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Background: Oral care is one of the fundamental nursing care procedures used to decrease oral colonization, dental plaque, respiratory infections, patient stay, and cost. The importance of good oral hygiene for patients in intensive care units (ICUs) is well recognized, however, the most effective way to achieve good oral care in the ICU is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of nursing professionals regarding oral healthcare in ICUs among various medical institutes across India. Materials and methods: A questionnaire-based multicentric cross-sectional survey was conducted among registered nursing professionals employed at ICUs of three government tertiary healthcare centers (THC) of India: THC-I, THC-II, and THC-III located in the eastern and northern parts of India between February 2022 and July 2022. Results: A total of 150 nurses completed the questionnaire form (response rate: 62.5%) comprised of 49 (32.7%) males and 101 (67.3%) females with a mean age of 35.69 ± 7.7 years. Nursing officers' knowledge surpassed that of staff nurses regarding the duration of toothbrushing (p = 0.033). Among interinstitutional comparisons, THC-I nurses showed the greatest knowledge regarding the duration of toothbrushing and the mechanism of preventing saliva accumulation to reduce microbial growth (p = 0.013 and p = 0.003, respectively). Based on total work experience, participants were segregated into three groups: Group I (<7 years), group II (7.1-13.9 years), and group III (>14 years). Group II surpassed the knowledge of denture removal during sleep, cleaning after every meal, and storing in personalized air-tight containers (p = 0.001 and p = 0.036, respectively). The majority from group II recommended plain saline as the material for oral hygiene maintenance in ICU patients (p = 0.008). Group III predominantly practiced the ideal handwashing technique pre- and post-patient contact which was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study observed that a knowledge gap exists among the nurses of the three institutes across India pertaining to the oral hygiene care of ICU patients. Nurse's education and implementation of the proper oral hygiene measures for intubated patients in ICU setup is an essential need. How to cite this article: Kumar S, Singh B, Mahuli AV, Kumar S, Singh A, Jha AK. Assessment of Nursing Staff's Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Oral Hygiene Care in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(1):48-57.
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PURPOSE: Dental and orofacial trauma among the adult population constitutes a major public health problem. The impact is not just physical but also psychological. To analyse the impacts of dental and orofacial trauma on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in adults and determine whether the 2 variables are closely interlinked. METHODS: This is a systematic review. The terms "dental trauma", "orofacial trauma", "oral health", "oral health related impact life", "OHRQoL", "positive and negative affect scale", "quality of life", "facial injuries", "adults", and "young adults" were researched in the databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar for associated studies up to December 30, 2022. A comprehensive search was designed and the articles were independently screened for eligibility by 2 reviewers. The included studies' author, year of publication, the country where the study was conducted, population demographics (number and age), an instrument used for assessing OHRQoL and the relevant result were recorded and compared. The quality of the evidence was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for observational studies. RESULTS: Out of 482 unique records, 3 articles were included for data extraction. Observational studies were included. Two studies did not mention confounding factors. Different scales were used for dental and orofacial trauma and OHRQoL. OHRQoL has a directly proportional relationship with orofacial trauma. Adolescents with orofacial trauma have a significant impact on this value with a prevalence of 88.4%. CONCLUSION: The highest impact on OHRQoL was seen immediately after the diagnosis of an orofacial trauma. The impact increases with the severity of the trauma. Therefore, to promote overall dental and general health, health education initiatives should include information on the causes, prevention, and requirement for prompt responses by the populace in seeking dental intervention.
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Enamel demineralization is a very common occurrence around bonded brackets in an orthodontic practice. Fluoride (FLR) applications have been used to prevent decalcification and further progression of white spot lesions. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to systematically appraise available literature on the effectiveness of fluoride mouthrinse in the prevention of demineralization around fixed orthodontic appliances. A search was conducted for randomized controlled clinical trials among four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane Review) through MeSH terms and keywords. Studies were excluded if random allocation was not conducted, or if they were animal or in vitro studies. About 146 articles were screened and 5 studies were selected for the present review. Only two studies were selected for MA due to variations in the measurement of outcomes among studies. This review concluded that rinsing with FLR in the course of the fixed orthodontic treatment lessens demineralization around the bracket. Using FLR mouthrinse to inhibit the formation of white spot lesions or dental caries in patients with multiple cavities or restoration can be considered in clinical practice.
