Property of a new Prussian blue-bounded iron complex able to peroxidate non-saturated fatty acids with a tendency to create conditions that may encourage ferroptosis.

Ferroptosis is a cell death process caused by redox imbalance in the cell environment. However, the cell death pathway proves beneficial in anticancer therapy, so compounds inducing ferroptosis are sought. The paper presents a newly synthesized iron complex named FeT, composed of ferricyanide and tartrate, which seems to meet these expectations. It is relatively stable, easily soluble in water and capable of peroxidating unsaturated fatty acids. T24 bladder cells were used as model cells. Preliminary studies demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect of this compound on cell proliferation. The cytotoxicity of FeT was assessed. Independently, it initiates caspase activity, indicating the complex cellular impact of this compound. This effect is compellingly the result of FeT penetration into the cell's interior with possible direct damage to mitochondria, thus explaining the involvement of apoptosis in cell death. At the same time, after penetrating into the cell, it causes an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and a decrease in reduced glutathione, which is interpreted as to cause ferroptosis. In turn, reducing mitochondrial potential may indicate both ferroptosis and an internal pathway to apoptosis.

Solid-state ice volcanism on the satellites of uranus.

Voyager images of the uranian satellites Ariel and Miranda show flow features with morphologies indicating that ice has been extruded to the satellites' surfaces in the solid state. These images provide the first observational evidence for solid-state ice volcanism in the solar system. Topographic profiles have been measured across a number of flow features on Ariel. With a simple model of extrusion, spreading, and cooling of a viscous flow, the initial viscosity of the flow material is found to have been no more than about 10(16) poise, far lower than expected for H(2)O ice at the ambient surface temperatures in the uranian system. Sharply reduced viscosities may have resulted from incorporation of ices like NH(3) or CH(4) in the uranian satellites.

The reduction in radiation dose for intra-oral radiographs by the use of thin K-edge filters.

The aim of this investigation was to reduce the radiation dose to patients undergoing intra-oral dental radiography by using thin K-edge filters in addition to the existing aluminum filter. The subject was a head phantom (a human skull embedded in tissue-equivalent material), which was exposed to X rays over a range of tube voltages (50-90 kVp) for each of the four filter systems. These were 2.7 mm aluminium alone (the existing total filtration) or with added 0.1 mm erbium, 0.1 mm yttrium or 0.05 mm niobium. The radiation dose was measured at four selected sites along the primary beam. These were the entrance skin dose, the exit skin dose and intra-orally both in front and behind the dental film packet. The exposure times and radiation doses required to produce an equivalent density (degree of blackening) on a radiograph of an upper molar tooth were determined. Within the usual diagnostic range of 60-80 kV the use of the thin K-edge filter resulted in a doubling of the exposure time (owing to the additional attenuation of the added filters). However, the skin dose and the total dose imparted to the patient were significantly reduced.

The effect of thin K-edge filters on radiation dose in dental radiography.

The use of thin K-edge filters has been found to reduce considerably the radiation dose in intra-oral radiography. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of filtration on the skin entrance dose and several sites (representing organs or areas of interest within the head) along the central beam axis, at other points within the primary beam and at two points just outside the primary beam. The subject was a sliced head phantom (a human skull embedded in tissue-equivalent material) which was exposed to X rays from a conventional dental X-ray unit in the range of tube voltage 55-85 kVp for each of four filter systems. These were 2.7 mm of aluminium alone (the existing total filtration) or with an added 0.1 mm erbium, 0.1 mm yttrium or 0.05 mm niobium metal foils. Measurements of radiation dose were made using thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD rods) and were adjusted to simulate the exposure resulting from a typical dental radiograph of a maxillary molar. The results suggest that the use of thin K-edge filters significantly reduces the entrance skin dose and to a certain extent reduces the total dose imparted to the head. However, the dose to the ipsilateral orbit at higher tube voltages may be increased.

The detection of abnormalities in the jaws: a radiological survey.

The dental panoramic tomographs of 1000 casual patients attending the Dental Casualty Department of King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry were screened for pathology. The findings are compared with a similar survey conducted 17 years ago at the same institution. The improvement in dental health nationally over this period is not reflected in the findings of this survey.

