thaw plasma, APTT was not influenced by residual PLT count. The results of PT and fibrinogen were consistently altered in samples centrifuged at 1,000 and 500g, though the correlation with the reference measures remained clinically acceptable. Data obtained for FVIII and FIX activities revealed a positive bias in all postfreeze-thaw plasmas, achieving statistical significance in samples centrifuged at 3,000g. We conclude that alteration of centrifuge speeds away from the recommended 1,500g may influence the level of residual PLTs in sample centrifuged at lower speeds such as 500g, and therefore may make these specimens unsuitable for hemostasis testing in postfreeze-thawed plasma samples. In addition, although the changes seen in FVIII and FIX in samples centrifuged at 3,000g may reflect non-PLT-related effects, such changes should also be considered in this setting.

Influence of spurious hemolysis on blood gas analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although the prevalence of hemolyzed samples referred for blood gas analysis is as high as 4%, no studies have assessed the bias introduced by spurious erythrocyte breakdown, nor it is known which parameters are mostly influenced and to what extent. This study was hence planned to assess the influence of spurious hemolysis on venous blood gas analysis. METHODS: Venous blood was collected from nine healthy volunteers in sodium heparin tubes and divided in two aliquots of 3 mL. The former aliquot was mechanically hemolyzed by aspiration with 0.5 mL insulin syringe equipped with 30 gauge needle. One milliliter of all aliquots was tested for hemoglobin, pH, oxygen partial pressure (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), bicarbonate (HCO³â»), oxygen tension at 50% hemoglobin saturation (p50), oxygen saturation (sO2), actual base excess (ABE), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), methemoglobin (metHb), ionized calcium (Ca²âº) and potassium, on ABL800 flex. The remaining 2 mL of blood were centrifuged, plasma separated and tested for hemolysis index. RESULTS: The concentration of cell-free hemoglobin increased from <0.5 g/L to 8.9±1.5 g/L in hemolyzed aliquots. In hemolyzed blood, significant decreases were found for pH (-0.2%), pO2 (-4.9%), sO2 (-4.9%), COHb (-11%) and Ca²âº (-7.0%), whereas significant increases were observed for pCO2 (+4.1%), HCO³â» (+1.4%) and potassium (+152%). Clinically meaningful bias was found for pO2, pCO2, Ca²âº and potassium. CONCLUSIONS: Spurious hemolysis is likely to introduce meaningful biases in blood gas analysis, hence manufacturers of blood gas analyzers should develop instrumentation capable of identifying interfering substances in whole blood. The presence of spurious hemolysis should also be suspected whenever test results do not reflect the clinics.

A suspected hypervitaminosis A.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Vitamin A toxicity is uncommon, but when it occurs can be serious and even fatal. A case vitamin A intoxication with high levels in liver tests, thrombocytopenia and appearance virosis. Laboratory testing is one of the most widely used diagnostic interventions supporting medical decisions of this phenomenon are necessary. CASE REPORT: Here, we report a case vitamin A intoxication with high levels in liver tests, thrombocytopenia and appearance virosis. The patient showed several clinical signs abdominal pain, including mild anemia and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that Laboratory testing is one of the most widely used diagnostic interventions supporting medical decisions, and further investigations regarding the etiology and prevalence of this phenomenon are necessary. (www.actabiomedica.it).

Is SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission still a current problem? A case report on a diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection with a positive sample of urines.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Current data suggest little to no possibility of original COVID-19 transmission in pregnant women to the fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. Warning with Omicron new variants has decreased. CASE REPORT: A clinical case of a SARS-CoV-2 virus transplacental infection of a newborn, born at the end of 2022, from a mother who tested positive for Sars-covid-2 and positive IgM SARS-CoV-2 anti-virus. The newborn tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 12 hours after birth, and was clinically symptomatic after three days, an increase in IgM antibodies was not found, although the virus was identified in the urine samples through molecular tests. The insufficient time to determine the presence of antibodies and the immune system's state of immaturity can explain the lack of IgM in the newborn's blood at 14 days after birth. CONCLUSIONS: The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 keeps provoking infections among newborns, especially if the mother contracts it during the third trimester. The host response is most likely influenced by the newborn's peculiar state of immune immaturity. Just before birth, a positive nasal swab and the presence of a positive urine examination confirmed the diagnosis of intraplacental exposure. Research on the virus through molecular tests of urines can represent an additional technique when an aetiological framework of the infection is necessary and a distinction between congenital and post-natal forms.

