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Nanoemulsions are gaining interest in a variety of products as a means of integrating easily degradable bioactive compounds, preserving them from oxidation, and increasing their bioavailability. However, preparing stable emulsion compositions with the desired characteristics is a difficult task. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the Tinospora cordifolia aqueous extract (TCAE) into a water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion and identify its critical process and formulation variables, like oil (27-29.4 mL), the surfactant concentration (0.6-3 mL), and sonication amplitude (40% to 100%), using response surface methodology (RSM). The responses of this formulation were studied with an analysis of the particle size (PS), free fatty acids (FFAs), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). In between, we have studied a fishbone diagram that was used to measure risk and preliminary research. The optimized condition for the formation of a stable nanoemulsion using quality by design was surfactant (2.43 mL), oil concentration (27.61 mL), and sonication amplitude (88.6%), providing a PS of 171.62 nm, FFA content of 0.86 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.597 Pa.s for the blank sample compared to the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion with a PS of 243.60 nm, FFA content of 0.27 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.22 Pa.s. The EE increases with increasing concentrations of TCAE, from 56.88% to 85.45%. The RSM response demonstrated that both composition variables had a considerable impact on the properties of the W/O nanoemulsion. Furthermore, after the storage time, the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion showed better stability over the blank nanoemulsion, specially the FFAs, and the blank increased from 0.142 to 1.22 meq/kg oil, while TCAE showed 0.266 to 0.82 meq/kg.
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Emulsões , Tamanho da Partícula , Extratos Vegetais , Tinospora , Água , Emulsões/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Tinospora/química , Água/química , Sonicação , Nanopartículas/química , Óleos/química , Tensoativos/químicaRESUMO
The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of stabilized curcumin nanoemulsions (CUNE) as a food additive capable of directionally acting to inhibit molecules involved in dairy products' quality and digestibility, especially cheese. The objects were cheeses made from the milk of higher grades with addition of a CUNE and a control sample. The cheeses were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in terms of organoleptic properties, such as appearance, taste, and aroma. The results show that the addition of CUNEs improved the organoleptic properties compared to the control cheese by 150% and improved its shelf life. The SEM study shows that formulation with CUNE promotes the uniform distribution of porosity. The CUNE-based cheese shows a better sensory evaluation compared to the emulsion without curcumin. CUNE-processed cheese provided better antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis than the control sample and offers added value to the dairy sector.
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Queijo , Curcumina , Animais , Leite/química , Queijo/análise , Curcumina/farmacologia , Paladar , SensaçãoRESUMO
Natural products with curative properties are gaining immense popularity in scientific and food research, possessing no side effects in contrast to other drugs. Guduchi, or Tinospora cordifolia, belongs to the menispermaceae family of universal drugs used to treat various diseases in traditional Indian literature. It has received attention in recent decades because of its utilization in folklore medicine for treating several disorders. Lately, the findings of active phytoconstituents present in herbal plants and their pharmacological function in disease treatment and control have stimulated interest in plants around the world. Guduchi is ethnobotanically used for jaundice, diabetes, urinary problems, stomachaches, prolonged diarrhea, skin ailments, and dysentery. The treatment with Guduchi extracts was accredited to phytochemical constituents, which include glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, and diterpenoid lactones. This review places emphasis on providing in-depth information on the budding applications of herbal medicine in the advancement of functional foods and nutraceuticals to natural product researchers.
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Plantas Medicinais , Tinospora , Tinospora/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Chitosan, a naturally abundant cationic polymer, is chemically composed of cellulose-based biopolymers derived by deacetylating chitin. It offers several attractive characteristics such as renewability, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi, etc., because of which it is receiving immense attention as a biopolymer for a plethora of applications including drug delivery, protective coating materials, food packaging films, wastewater treatment, and so on. Additionally, its structure carries reactive functional groups that enable several reactions and electrochemical interactions at the biomolecular level and improves the chitosan's physicochemical properties and functionality. This review article highlights the extensive research about the properties, extraction techniques, and recent developments of chitosan-based composites for drug, gene, protein, and vaccine delivery applications. Its versatile applications in tissue engineering and wound healing are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for chitosan in biomedical applications are elucidated.