A squamous cell papilloma as a cause of dysphagia and vomiting.

Squamous cell papillomas occur relatively commonly intra-orally. Patients are usually unaware of their presence. A case is described of a squamous cell papilloma arising from the uvula, which presented as an unusual cause of dysphagia and vomiting.

Taurodontism and the identification of a mass disaster victim.

A case is presented where a deformation of the internal morphology of a tooth aided identification of a mass disaster victim.

[Phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by granulocytes in mice after granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) injection]. / Fagocytoza i zabijanie komórek Staphylococcus aureus przez granulocyty myszy poddanych dzialaniu stymulatora kolonii granulocytarno-makrofagowych (GM-CSF).

GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor. In vitro it stimulates the proliferation of myeloid progenitors and formation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies. It was found that GM-CSF in vitro is also stimulated the function of mature granulocytes, but we have no information about such influence in vivo. The purpose of this investigation was the evaluation in vivo of the GM-CSF effect on phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and lysosome enzyme activities in granulocytes. GM-CSF was injected into mice subcutaneously during 5 consecutive days in the dose of 1 microgram/kg/d. The examination of the percent of cell phagocytizing bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), NBT test, bactericidal activity and activation of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase and esterase was performed every day and an evident increase of the tested parameters was found. These results prove in vivo activation of granulocytes by GM-CSF.

Keratocystic odontogenic tumour: systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to evaluate the principal clinical and conventional radiographic features of non-syndromic keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT) by systematic review (SR), and to compare the frequencies between four global groups. METHODS: The databases searched were the PubMed interface of Medline and LILACS. Only those reports of KCOTs that occurred in a series of consecutive cases, in the reporting authors' caseload, were considered. RESULTS: 51 reports, of 49 series of cases, were included in the SR. 11 SR-included series were in languages other than English. KCOTs affected males more frequently and were three times more prevalent in the mandible. Although the mean age at first presentation was 37 years, the largest proportion of cases first presented in the third decade. The main symptom was swelling. Over a third were found incidentally. Nearly two-thirds displayed buccolingual expansion. Over a quarter of cases recurred. Only a quarter of all SR-included reported series of cases included details of at least one radiological feature. The East Asian global group presented significantly as well-defined, even corticated, multilocular radiolucencies with buccolingual expansion. The KCOTs affecting the Western global group significantly displayed an association with unerupted teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up of large series that would have revealed detailed radiographic description and long-term outcomes of non-syndromic KCOT was lacking.

Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the review were to evaluate the principal clinical and conventional radiographic features of orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) by systematic review (SR), and to compare the frequency of OOC between four global groups. METHODS: The databases searched were the PubMed interface of MEDLINE and LILACS. Only those reports of OOCs that occurred in a consecutive series of OOCs in the reporting authors' caseload were considered. RESULTS: 37 reports on 36 case series were included in the SR. OOC affected males twice as frequently and the mandible almost 2.5 times as frequently. Although the mean age at first presentation was 35 years, the largest proportion of cases first presented in the third decade for the Western, East Asian and Latin American global groups. Seven reports included details of at least one clinical finding. 11 reported case series included at least 1 radiological feature. All OOCs were radiolucent, 93% were unilocular and 68% were associated with unerupted teeth. 28% of the reported case series included follow up. 4% of OCC recurred and all of these were in the Western global group. CONCLUSIONS: Although one feature of OOCs is that they are unlikely to recur, some do. Not only is there a lack of long-term follow up of large series with long-term outcomes of OOC, but there is a paucity of clinical and radiological details of OOC at initial presentation.

