[The study of biological effects of different geographical origin goji berries in rats with alimentary hypercholesterolemia].

Food and medicinal plants as well as its' fruits, used in traditional medicine, are now widely used as sources of bioactive phytochemical compounds to impart functional properties to products. Due to the significant variation in phytonutrient content depending on geoclimatic conditions, a comparative study of goji berries collected in different regions seems to be relevant. The aim - comparative study of L. barbarum and L. chinense berries and its biological effects when inclusion in the diet of rats with experimental hyperlipidemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the berries of L. barbarum (China) and L. chinense (Kazakhstan), the composition of monosaccharides, the content of vitamins (D, E, C), minerals (Mg, Ca, Se), phenolic compounds and steroid substances as well as catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant activity was determined. Biological experiment lasted 186 days, it was carried out on Wistar rats, divided into intact (n=10) and experimental animals (n=48), in which alimentary hyperlipidemia was reproduced for 100 days (diet containing animal fats 5.0-19.0% and cholesterol 0.5-2.0%), further animals were divided in control rats with hyperlipidemia, consuming a standard diet (group 1) and experimental rats, which were supplemented for 86 days with L. barbarum (group 2) and L. chinense (group 3) in an amount of 20% of the diet carbohydrate component. On the 128th and 186th days of the experiment, rats' blood serum was analyzed for total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea, triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde and the total antioxidant activity of blood serum was measured. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: L. chinense berries, which are characterized by a high content of phenolic compounds (20% higher than in L. barbarum berries), when administered to rats with alimentary hyperlipidemia on the 28th day, reduced the concentration of total cholesterol by 44.1% and low-density lipoproteins by 35.8% relative to control animals, on day 86 contributed to an increase in the concentration of high density lipoproteins to 79.6%. The effect of L. barbarum berries, characterized by an increase in high density lipoproteins in rat blood (by 62.3%), may be due to a higher content of vitamins C, E and selenium (35, 11 and 22% more than in L. chinense), the presence of phytosterols and phytostanols, in particular dodecanoic acid. CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate a pronounced antioxidant effect of L. barbarum and L. chinense berries and the possibility of their use in the diet to correct lipid metabolism disorders.

[The distinctive characteristics of the nutrient composition of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district determined by the conditions of the region of origin].

Reindeer meat is an important source of crucial nutrients (protein, fat, minerals) in nutrition of Arctic indigenous people. The authentic meat properties are formed under the influence of many factors, the main of which are the lifetime factors including the region of production and peculiarities of keeping. The regional peculiarities of the reindeer meat composition are quite poorly reflected in the reference books on the chemical composition of food products and in the scientific publications. The aim of the work was to evaluate nutritional value, the level of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and trace elements of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district. Material and methods. The objects of the research were the samples of reindeer meat (m. longissimus dorsi) from the Vorkuta district obtained from the highly productive semi-domesticated young reindeers of the Nenets breed. The samples were taken from free-ranging male animals at the age of 8-10 month. The amino acid composition was analyzed by the chromatographic method, the mass fraction of tryptophan by the spectrofluorometrically method, oxyproline by the spectrophotometric method. The content of minerals and trace elements was detected by the flame atomic absorption method. The lipid extraction from the average sample was carried out by the extraction with chloroform/ methanol by the Folch method, the purity of the extracted lipids was controlled by the method of thin layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition was determined the gas chromatographic method. Results and discussions. The indicators of the chemical composition of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district were established. The content of protein was 23.0%, the content of fat 1.2%. The high content of tryptophan (0.628 g/100 g of the product) was characteristic for this prodact. The ratio of tryptophan to oxyproline was 11.8, which exceeded the values in pork and chicken. The low level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (17.8% of total lipids), in particular linoleic acid (6.9%), was assigned to the special features of the composition of meat under investigation. With that, quite high content of saturated fatty acids (48.6% of total lipids) was observed, which explained increased meat stability to oxidative spoilage during long-term storage and processing. The content of calcium in the reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district was 72.25 mg/kg, potassium - 33.3 g/kg, magnesium - 310.25 mg/kg, iron - 55.54 mg/kg, zinc - 41.89 mg/kg, copper - 4.0 mg/kg. The level of iron, magnesium and copper in this type of meat was significantly higher than the data on reindeer meat presented in the reference literature. Conclusion. The obtained data on the chemical composition of reindeer meat from the Vorkuta district can be a basis for the development of the indicators of its authenticity and in the future can be used for identification in case of the need to confirm species and a region of origin of meat, as well as for solving tasks of formation and promotion of regional brands.

[Comprehensive assessment of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dependence of their accumulation in meat products].