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Quitosana , Vacinas , Antibacterianos , Biopolímeros/química , Celulose/química , Quitina/química , Quitosana/química , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Bactérias Gram-PositivasRESUMO
Research into innovative non-pharmacological therapeutic routes via the utilization of natural elements like zinc (Zn) has been motivated by the discovery of new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) variants and the ineffectiveness of certain vaccination treatments during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, research on SARS-COV-2's viral cellular entry and infection mechanism has shown that it may seriously harm reproductive system cells and impair testicular function in young men and adolescents, which may lead to male infertility over time. In this context, we conducted a narrative review to give an overview of the data pertaining to Zn's critical role in testicular tissue, the therapeutic use of such micronutrients to enhance male fertility, as well as in the potential mitigation of COVID-19, with the ultimate goal of elucidating the hypothesis of the potential use of Zn supplements to prevent the possible harmful effects of SARS-COV2 infection on testis physiological function, and subsequently, on male fertility.
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CONTEXT: Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the ground and the first excited state are performed on the modified and unmodified 4-(methoxyphenyl acetonitrile) monomer (referred to as MPA). The modified monomer named MFA is obtained by Knoevenagel condensation of MPA with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA). DFT computations show that the chemical grafting of the dimethylamino group onto the MPA unit induces a great change in the geometric, electronic, and optical properties. Going from MPA to MFA monomer, a great change in the frontier orbitals of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in the ground and the first excited state is observed. Consequently, a reduction in the energy gap HOMO-LUMO and an enhancement in the absorption and emission properties are observed under the chemical modification. The observed modifications in the electronics and optical properties are the result of the charge transfer appearing between the cyano (C≡N) acceptor group and the dimethylamino (DMF-DMA)-grafted group donor ring. METHODS: Quantum chemical calculations were performed in the ground and the first excited state using the density functional theory (DFT), and it extends the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), implemented in the Gaussian 09 software package. The ground state is obtained by optimization of the studied molecular geometries by employing the DFT/M062X/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The first excited state is obtained by re-optimization of the ground state geometries using the TD-DFT/M062X/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The contour plots of the frontier orbitals and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps are obtained from the ground and the first excited state, optimized geometries, and drawn using Gaussview software.
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Spontaneous bone regeneration encounters substantial restrictions in cases of bone defects, demanding external intervention to improve the repair and regeneration procedure. The field of bone tissue engineering (BTE), which embraces a range of disciplines, offers compelling replacements for conventional strategies like autografts, allografts, and xenografts. Among the diverse scaffolding materials utilized in BTE applications, hydrogels have demonstrated great promise as templates for the regeneration of bone owing to their resemblance to the innate extracellular matrix. In spite of the advancement of several biomaterials, chitosan (CS), a natural biopolymer, has garnered significant attention in recent years as a beneficial graft material for producing injectable hydrogels. Injectable hydrogels based on CS formulations provide numerous advantages, including their capacity to absorb and preserve a significant amount of water, their minimally invasive character, the existence of porous structures, and their capability to adapt accurately to irregular defects. Moreover, combining CS with other naturally derived or synthetic polymers and bioactive materials has displayed its effectiveness as a feasible substitute for traditional grafts. We aim to spotlight the composition, production, and physicochemical characteristics and practical utilization of CS-based injectable hydrogels, explicitly focusing on their potential implementations in bone regeneration. We consider this review a fundamental resource and a source of inspiration for future research attempts to pioneer the next era of tissue-engineering scaffold materials.
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Quitosana , Humanos , Quitosana/química , Hidrogéis/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Alicerces Teciduais/química , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Regeneração ÓsseaRESUMO
Chitosan, a biopolymer acquired from chitin, has emerged as a versatile and favorable material in the domain of tissue engineering and wound healing. Its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial characteristics make it a suitable candidate for these applications. In tissue engineering, chitosan-based formulations have garnered substantial attention as they have the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix, furnishing an optimal microenvironment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In the realm of wound healing, chitosan-based dressings have revealed exceptional characteristics. They maintain a moist wound environment, expedite wound closure, and prevent infections. These formulations provide controlled release mechanisms, assuring sustained delivery of bioactive molecules to the wound area. Chitosan's immunomodulatory properties have also been investigated to govern the inflammatory reaction during wound healing, fostering a balanced healing procedure. In summary, recent progress in chitosan-based formulations portrays a substantial stride in tissue engineering and wound healing. These innovative approaches hold great promise for enhancing patient outcomes, diminishing healing times, and minimizing complications in clinical settings. Continued research and development in this field are anticipated to lead to even more sophisticated chitosan-based formulations for tissue repair and wound management. The integration of chitosan with emergent technologies emphasizes its potential as a cornerstone in the future of regenerative medicine and wound care. Initially, this review provides an outline of sources and unique properties of chitosan, followed by recent signs of progress in chitosan-based formulations for tissue engineering and wound healing, underscoring their potential and innovative strategies.