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Background: Oral cancer (OC), which happens to be one of the leading causes of death in the Indian population, is caused primarily by tobacco use, although other factors are also responsible. Serum vitamin B12 is important in maintaining the immune system and also repairing the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells. The aim of our study was to evaluate the serum B12 levels in patients with OC and look for any association between the two. Methods: One hundred subjects were selected for the study and divided into two groups: group A having OC (including cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), verrucous carcinoma and oropharyngeal carcinoma; 50 patients) and group B had age- and gender-matched healthy controls (50 healthy volunteers). Patients diagnosed clinically and histopathologically confirmed as OC were selected for the study. All the patients were subjected to haematological investigation to assess serum vitamin B12. Results: Males subjects in the 4th and 5th decades of life were predominantly affected. Serum vitamin B12 was significantly increased in OC patients when compared with controls, which was statistically significant. The mean serum vitamin B12 was slightly higher in males than in females, which was statistically non-significant. Conclusion: Our study found increased vitamin B12 levels in OC patients, and it was statistically significant.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Bucais , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Vitamina B 12 , Ácido FólicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Menopause in females is a corporeal stage that gives rise to a number of adaptive changes both at systemic and oral levels, prototypically occurring in the late fourth or fifth decade of life. Though physiological aging affects the oral tissue, the hormonal changes due to menopause also act as a major contributing factor in deteriorating the health of oral tissues. Thus, the main aim of our study was to compare the overall periodontal status and alkaline phosphatase levels in the saliva of females in their pre and postmenopausal ages. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 200 female subjects coming to the Department of Periodontology at Rajendra Institute of Medical Science for oral prophylaxis. The subjects were arbitrarily selected in the age group ranging from 15 to 70 years and were further divided based on the inclusion criteria. Group A included 100 subjects with age ranging from 15 to 45 years, and group B, 100 subjects with age 54 to 70 years. Signs of periodontitis including clinical attachment loss, furcation involvement, and probing depth and salivary alkaline levels were obtained, evaluated, compared, and analyzed. RESULTS: In group A 65% of patients had grade 0 and 28% had grade 1 of clinical attachment level. Similarly in group B, 44% of the total had grade 0 of clinical attachment loss, 38% had grade 1, and 18% were of grade 2. On evaluating grades of furcation involvement, around 45% of the total patients in group A were grade 1 (incipient, pocket formation), while in group B, 51% of the total patients were grade 1. At least 46% in group A and only 20% in group B had no signs of furcation involvement. Salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in pre and postmenopausal patients showed a significant difference between the two groups was obtained. CONCLUSION: The study concluded a major difference in the periodontal health of pre and postmenopausal women with many influencing factors apart from menopause itself.
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BACKGROUND: Despite recent breakthroughs in caries preventive measures, one of the biggest issues clinicians confront is preventing demineralization while undergoing orthodontic therapy. The buildup of plaques around orthodontic brackets over time causes white spot lesions (WSLs). The goal of the present research was to assess the prevalence of WSLs in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment before starting therapy and at six and 12 months into therapy, adopting the visual examination approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We looked for WSLs on tooth surfaces gingival to an archwire because this is the area most likely to experience enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. The visual assessment was conducted using the following scale at baseline, six months, and 12 months for orthodontic patients: score 0: no demineralization or noticeable white patches on the surface; score 1: mild demineralization with a visible white spot but no surface disruption; score 2: moderate demineralization with a noticeable WSL that has a roughened surface but does not need repair; and score 3: severe demineralization with a noticeable WSL that needs repair. Fisher's exact test was used after a chi-square analysis to determine whether there were any differences between all three categories (six months, 12 months, and control). RESULTS: The frequency of WSL in patients at 12 months of orthodontic treatment was 46.57%, while it was 11.86% in patients who just started orthodontic treatment. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01), showing that the frequency was greater in patients at 12 months of orthodontic treatment as compared to patients who had just started undergoing orthodontic treatment. The frequency of WSL in patients at six months of orthodontic treatment was 37.34%, while it was 11.86% in patients who just started orthodontic treatment. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03), showing that the frequency was greater in patients at six months of orthodontic treatment as compared to patients who had just started undergoing orthodontic treatment. The frequency of WSL in patients at six months of orthodontic treatment was 37.34%, while it was 46.57% in patients at 12 months of orthodontic treatment. The frequency was greater in patients at 12 months of orthodontic treatment as compared to patients at six months of orthodontic treatment; however, the difference was non-significant statistically (p = 0.76). CONCLUSION: This clinical investigation revealed that the number of WSLs increased significantly during the first six months of treatment and then increased gradually until the final 12 months. During the first few months of treatment, doctors should assess the patients' dental hygiene habits and, if necessary, take further precautions to prevent demineralization.