Comparing serial and current liver stiffness measurements to predict decompensation in compensated advanced chronic liver disease patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The utility of serial liver stiffness measurements (LSM) to predict decompensation in patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) remains unclear. We aimed to validate whether comparing serial LSM is superior to using the current LSM to predict liver-related events (LRE) in patients with cACLD. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In this retrospective analysis of an international registry, patients with cACLD and serial LSM were followed up until index LRE. We compared the performance of both the dynamic LSM changes and the current LSM in predicting LRE using Cox regression analysis, considering time zero of follow-up as the date of latest liver stiffness measurement. In all, 480 patients with cACLD with serial LSM were included from 5 countries. The commonest etiology of cACLD was viral (53%) and MASLD (34%). Over a median follow-up of 68 (IQR: 45 -92) months, 32% experienced a LSM decrease to levels below 10kPa (resolved cACLD) and 5.8% experienced LRE. Resolved cACLD were more likely to be nondiabetic and had better liver function. While a higher value of the current LSM was associated with higher LREs, LSM changes over time (LSM slope) were not associated with LRE. In multivariable Cox regression, neither the prior LSM nor the LSM slope added predictive value to latest liver stiffness measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Once the current LSM is known, previous LSM values do not add to the prediction of LREs in patients with cACLD.

Sequential SAFE Score and Transient Elastography for Detecting Significant Fibrosis in Asian Patients with MASLD.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),1 represents a global public health issue. Fibrosis stage is the most important risk for long-term undesirable outcomes.2,3 From recent meta-analyses, all-cause and liver-related mortalities significantly increased from fibrosis stage 2 (significant fibrosis; F≥2) onward.4,5 In primary care setting, those with F≥2 should be referred to hepatologists; therefore, noninvasive tests to stratify risk of patients with MASLD are crucial. Steatosis-associated fibrosis estimator (SAFE) was recently developed to predict F≥2.6 SAFE has been externally validated and outperformed fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS).7,8 Recently, international guidelines proposed sequential diagnostic steps, initially using FIB-4 and then transient elastography (TE) in non-low-risk patients.9,10 However, the guidelines focused on identifying advanced fibrosis (F≥3), which might be too late. This study aimed to compare the performance among SAFE, FIB-4, and NFS, and evaluate SAFE-TE sequential approach. We hypothesized that by initially using SAFE, the proportion of patients misclassified as low risk despite already having F≥2 could be diminished.

Lower Risks of New-Onset Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With SGLT2 Inhibitors Versus DPP4 Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may be a risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The association between risk of developing HCC and treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) is currently unknown. This study aimed to compare the risk of new-onset HCC in patients treated with SGLT2i versus DPP4i. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with T2DM in Hong Kong receiving either SGLT2i or DPP4i between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020. Patients with concurrent DPP4i and SGLT2i use were excluded. Propensity score matching (1:1 ratio) was performed by using the nearest neighbor search. Multivariable Cox regression was applied to identify significant predictors. RESULTS: A total of 62,699 patients were included (SGLT2i, n=22,154; DPP4i, n=40,545). After matching (n=44,308), 166 patients (0.37%) developed HCC: 36 in the SGLT2i group and 130 in the DPP4i group over 240,269 person-years. Overall, SGLT2i use was associated with lower risks of HCC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.42; 95% CI, 0.28-0.79) compared with DPP4i after adjustments. The association between SGLT2i and HCC development remained significant in patients with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis (HR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.04-0.41), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.17-0.59), or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.22-0.80). The results were consistent in different risk models, propensity score approaches, and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2i use was associated with a lower risk of HCC compared with DPP4i use after adjustments, and in the context of cirrhosis, advanced fibrosis, HBV infection, and HCV infection.

Comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for new-onset gastric cancer and gastric diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the risks of gastric cancer and other gastric diseases in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exposed to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2I), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4I) or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1a). DESIGN: This was a population-based cohort study of prospectively collected data on patients with T2DM prescribed SGLT2I, DPP4I or GLP1a between January 1st 2015 and December 31st 2020 from Hong Kong. The outcomes were new-onset gastric cancer, peptic ulcer (PU), acute gastritis, non-acute gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Propensity score matching (1:1) using the nearest neighbour search was performed, and multivariable Cox regression was applied. A three-arm comparison between SGLT2I, DPP4I and GLP1a was conducted using propensity scores with inverse probability of treatment weighting. RESULTS: A total of 62,858 patients (median age: 62.2 years old [SD: 12.8]; 55.93% males; SGLT2I: n = 23,442; DPP4I: n = 39,416) were included. In the matched cohort, the incidence of gastric cancer was lower in SGLT2I (Incidence rate per 1000 person-year, IR: 0.32; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.23-0.43) than in DPP4I (IR per 1000 person-year: 1.22; CI 1.03-1.42) users. Multivariable Cox regression found that SGLT2I use was associated with lower risks of gastric cancer (HR 0.30; 95% CI 0.19-0.48), PU, acute gastritis, non-acute gastritis, and GERD (p < 0.05) compared to DPP4I use. In the three-arm analysis, GLP1a use was associated with higher risks of gastric cancer and GERD compared to SGLT2I use. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SGLT2I was associated with lower risks of new-onset gastric cancer, PU, acute gastritis, non-acute gastritis, and GERD after matching and adjustments compared to DPP4I use. SGLT2I use was associated with lower risks of GERD and gastric cancer compared to GLP1a use.

Prevalence and virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori isolated from oral cavity of non-disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer patients.

Background/purpose: The oral cavity is considered a reservoir of Helicobacter pylori associated with gastric infection. It aimed to examine the prevalence of H. pylori strains from the oral cavity and gastric tissue of patients with different stage of gastric-diseases. Strains were further characterized for virulence genes, adhesion ability, and inflammation responses. Materials and methods: 11 non-disease, 15 gastritis, and 15 gastric cancer participated in the study. After clinical examination, gastric biopsies, saliva and plaque samples were collected and H. pylori levels were examined by real-time PCR and cultivation. The cagA and vacA genes were investigated from the culture strains. Adhesion ability and pro-inflammatory responses were analyzed in comparison between the presence of virulent genes and disease status. Results: Relatively poor periodontal condition was found among gastric cancer patients. Prevalence of H. pylori-positive was 84.8% and 19.5% by real-time PCR and cultivation, respectively. The cagA and vacA gene-positive strains were 52.6% and 5.3%, respectively, which were found more in gastric cancer patients. The cagA gene-positive strains were found to be higher in gastric cancer patients, and strains had significantly higher adhesion ability and pro-inflammation expressions than the cagA gene-negative strains. Conclusion: Colonization by H. pylori in oral cavity was confirmed, and the cagA gene-positive strains play a crucial role in both adhesion and inflammatory responses. The presence of H. pylori and its virulence gene in oral cavity should be received attention. An eradication of such strains from oral cavity may help to prevent the transmission and recolonization to gastric organs.

Lyophilized cell-free supernatants of Limosilactobacillus fermentum T0701 exhibited antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori is a prominent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with various gastrointestinal illnesses. It presents substantial health risks due to its antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to identify alternative treatments for H. pylori infections. Limosilactobacillus spp exhibit probiotic properties with beneficial effects in humans; however, the mechanisms by which it counteracts H. pylori infection are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Limosilactobacillus fermentum T0701 lyophilized cell-free supernatants (LCFS) against H. pylori. The LCFS has varying antimicrobial activities, with inhibition zones of up to 10.67 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of LCFS are 6.25-25.00 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL to > 50.00 mg/mL, respectively, indicating its capability to inhibit H. pylori. There is morphological damage observed in H. pylori treated with LCFS. Additionally, H. pylori adhesion to AGS cells (human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells) reduces by 74.23%, highlighting the LCFS role in preventing bacterial colonization. Moreover, LCFS exhibits no cytotoxicity or morphological changes in AGS cells, and with no detected virulence or antimicrobial resistance genes, further supporting its safety profile. L. fermentum T0701 LCFS shows promise as a safe and effective non-toxic agent against H. pylori, with the potential to prevent gastric colonization.

Effect of smartphone-assisted lifestyle intervention in MASLD patients: a randomized controlled trial.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is emerging globally as a significant problem. The mainstay of treatment is lifestyle intervention (LSI). We hypothesized that providing information regarding LSI and MASLD through a social media application generally used in the respective society would improve clinical outcomes in MASLD more than standard of care (SOC). This is a randomized controlled study in noncirrhotic MASLD patients aged 18-65 years in Thailand. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the control (SOC) or intervention arm. Patients in both groups received standard LSI advice. Infographics about MASLD and LSI information were sent to the intervention group every 3-7 days via the LINE official account. The outcomes are changes in liver steatosis and liver stiffness by FIBROSCAN at 24 weeks, as well as weight loss, body composition, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level between the two groups. A total of 122 patients were enrolled. The median age of eligible participants was 53 years, 64.7% were female, and median body mass index was 27.3 kg/m2. After a complete 24-week study period, both groups had an improvement in weight, ALT level, liver steatosis, and fat mass, but the differences in those changes between groups were not statistically significant. Interestingly, a significant improvement in liver stiffness was observed in the intervention group than in the control group (- 0.7 ± 1.8 kPa vs. 0.1 ± 2.4 kPa, P = 0.035). Encouraging LSI and delivering MASLD information via a social media application (LINE official account) to patients with MASLD demonstrated a better outcome of liver stiffness measurement than SOC.Clinical trial number: TCTR20210304002 (04/03/2021) ( http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20210304002 ).