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Zinc is a powerful immunomodulatory trace element, and its deficiency in the body is closely associated with changes in immune functions and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. The creation of new forms of zinc delivery to target cells can make it possible to obtain smart chains of food ingredients. Recent evidence supports the idea that the optimal intake of zinc or bioactive compounds in appropriate supplements should be considered as part of a strategy to generate an immune response in the human body. Therefore, controlling the amount of this element in the diet is especially important for populations at risk of zinc deficiency, who are more susceptible to the severe progression of viral infection and disease, such as COVID-19. Convergent approaches such as micro- and nano-encapsulation develop new ways to treat zinc deficiency and make zinc more bioavailable.
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Pesticides are a large group of pristine organic contaminants, which are widely discharged into environmental water due to agricultural activities. Hence, extraction, determination, and removal of pesticides from water resources are necessary for human health. In this study, novel adsorbent was developed based on three-dimensional magnetic graphene coated with gold nanoparticles (3D-MG@AuNPs) for extraction of chlorpyrifos, dicrotophos, fenitrothion, and piperophos as four specific organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from wastewater and tap water samples. The proposed nanocomposite was characterized; FTIR and EDX are performed for the expected functional groups and elemental analysis, SEM showed the unique and spherical AuNPs are well dispersed over graphene sheets. In this investigation, the important parameters that have effect on the extraction efficiency, including the desorbing solvent, desorbing solvent volume, vortex time, the extraction time, adsorbent dosage, pH of sample solutions, and salt effect were evaluated. In conclusion, the measured amounts of the chosen OPPs were determined using the gas chromatography microelectron capture (µECD-GC) method. Limits of quantification (S/N ratio of 10) and detection (S/N ratio of 3) were attained at concentrations of 0.26-0.43 µg.L-1 and 0.08-0.14 µg.L-1, respectively. According to the results of the investigations, the synthesized 3D-MG@AuNPs did not require any complicated sample preparation methods; therefore, it is a very good choice for solid magnetic phase extraction studies.
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Clorpirifos , Grafite , Inseticidas , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Praguicidas , Humanos , Água/química , Praguicidas/análise , Grafite/química , Ouro , Compostos Organofosforados/análise , Nanopartículas Metálicas/análise , Inseticidas/análise , Clorpirifos/análise , Solventes/química , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Fenômenos Magnéticos , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
Background and objective Cardiac surgery is one of the most common surgical procedures globally; its incidence has been on the rise due to the faster pace of population aging thanks to technological and epidemiological advances. Patients who undergo cardiac surgeries may face various postoperative complications that might affect their survival, and one of these major complications is infection. Nosocomial pneumonia, surgical site infection (SSI), mediastinitis, bacteremia, and sepsis are common infections encountered after surgeries. In this study, we aimed to determine the common risk factors related to postoperative infections at the King Faisal Cardiac Center from January 2014 to September 2020. Materials and methods Records from 364 patients who underwent cardiac surgery and were aged above 18 years were assessed for postoperative infections in this retrospective cohort study. Patients who were immunosuppressed or had active systemic infections were excluded. Consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board. All procedures were performed at the King Faisal Cardiac Center, National Guard Hospital, Jeddah. Results Of the total 364 patients, 105 were women and 259 were men. The mean age of the cohort was 59 years (SD = 13) and the mean BMI was 29.1 kg/m2 (SD = 5.3). The study population showed a high prevalence of cardiac risk factors and diseases: diabetes (n = 244, 67%), hypertension (n = 230, 63%), dyslipidemia (n = 144, 40%), smoking (n = 80, 22%), heart failure (n = 41, 11%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 6, 1.6%). The overall rate of postoperative infection was 32.7% (n = 120), and 17 (14%) of these infected patients underwent reoperations for infection. Conclusion Based on a thorough analysis of 364 patients undergoing various cardiac surgical procedures, including a multivariate analysis accounting for preoperative factors, there was a significant association between postoperative infections and hypertension, diabetes, increased preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time, and elevated HbA1c.