Glandular odontogenic cyst: systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the principal features of "glandular odontogenic cyst" (GOC), by systematic review (SR), and to compare their frequencies among four global groups. METHODS: The databases searched were the PubMed interface of MEDLINE and LILACS. Only those reports of GOCs that occurred in a series in the reporting authors' caseload were considered. All cases were confirmed histopathologically. RESULTS: 18 reports on 17 series of consecutive cases were included in the SR. GOC affected males twice as frequently and the mandible almost three times as frequently. The mean age at first presentation was 44 years, coincident with that of the Western global group, in which the largest proportion of reports and cases first presented in the second half of the fifth decade. However, age at presentation of GOCs in the East Asian and sub-Saharan African global groups was nearly a decade younger, this was significant. Six reports included details of at least one clinical presentation. Eight reports included at least one conventional radiological feature. There were some significant differences between global groups. The Western global group had a particular predilection for the anterior sextants of both jaws. The sub-Saharan African group displayed buccolingual expansion (as did the Latin American group) and tooth displacement in every case. 18% of GOCs recurred overall, except in the sub-Saharan African global group. CONCLUSIONS: GOCs have a marked propensity to recur in most global groups. GOCs presented in older patients and with swellings, affected the anterior sextants of both jaws, and radiologically were more likely to present as a well-defined unilocular radiolucency with buccolingual expansion. Tooth displacement, root resorption and an association with unerupted teeth occurred in 50%, 30% and 11% of cases, respectively.

Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst in a Hong Kong community: the clinical and radiological features.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to evaluate the principal clinical and conventional radiological features of a consecutive series of cases of orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) affecting a Hong Kong Chinese community and to determine the outcome by follow-up. METHODS: All cases were accompanied by appropriate radiography and were confirmed by histopathology. RESULTS: The clinical and conventional radiological presentations, differential diagnoses and outcomes of follow-up of five consecutive OOCs were reviewed. There were two males and three females. All affected the posterior sextant. The mean age at first presentation was 33.5 years. The mean of their period of prior awareness was 0.11 years. Swelling was the most frequent presenting symptom. All presented as well-defined corticated radiolucencies; three were unilocular and two were multilocular and all displayed expansion. This resulted in displacement and erosion of the lower border of the mandible in one case and the downward displacement past the lower border of a lateral cortex in two others. The inferior dental canal in each mandibular case exhibited both displacement and absence. The antrum was affected in a sole maxillary case. Four patients were followed up for a mean of 8.5 years. The fifth patient discharged himself shortly after surgery. No lesions recurred. CONCLUSIONS: OOCs in this community displayed an expansile character, but did not recur after moderately long follow-up. The time between the prior awareness of their disease and their presentation for diagnosis and treatment was, so far, the shortest for any lesion affecting the jaw in this Hong Kong Chinese community.

Keratocystic odontogenic tumour in a Hong Kong community: the clinical and radiological features.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and conventional radiological features of a consecutive series of cases of "keratocystic odontogenic tumour" (KCOT) affecting a Hong Kong Chinese community and to determine their outcome by follow-up. METHODS: All cases were accompanied by appropriate radiography and were histopathologically confirmed. RESULTS: 33 consecutive KCOTs were reviewed. 18 patients were male. The mean age at first presentation was 30.6 years. Swelling was the most frequent presenting symptom. Those patients first presenting with pain were significantly older, whereas those first presenting with a maxillary lesion were significantly younger. The maxilla and mandible were affected in 13 and 20 cases, respectively. KCOTs were most frequently confined to the posterior sextants of both jaws. KCOTs affecting the maxilla were mainly unilocular, whereas those affecting the mandible were multilocular. Patients with multilocular KCOTs were significantly older. Patients with KCOTs associated with root resorption were significantly older, whereas patients associated with unerupted teeth were significantly younger. 69% displaced teeth, 41% resorbed them and 56% were associated with unerupted teeth. All but two were followed up for at least 2 years. Three lesions recurred. CONCLUSIONS: KCOTs in this community displayed some differences from those reported in the literature.

Dentigerous cyst: a retrospective clinicopathological analysis of 2082 dentigerous cysts in British Columbia, Canada.

The aim of this research is to analyze the prevalence of dentigerous cysts (DCs) in a population-based cohort in British Columbia, Canada, and to report unusual cases associated with DC. The database of the British Columbia Oral Biopsy Service was searched from 1998 to 2007. 2082 histologically confirmed DCs from 2029 patients were retrieved and retrospectively analyzed for incidence, age, gender and ethnicity. The results show that this is a common jaw cyst with male predilection, has a peak incidence in younger adults and is more common in Caucasians. Multiple DCs, representing 2.5% of the cases, are not associated with any syndromes or systemic conditions. 0.5% DCs were associated with other cysts or tumours at the same site or the opposite side of the jaw. The authors report the first series of cases presenting clinically as bilateral DCs, but histologically as an odontogenic tumour or another type of odontogenic cyst. DCs can co-exist with other more serious conditions, such as odontogenic keratocyst or cystic ameloblastoma. This association with more significant conditions indicates the importance of histologically confirming any jaw cyst, even when it presents clinically as a classic DC.