Nutritional and metabolic signalling through GPCRs.

Deregulated metabolism is a well-known feature of several challenging diseases, including diabetes, obesity and cancer. Besides their important role as intracellular bioenergetic molecules, dietary nutrients and metabolic intermediates are released in the extracellular environment. As such, they may achieve unconventional roles as hormone-like molecules by activating cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that regulate several pathophysiological processes. In this review, we provide an insight into the role of lactate, succinate, fatty acids, amino acids as well as ketogenesis-derived and ß-oxidation-derived intermediates as extracellular signalling molecules. Moreover, the mechanisms by which their cognate metabolite-sensing GPCRs integrate nutritional and metabolic signals with specific intracellular pathways will be described. A better comprehension of these aspects is of fundamental importance to identify GPCRs as novel druggable targets.

Unconventional roles of lactate along the tumor and immune landscape.

The tumor ecosystem evolves with dynamic interactions between cancer and normal cells, and nutrients have emerged as new regulators of cancer hallmarks. Lactate has climbed the rankings as a multifunctional molecule orchestrating many aspects of the disease onset and progression. Here, we patchwork and discuss the main recent findings conferred during the EMBO workshop titled 'Lactate: Unconventional Roles of a Nutrient Along the Tumor Landscape.'

Maintainance of diagnostic Laboratory during pandemic emergency (SARS-CoV-2) in a Small Hospital.

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Lactate Rewires Lipid Metabolism and Sustains a Metabolic-Epigenetic Axis in Prostate Cancer.

Lactate is an abundant oncometabolite in the tumor environment. In prostate cancer, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are major contributors of secreted lactate, which can be taken up by cancer cells to sustain mitochondrial metabolism. However, how lactate impacts transcriptional regulation in tumors has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we describe a mechanism by which CAF-secreted lactate is able to increase the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in prostate cancer cells. This regulation enhanced intracellular lipid accumulation in lipid droplets (LD) and provided acetyl moieties for histone acetylation, establishing a regulatory loop between metabolites and epigenetic modification. Inhibition of this loop by targeting the bromodomain and extraterminal protein family of histone acetylation readers suppressed the expression of perilipin 2 (PLIN2), a crucial component of LDs, disrupting lactate-dependent lipid metabolic rewiring. Inhibition of this CAF-induced metabolic-epigenetic regulatory loop in vivo reduced growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells, demonstrating its translational relevance as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Clinically, PLIN2 expression was elevated in tumors with a higher Gleason grade and in castration-resistant prostate cancer compared with primary prostate cancer. Overall, these findings show that lactate has both a metabolic and an epigenetic role in promoting prostate cancer progression. SIGNIFICANCE: This work shows that stromal-derived lactate induces accumulation of lipid droplets, stimulates epigenetic rewiring, and fosters metastatic potential in prostate cancer.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in burn injury.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complex and multifaceted disorder characterized by the activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways, consumption of coagulation factors, and depletion of coagulation regulatory proteins. The introduction into the circulation of cellular debris characterized by strong thromboplastic activity due to tissue factor exposition or release (in or from burned tissues), which can thereby activate extrinsic pathway of coagulation system and trigger massive thrombin generation when present in sufficient concentration, represents the most plausible biological explanation to support the development of intravascular coagulation in patients with burn injury. Severe burns left untreated might also lead to an immunological and inflammatory response (activation of the complement cascade), which can amplify fibrinolysis and blood clotting. Overall, the real prevalence of DIC in patients with burns is as yet unclear. Postmortem, retrospective, and even longitudinal investigations are in fact biased by several factors, such as the objective difficulty to establish whether DIC might have occurred as a primary complication of burns or rather as a consequence of other superimposed pathologies (e.g., sepsis, multiple organ failure), the different diagnostic criteria for assessing DIC, and the heterogeneity of the patient samples studied. Nevertheless, the current scientific evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that biochemical changes suggestive for DIC (hypercoagulability, hypo- and hyperfibrinolysis) are commonplace in patients with burn trauma, and their severity increases exponentially with the severity of injury. Overt DIC seems to occur especially in critically ill burn patients or in those with severe burns (up to third degree) and large involvement of body surface area, in whom an appropriate therapy might be effective to prevent the otherwise fulminant course. Although early prophylaxis with antithrombin concentrates holds promises, especially in the acute phase of thermal injury, larger clinical trials are needed to confirm the benefit of this therapeutic approach.