Effect of mouthwash containing poly l-Lysine and glycerol monolaurate on oral Helicobacter pylori relating to biofilm eradication, anti-adhesion, and pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression.

Background/purpose: Helicobacter pylori has been found to be related to periodontitis, and the oral cavity has been considered a reservoir for H. pylori gastritis infection. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of mouthwash containing poly l-Lysine and glycerol monolaurate on inhibiting H. pylori growth, biofilm formation, cell cytotoxicity, adhesion ability, cagA mRNA expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by H. pylori. Materials and methods: Nineteen H. pylori strains were isolated from the oral cavity. The effectiveness of mouthwash containing poly l-Lysine and glycerol monolaurate was examined for its ability to inhibit H. pylori growth and biofilm formation and was tested for cell viability in oral epithelial cells (H357), gastric adenocarcinoma cells (AGS), and periodontal ligament cells (PDL). Additionally, the mouthwash was tested for reducing cagA mRNA expression, adhesion ability to H357 and AGS cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated with H. pylori in AGS and PDL cells. Results: The mouthwash containing poly l-Lysine and glycerol monolaurate could eradicate the biofilm by 14.9-19.9% after incubation at 5 min, and cell viability revealed 77.2, 79.8, and 100.0% for AGS, H357, and PDL cells, respectively. Moreover, the mouthwash containing poly l-Lysine and glycerol monolaurate could down-regulate cagA mRNA expression, reduce adhesion of H. pylori by approximately 9.5-47.8% for H357 cells and 24.5-62.9% for AGS cells, and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-8, stimulated with H. pylori. Conclusion: Mouthwash containing poly l-Lysine and glycerol monolaurate could inhibit H. pylori growth and reduce their virulence expression. The mouthwash also revealed low cytotoxicity to oral and gastric cells.

Non-Invasive Serum Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Cirrhosis in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) and AIH-Primary Biliary Cholangitis Overlap Syndrome (AIH-PBC): Red Cell Distribution Width to Platelet Ratio (RPR) Yielded the Most Promising Result.

Several serum biomarkers for fibrosis assessment have been proposed in various liver diseases, but in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) or overlap with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC; AIH-PBC) patients, the data are scarce. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to validate six non-invasive biomarkers in the diagnosis of cirrhosis (F4 fibrosis) in such patients. We included adult patients diagnosed with AIH or AIH-PBC overlap syndrome who underwent a liver biopsy between 2011 and 2021. Laboratory data were collected to calculate the following scores: red cell distribution width to platelet ratio (RPR), aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index (APRI), Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte-to-platelet ratio (LPR). A total of 139 patients were eligible (111 AIH and 28 AIH-PBC). The prevalence of cirrhosis was 35.3% (36% in AIH and 32.1% in AIH-PBC). The AUROCs of the RPR, FIB-4, APRI, AAR, LPR, and NLR in all patients were 0.742, 0.724, 0.650, 0.640, 0.609, and 0.585, respectively. RPR was significantly superior to APRI, NLR, and LPR. Moreover, RPR showed the highest AUROC (0.915) in the overlap AIH-PBC subgroup. In conclusion, RPR yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy to predict cirrhosis in AIH and AIH-PBC overlap syndrome patients, while FIB-4 was considerably optimal.

Liver Transplantation in Chronic Liver Disease and Acute on Chronic Liver Failure- Indication, Timing and Practices.