Dependences of the quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on the conditions for the formation of components of smoke compositions, the type of wood, the formulation, the technology of production, and the type of packaging material have been studied. An increase in temperature from 450 to 700 °C lead to a 2-3-fold increase in the amount of PAH in meat products. It has been established that the use of a polyamide coating reduced the total carcinogenicity of sausages by 2.0-3.7 fold compared with protein and natural shells, which in terms of PAH accumulation were the most dangerous. Fibrous shell was able to provide a reduction in PAH level in the product up to 40% compared to natural one. The permeability of the fat fraction of the product for PAH was up to 10 fold higher than that of proteins and carbohydrates. The data obtained made it possible to determine the safety criteria for smoked meat products, taking into account the potential carcinogenic hazard of each PAH. The optimal indicators of the presence of PAH in the product are 8 PAH (benz[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d] pyrene). The PAH exposure on the human body has been determined under the constant consumption of smoked meat products. The prospective use of barrier protection technologies, substances possessing antiradical activity, and protective films to reduce residual PAH content has been proved. The results of the studies showed a 5-fold decrease in the total amount of PAH when using films impregnated with fat-containing micro anemulsion of vegetable or animal fat. The effect increased when meat was marinateв in a 9% solution of acetic acid or 3% solution of ascorbic acid.

[cis and trans conformational changes of bacterial fatty acids in comparison with analogs of animal and vegetable origin].

The conditions of the formations of trans isomers of fatty acids, depending on the method of processing and storage of the raw material of microbial, plant and animal origin, were investigated. In the composition of lipids, except for the main trans-isomer elaidic acid, nonsignificant amounts of trans-2-hexen-4-ynal, trans-2-formlcyclopro-panecarboxylate, methyl octadeca-9-yn-l1-trans-enoate, trans-2, 2-dimethyl-3-(2-propenyl)-ethyl ester, trans-9-octadecenoic acid, and trans-1,5-heptadiene, and mixed isomers of methyl-octadeca-9-yn-1-trans-enoate, methyl-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoate, 1-[trans-4-(2-iodo-ethyl) cyclohexyl]-trans-4-pentylcyclo-hexane and cis-9, and trans 11-octadecenoic acid. The major trans elaidic acid component was detected in natural objects of different origin in quantities not exceeding 0.05-0.11%. The combination of thermal processing with other parameters, especially enzymatic treatment, led to an increased proportion of trans isomers. The content of trans isomers is usually proportional to the time of storage of materials.

[Intensification of composting processes by aerobic microorganisms: a review].

Microbiological and biotechnological characteristics of intensification of aerobic processing of organic waste have been reviewed, with a view for revealing two types of correlations: (1) between the quality of the composts obtained and the microorganisms involved in composting and (2) between physicochemical parameters and consumer properties of the composts.

[Aerobic processing of the organic wastes into compost].

The review is devoted to modern achievement in area of the aerobic processing of the organic wastes in compost for improvement of an ecological condition of the environment and purposeful use at intensification of an agriculture. The methods of reception and characteristic of products of microbiological transformation household, agricultural and industrial wastes are considered.

[Biochemical processing of fats and oils into new lipid products with improved biological and physico-chemical properties]. / Biokhimnicheskaia pererabotka zhirov i masel v novye lipidnye produkty s uluchsgennymi biologicheskimi i fiziko-khimicheskimi svoistvami.

Recent advances in the improvement of biological and physicochemical characteristics of lipids are reviewed, with emphasis on products of biochemical processing of natural (animal or plant) fats and oils. Possible utilities of these new lipid products include their use in food and forage industries, as well as in the production of new medicines and in biotechnology. Specific features of biochemical transformations of lipids (hydrolysis, esterification, and re-esterification) in the presence of water-soluble and immobilized lipases of animal, plant, and microbial origin are scrutinized.

[Isolation of heparin and chondroitin sulfate from animal tissue by an ion exchange method]. / Poluchenie geparina i khondroitinsul'fata iz zhivotnoi tkani ionoobmennym metodom.

Isolation of mucopolysaccharides (heparin and chondroitin sulfate), from animal tissue by ion exchange was studied. The yields of heparin and chondroitin sulfate of up to 20,000-150,000 units/kg and 14 g/kg, respectively, can be obtained depending of the type of the raw material used and the sorbent, which absorbs heparin and chondroitin sulfate from aqueous solutions in amounts of 100-250 mg per g sorbent. Ion-exchange sorption of mucopolysaccharides on synthetic sorbents permits extracting fractions of these compounds with the maximum biological activity.

[Hydrolase from Xanthomonas rubrilineans for synthesis of cefalexin]. / Gidrolaza iz Xanthomonas rubrilineans dlia sinteza tsefaleksina.

The use of peptide hydrolase (EC 3.4.13.1) from Xanthomonas rubrilineans for synthesis of the antibiotic cephalexin from 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid was studied. The optimum conditions for production of cephalexin were determined, and the yield exceeded 80%. A method for monitoring the synthesis of this antibiotic synthesis by means of a conventional amino acid analyzer is proposed.

[Characteristics and use of protein hydrolysates (review)]. / Svoistva i primenenie belkovykh gidrolizatov (obzor).

Properties of protein hydrolysates and possible uses of these substances in research and various branches of industry are considered. The main problem discussed in this paper is the relationship between the degree of protein conversion and characteristics (structural-functional and physicochemical) of hydrolysates.

[Preparation and purification of protein hydrolysates]. / Poluchenie i ochistka belkovykh gidrolizatov.