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Herein, magnetic polyaniline was modified with lanthanum nanoparticles (MPANI@La) as adsorbent, aiming to the treatment of high phosphate-containing aquatic solutions. High valent lanthanum doped with polyaniline was a promising adsorbent to uptake phosphate ions with possible electrostatic interaction and cation exchange process. The functional groups, composition, surface morphology, and magnetic property of the adsorbent were investigated using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), respectively. During the experimental process, MPANI@La has removed phosphate ions from water >90%, with 80 mg adsorbent, and shaking for 150 min at room temperature. In this regard, the process was fitted with the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.999) and the Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.99). The proposed nanoparticles provided an appropriate adsorption capacity (qm) of 45.24 mg.g-1 at pH 4 for phosphate ions. Besides, the adsorbent can be used with an efficiency of 92.49% up to three times that reduced to 52.89% after ten times. In addition, the adsorption process was justified by thermodynamics which confirmed the proposed adsorption mechanism. Hence, the models were provided surface adsorption, monolayer pattern, and the physical mechanism of the phosphate removal process using MPANI@La. Hence the proposed adsorbent can be used as an alternative adsorbent in environmental water remediation.
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Lantânio , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Adsorção , Compostos de Anilina , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Lantânio/química , Fenômenos Magnéticos , Fosfatos/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Termodinâmica , Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/químicaRESUMO
The quality of the bread has been always an important issue and needs to be improved. Curcumin nanoemulsion provides an antioxidant and other nutritional value to the bakery products. Our aim was to determine the effect of curcumin nanoemulsions as a food additive on the quality and digestibility of breads. Curcumin nanoemulsion was stabilized by using Tween 80 and an ultrasound approach and its incorporation of curcumin nanoemulsion into bread formulation as the replacement of margarine. The objects of the study were the obtained bread from wheat flour, namely, control sample, CuNE containing sample, and raw curcumin containing bread sample. The results of the sensory evaluation of prototype bread suggest that curcumin nanoemulsion does affect organoleptic properties of bread. The result of antioxidant activity for curcumin nanoemulsion bread is higher (31.59%) compared to a control bread (20.59%). Also, in addition to a positive effect, there is an increase in the total strain and the elasticity of the crumb of bread compared to the control bread. SEM (scanning electron microscope) study shows that formulation with nanoemulsion promotes uniform distribution of fine pores (porosity).
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We considered in this work the linear operator equation and used the Landweber iterative method as an iterative solver. After that, we used the multigrid method as an optimization method for obtaining an approximation solution with a highly accurate and fast process. A new parallel algorithm for the multigrid process has been developed. The proposed algorithm is based on a V-cycle mixed with the two-grid method. This modification of the V-cycle provides for parallel computing for each level. A coarse grid operator with a residual right-hand side vector for each coarse grid is provided. This parallel algorithm is used to accelerate and enhance computation for the solution of the iteration method in solving the inverse ill-posed problems. The necessary cost-time computation for all stages and processes for the parallel V-cycle algorithm has been done. A numerical experiment on solving the IVP (initial value problem) for the heat equation showed that the new parallel algorithm is much more efficient than the sequential method.â¢The study of iteration algorithms and mathematical experiments reveals a slow rate of convergence.â¢The Multigrid method is often used to speed up the rate of convergence of iterative methods, which is an effective method of solving large systems of linear algebra equations.â¢The approximation solution for the linear algebra equations was found by using the parallel method with the multigrid method.
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Gums are biopolymers with many functional and innovative properties in the food industry. They are complex carbohydrate biomolecules capable of bonding with water, generating gel and mucilage structures. Among different gums, plant-based gums (PBGs) are one of the most important groups as they possess key characteristics such as stabilizing potential, viscosity enhancement, emulsifying and surface-active property, extensive adaptability, and affordability leading to their application in the formulation of food products. PBGs are extensively used in the confectionery, encapsulation of flavors and colors, emulsions, carrier agents, as dietary fiber, thickening/foaming agent, formulation of functional foods, and stabilizers in beverages and other food products. More importantly, researchers and food industries have been engrossed to reveal the undisclosed potential of PBGs and the impact of chemical composition and molecular structure on their techno-functional characteristics Therefore, this review study aims to explore the structure and physiochemical/functional properties of PBGs and their application as techno-functional materials in different food industries.