Liver transplantation (LT) is the second most common solid organ transplantation worldwide. LT is considered the best and most definitive therapeutic option for patients with decompensated chronic liver disease (CLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), acute liver failure (ALF), and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The etiology of CLD shows wide geographical variation, with viral hepatitis being the major etiology in the east and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) in the west. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on an increasing trend and is expected to be the most common etiology on a global scale. Since the first successful LT, there have been radical changes in the indications for LT. In many circumstances, not just the liver disease itself but factors such as extra-hepatic organ dysfunction or failures necessitate LT. ACLF is a dynamic syndrome that has extremely high short-term mortality. Currently, there is no single approved therapy for ACLF, and LT seems to be the only feasible therapeutic option for selected patients at high risk of mortality. Early identification of ACLF, stratification of patients according to disease severity, aggressive organ support, and etiology-specific treatment approaches have a significant impact on post-transplant outcomes. This review briefly describes the indications, timing, and referral practices for LT in patients with CLD and ACLF.

Health-related quality of life in Thai patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Background: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) significantly impacts the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but remains underexplored in the Thai population. Health state utilities (HSU) are indicators reflecting HRQoL which serve as fundamental inputs for economic evaluation analyses. This study aimed at assessing differences in HRQoL across five CHB stages in Thai patients, including non-cirrhotic CHB, compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, early-/intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and advanced-/terminal-stage HCC. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to collect HRQoL data from patients with CHB at five stages. The study included patients with CHB who were followed up at a super-tertiary care centre between March 2021 and February 2022. The participants completed the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and provided demographic data. Disease stage and relevant data were obtained from medical records. HSU and Euroqol-visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) scores, calculated using Thai-specific conversion coefficients, were assessed. Results: Among 422 patients, 236 did not have cirrhosis, 92 had compensated cirrhosis, 13 had decompensated cirrhosis, 55 had early-/intermediate-stage HCC, and 26 had advanced-/terminal-stage HCC. The HSU scores for non-cirrhotic, compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, early-/intermediate-stage HCC and advanced-/terminal-stage HCC were 0.95 ± 0.08, 0.89 ± 0.16, 0.79 ± 0.19, 0.89 ± 0.12 and 0.52 ± 0.39, respectively. Similarly, the EQ-VAS scores for various CHB stages were 83.56 ± 12.90, 80.48 ± 13.03, 68.76 ± 17.40, 79.00 ± 14.38 and 62.92 ± 20.62, respectively. A significant correlation (r = 0.469, P < 0.001) was observed between the HSU and EQ-VAS scores. The disease progression led to a notable HSU decline, particularly in the advanced-/terminal-stage HCC group (regression coefficient: -0.436, P < 0.001). The EQ-VAS scores indicated reduced quality of life in advanced liver disease. Conclusions: Later CHB stages compromise the HRQoL. Decompensated cirrhosis and advanced-/terminal-stage HCC profoundly affect physical health and quality of life, whereas patients with compensated cirrhosis and early-/intermediate-stage HCC report better HRQoL.

A smartphone application to enhance bowel preparation for first-time colonoscopy: a randomized controlled study.

Background and aims: Colonoscopy is an essential cancer screening tool; however, bowel preparation is a multifaceted process that involves several steps. Proper preparation is crucial for a successful colonoscopy in terms of diagnostic accuracy and procedural safety. We evaluated the performance of a smartphone application with bowel preparation instructions on individuals undergoing their first colonoscopy. Methods: In this randomized, prospective, endoscopist-blinded study, participants were scheduled to undergo their first colonoscopy between January 2020 and January 2022. The study protocol was registered at Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20190928002). They were randomly assigned to the smartphone education application (APP) or the standard education (control) group. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score, polyp detection rate (PDR), and adenoma detection rate (ADR) were compared. Factors associated with excellent bowel preparation were also evaluated. Results: In total, 119 patients (APP group, n = 57; control group, n = 62) underwent their first colonoscopy. The mean BBPS score and proportion of excellent bowel preparation (BBPS≥8) were significantly higher in the APP group than in the control group. Smartphone application-guided bowel preparation achieved a higher proportion of adequate and excellent bowel preparation scores, was associated with other quality indicators, and achieved the target ADR, cecal intubation rate, and adequate withdrawal time. Conclusion: This application may be a user-friendly option to improve the first-time colonoscopy experience, resulting in effective screening of colorectal cancer. Clinical trial registration: The study protocol was registered at Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20190928002).