Fibrous dysplasia: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the principal features of fibrous dysplasia (FD) by systematic review (SR) and to compare their frequencies between four global groups. METHODS: The databases searched were the PubMed interface of Medline and LILACS. Only those reports of FD which occurred in a series in the reporting authors' caseload were considered. All cases were confirmed fibro-osseous lesions histopathologically. The SR-included series must also have included radiographs. RESULTS: Of the 106 reports considered (including the Hong Kong report), 31 reports and a total of 788 cases were included in the SR. 11 SR-included series were in languages other than English. FD affected both genders equally, but was 50% more prevalent in the maxilla. The mean age at first presentation was 24 years. The decade with the greatest frequency was the second, in which males accounted for 63%. The main symptom in 90% of all SR-included cases was swelling (including deformation of the jaws). Not one SR-included case directly involved the ocular apparatus. All cases displayed buccolingual expansion; all mandibular cases exhibited downward displacement of the lower border of the mandible and almost all maxillary cases involved the maxillary antrum. Only 35% of reports included follow-up; 18% of cases recurred or were reactivated. Not one case displayed sarcomatous change. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up of large series that would have revealed the long-term outcomes of FD was lacking. This is necessary because many cases do not burn out at the end of adolescence, as expected of a hamartoma, but are reactivated.

Ossifying fibroma: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to evaluate the principal features of ossifying fibroma (OF) by systematic review (SR), and to compare their frequencies among four global groups. METHODS: The databases searched were the PubMed interface of MEDLINE and LILACS. Only those reports of OFs that occurred in a series in the reporting authors' caseload were considered. All cases were confirmed fibro-osseous lesions histopathologically. The SR-included series had also to have used radiographs. RESULTS: Of the 64 reports (including the Hong Kong report) considered, 32 reports and a total of 781 cases were included in the SR. Ten SR-included series were in languages other than English. OF affected females more frequently, but was three times more prevalent in the mandible. The mean age at first presentation was 31 years. The decade with the greatest frequency was the fourth. Females were in the majority except in the first decade. The main symptom in 66% of all SR-included cases was swelling (including deformation of the jaws). 31% were found incidentally. 84% of cases displayed buccolingual expansion; half of the mandibular cases exhibited downward displacement of the lower border of the mandible and 90% of maxillary cases involved the maxillary antrum. Only 28% of reports included follow-up; 12% of cases recurred or were reactivated. CONCLUSIONS: Although long-term follow-up of large series that would have revealed the long-term outcomes of OF was lacking, a 12% recurrence rate is clinically significant and suggests that OFs should be considered for long-term follow-up.

Fibrous dysplasia in a Hong Kong community: the clinical and radiological features and outcomes of treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the principal clinical and radiological features of a consecutive series of cases of fibrous dysplasia (FD) affecting a Hong Kong Chinese community and to determine their outcome by follow-up. METHODS: All cases were accompanied by appropriate radiography and were histopathologically confirmed as fibro-osseous lesions. RESULTS: The clinical and radiological presentations, differential diagnoses and outcomes of follow-up of 21 consecutive FD cases were reviewed. Females were slightly more frequently affected, but there was no gender predilection for either jaw. The mean age at first presentation was 25 years, which upon adjustment for prior awareness fell to 21 years. The main symptom was swelling (including enlargement of the jaw). The maxilla and mandible were affected in 9 and 13 cases, respectively; both jaws were affected in 1 case. One case was of McCune-Albright syndrome. The sole provisional diagnosis for all lesions was FD; most lesions affected all or almost half the affected jaw. 17 patients were followed-up for a mean of 9 years. CONCLUSIONS: This very detailed consecutive series followed up over many years, in which a number of cases recurred or were reactivated in adulthood, firmly dispells the notion that FD is a simple hamartoma in all cases. This community was quite amenable to really long-term follow-up.