Recent achievements in the technology of production of protein hydrolysates are reviewed. Approaches to description of the mechanism of hydrolysis and the possibility of purification of hydrolysates for their use in the food, medical, forage, and microbiological industries are discussed.

[Preparation and properties of pancreatin immobilized on carboxymethylcellulose]. / Poluchenie i svoistva pankreatina, immobilizovannogo na karboksimetiltselliuloze.

A method for immobilizing pancreation on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is proposed. The optimum reaction conditions were determined: CMC, 1 x 10(-4) M; 1-ethyl 3-(dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide, 2 x 10(-4) M; incubation time, 18 h at 4 degrees C. They allow obtaining a conjugate of the enzyme with the polymer displaying 85% of the protease and 92% of the esterase activity. Both the native and immobilized enzymes were shown to contain thermolabile and thermostable fractions with different inactivation constants. Immobilization of the enzyme was found to increase its thermal stability by a factor of 1.5 to 3. Thermodynamic constants of blood protein hydrolysis by native and immobilized enzymes were determined.

[Biosynthesis and isolation of a recombinant protein for producing genetically-engineered human proinsulin]. / Biosintez i vydelenie rekombinantnogo belka s tsel'iu polucheniia genno-inzhenernogo proinsulina cheloveka.

Isolation of the recombinant protein from a genetically engineered Escherichia coli 1854 producer for further chemical enzymatic transformation into human insulin through proinsulin was studied. Under optimal conditions, the recombinant protein formation was more than 35% of the total cell proteins. Structures of the polypeptides obtained and purified chromatographically were confirmed by amino acid analysis. Human proinsulin was derived from the recombinant protein isolated.

[Production of human insulin from proinsulin by a biological catalysis]. / Poluchenie insulina cheloveka ix proinsulina biokataliticheskim metodom.

The conversion of porcine and human proinsulins to insulin by enzymatic hydrolysis induced by trypsin and carboxypeptidase B was studied. The conditions of reactions in the presence of trypsin (pure or immobilized in PAAG) and carboxypeptidase B were determined. The possibility of insulin production by the use of immobilized trypsin and carboxypeptidase B for practical purposes was shown.

[Reaction kinetics of hydrolysis of animal fat by pancreatic lipase]. / Kinetika gidroliza zhivotnogo zhira pankreaticheskoi lipazoi.

Hydrolysis of lipids from beef fat by pancreatic lipase was studied. Maximal release of free fatty acids was shown to take place for the first 3 h of experiment. After this, transetherification developed. Following most important time course parameters were determined: maximal hydrolysis rate V = 1.25 +/- 0.1 mg fat/(ml min), Michaelis constant KMH = 100 +/- 12 mg fat/ml, constant of substrate inhibition KS = 10.0 +/- 0.8 mg fat/ml, equilibrium constant KP = 277 +/- 170 mg fat/ml, and activation energy of beef fat hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase Ea = 19.1 +/- 1.1 kJ/mole. The time course method used could be applied to develop biotransformation of poorly assimilated fats to more valuable products.

[Kinetic characteristics of enzymatic hydrolysis of complex protein substrates for preparing culture media]. / Kineticheskie kharakteristiki fermentativnogo gidroliza slozhnykh belkovykh substratov dlia polucheniia pitatel'nykh sred.

Hydrolysis of a protein mixture from muscle and bone tissues with the enzymatic system from procine pancreatic cell suspension was studied. Kinetic constants and the values of activation energy were determined for individual processes of the release of 15 amino acids. The kinetic characteristics of the overall enzymatic hydrolysis calculated from analysis of the changes in concentrations of terminal amino groups were compared with the characteristics obtained while studying the accumulation patterns of individual amino acids.

[Optimization of hydrolysis of protein substrates by yeast proteases from Saccharomyces carlsbergenis]. / Optimizatsiia protsessa gidroliza belkovykh substratov drozhzhevymi proteazami Saccharomyces carlsbergenis.

Optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of bovine blood in the presence of brewer's yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were studied. In addition to the amount of blood, yeast, sodium citrate, and ethanol in the mixture, the optimum process duration and temperature were determined. The yield of the major end product (blood hydrolysate) increased from 11 to 55%, and the amino acid composition of the end product was brought to a balanced level as a result of hydrolysis optimization and addition of pancreatin to the reaction mixture.

[Collagen fractions, obtained by water-salt extraction from animal fats]. / Kollagenovye fraktsii, poluchaemy vodno-solevoi ékstraktsiei iz syr'ia zhivotnogo proiskhozhdeniia.

Collagen fractions have been isolated by water-salt extraction from raw materials of animal origin (various tendon types or subcutaneous tissues of cattle, or porcine skin). Collagen fractions with maximum capacity for water and fat retention were isolated with high efficiency by water-salt solutions containing 1-10% sodium chloride at temperatures below 50 degrees C. The values of the effective constant of extraction rate (min-1) at pH 6.5, 9.0, and 12.0 were equal to (2.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(-3), (6.2 +/- 0.5) x 10(-3), and (15.4 +/- 0.7) x 10(-3), respectively. The optimum conditions found made it possible to isolate collagen those proteinaceous fractions that are of practical use in food industry.