Human exposure and risk assessment of cadmium for residents of abandoned metal mine areas in Korea.

The objective of this study is to find the Cd levels in agricultural crops compared to soil, to evaluate the relationship between daily intake dose through the multimedia/multi-pathway of human exposure and biomarker levels of the residents in mine vicinity area. We collected and cited the data of four out of ten health impact assessments for the residents of abandoned mine areas undertaken by the Korea Ministry of Environment in 2008. The Cd levels in soil were significantly decreased by the separation distance from the mines. The Cd levels in blood were significantly different between residents in mine areas and in comparative areas, but urinary Cd levels did not differ. The Cd levels in blood were related to the age; the separation distance from mine to residence; the daily intake dose via ingestion of drinking water, crops, and surface soil; and inhalation of ambient air of Cd, but urinary Cd levels were not relevant with various sociodemographic characteristics and exposure factors. The average hazard quotient (HQ) value of Cd in the mining site was below 1.0, but the maximum HQ was closed to 1.0. The results indicated that the ingestion of Cd-contaminated soil and agricultural crops by local inhabitants could pose potential adverse health effects to long-term residents consuming rice grown near to the mining areas.

Low blood levels of lead and mercury and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity in children: a report of the children's health and environment research (CHEER).

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to examine the association between low levels of lead and mercury in blood and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Korean children. METHODS: One thousand seven hundred and seventy eight children at 10 elementary schools in six South Korea cities participated in this study. Parents and guardians administered a questionnaire including Conners' parents rating ADHD scale to determine the presence of ADHD symptoms. In addition, clinical examinations of the children and determination of blood lead and mercury levels were included in the first Children's Health and Environment Research (CHEER) survey, which is now conducted annually in Korea. RESULTS: The risk for the appearance of ADHD symptoms was found to increase with the blood lead concentration. The mean blood lead concentration was low with a geometric mean of 1.8 microg/dl. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the presence of ADHD symptoms were 1.28 (0.57, 2.86), 1.32 (0.63, 2.74), 1.65 (0.77, 3.56), and 1.98 (0.76, 5.13) in children with blood lead levels of 1-<1.5, -<2.5, -<3.5, and >3.5 microg/dl, compared to those with blood lead levels of <1.0 microg/dl; these results statistically represented a borderline trend (p for trend: 0.07). The blood lead level showed a significant positive association with the Conners' ADHD score (beta=0.50, p<0.0001). However, the blood mercury levels were not found to be significantly associated with ADHD symptoms in children. The geometric mean mercury concentration in the blood was 2.4 microg/l. CONCLUSIONS: The observed association between blood lead concentration and the appearance of ADHD symptoms in Korean children suggests that lead, even at low concentrations, is a risk factor for ADHD.

Interaction between GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism and blood mercury on birth weight.

BACKGROUND: Mercury (Hg) is toxic to both the reproductive and nervous systems. In addition, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which conjugate glutathione to a variety of electrophilic compounds, are involved in the detoxification of Hg. OBJECTIVE: In this study we examined the association between prenatal exposure to Hg and birth weight as well as the influence of GST polymorphisms. METHODS: The total Hg concentration in maternal and cord blood was measured from 417 Korean women and newborns in the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health study from 2006 to 2008. Information on birth weight was collected from the patients' medical records. The genotyping of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms was carried out using polymerase chain reaction. Regression analysis was performed to determine the association between the blood Hg concentration and birth weight in mothers with GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms. RESULTS: The geometric mean levels of Hg in the maternal blood during late pregnancy and in cord blood were 3.30 microg/L and 5.53 microg/L, respectively. For mothers with the GSTT1 null genotype, elevated Hg levels in maternal blood during late pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of lower birth weight. For mothers with both GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype, both maternal and cord blood Hg levels were associated with lower birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the interactions of Hg with GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms play a role in reducing birth weight.

Indoor exposures to air pollutants and allergens in the homes of asthmatic children in inner-city Baltimore.

This paper presents indoor air pollutant concentrations and allergen levels collected from the homes of 100 Baltimore city asthmatic children participating in an asthma intervention trial. Particulate matter (PM), NO2, and O3 samples were collected over 72 h in the child's sleeping room. Time-resolved PM was also assessed using a portable direct-reading nephelometer. Dust allergen samples were collected from the child's bedroom, the family room, and the kitchen. The mean PM10 concentration, 56.5+/-40.7 microg/m3, is 25% higher than the PM2.5 concentration (N=90), 45.1+/-37.5 microg/m3. PM concentrations measured using a nephelometer are consistent and highly correlated with gravimetric estimates. Smoking households' average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are 33-54 microg/m3 greater than those of nonsmoking houses, with each cigarette smoked adding 1.0 microm/m3 to indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Large percentages of NO2 and O3 samples, 25% and 75%, respectively, were below the limit of detection. The mean NO2 indoor concentration is 31.6+/-40.2 ppb, while the mean indoor O3 concentration in the ozone season was 3.3+/-7.7 ppb. The levels of allergens are similar to those found in other inner cities. Results presented in this paper indicate that asthmatic children in Baltimore are exposed to elevated allergens and indoor air pollutants. Understanding this combined insult may help to explain the differential asthma burden between inner-city and non-inner-city children.