Clinical Utility of the aMAP Score for Predicting Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the aMAP score and compare it with other risk scores for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in Thai patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We retrospectively analyzed patients with CHB between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2019. Data on demographics, clinical parameters, cirrhosis status, HCC imaging, and alpha fetoprotein surveillance were collected to calculate the aMAP score (0-100) based on age, sex, albumin-bilirubin level, and platelet count. Of the 1060 patients analyzed, 789 were eligible, of whom 51 developed HCC. The cumulative HCC incidences in the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups at 3, 5, and 10 years were significantly different (log-rank, p < 0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of the aMAP scores for predicting HCC at 3, 5, and 10 years were 0.748, 0.777, and 0.784, respectively. Among the risk scores, the CU-HCC score had the highest AUROCs (0.823) for predicting 5-year HCC development. The aMAP score is a valuable tool for predicting HCC risk in Thai patients with CHB and can enhance surveillance strategies. However, its performance is inferior to that of the CU-HCC score, suggesting the need for new predictive tools for HCC surveillance.

Efficacy of Vonoprazan vs. Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitor in Prevention of Re-Bleeding of High-Risk Peptic Ulcers: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

Background: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is well-established for its effectiveness in reducing re-bleeding in high-risk peptic ulcer patients following endoscopic hemostasis. Vonoprazan (VPZ) has demonstrated the capacity to achieve gastric pH levels exceeding 4, comparable to PPIs. This study aims to evaluate the comparative efficacy of intravenous PPI infusion versus VPZ in preventing re-bleeding after endoscopic hemostasis in patients with high-risk peptic ulcers. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, controlled, and double-dummy design was employed. Patients with peptic ulcer bleeding (Forrest class IA/IB or IIA/IIB) who underwent endoscopic hemostasis were randomly assigned to either the PPI group or the VPZ group. Re-bleeding rates at 3, 7, and 30 days, the number of blood transfusions required, length of hospitalization, and ulcer healing rate at 56 days were assessed. Results: A total of 44 eligible patients were enrolled, including 20 patients (PPI group, n = 11; VPZ group, n = 9) with high-risk peptic ulcers. The mean age was 66 years, with 70% being male. Re-bleeding within 72 h occurred in 9.1% of the PPI group versus 0% in the VPZ group (p = 1.000). There was no significant difference in re-bleeding rates within 7 days and 30 days (18.2% vs. 11.1%, p = 1.000). Additionally, the ulcer healing rate did not significantly differ between the groups (87.5% vs. 77.8%). Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates comparable efficacy between oral vonoprazan and continuous PPI infusion in preventing recurrent bleeding events among high-risk peptic ulcer patients following successful endoscopic hemostasis.

Global epidemiology of alcohol-associated liver disease in adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The objective of the study was to analyse the prevalence, incidence, and death of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) among adolescents and young adults globally, continentally, and nationally, focusing on trends over time. METHODS: The study analysed data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study between 2000 and 2019. It examined ALD's prevalence, incidence, and death in adolescents and young adults aged 15-29, segmented by region, nation, and sociodemographic index. The analysis utilised Joinpoint regression modelling to calculate the annual per cent change (APC) in the rate of these parameters over time. RESULTS: In 2019, there were 281,450 ALD prevalences, 18,930 incidences, and 3190 deaths among adolescents and young adults globally. From 2000 to 2019, the age-adjusted prevalence rate per 100,000 increased in the 25-29 age group (APC: +0.6%, p = 0.003), remained stable among ages 20-24 (p = 0.302) and ages 15-19 (p = 0.160). Prevalence increased significantly from age 15-19 to 20-24 (19-fold increase) and from age 20-24 to 25-29 (2.5-fold increase). ALD prevalence rates increased in all age groups in adolescents and young adults in Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean region. Around three-quarters of countries and territories experienced an increase in ALD incidence rates in young adults. CONCLUSION: Over two decades, the burden of ALD among adolescents and young adults has increased globally. The study emphasises the importance of public health policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and preventing ALD among younger populations.

Changes in the epidemiological trends of primary liver cancer in the Asia-Pacific region.

Primary liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome and alcohol consumption, along with the existing burden of viral hepatitis, could significantly heighten the impact of primary liver cancer. However, the specific effects of these factors in the Asia-Pacific region, which comprises more than half of the global population, remain largely unexplored. This study aims to analyze the epidemiology of primary liver cancer in the Asia-Pacific region. We evaluated regional and national data from the Global Burden of Disease study spanning 2010 to 2019 to assess the age-standardized incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years associated with primary liver cancer in the Asia-Pacific region. During the study period, there were an estimated 364,700 new cases of primary liver cancer and 324,100 deaths, accounting for 68 and 67% of the global totals, respectively. Upward trends were observed in the age-standardized incidence rates of primary liver cancer due to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as an increase in primary liver cancer from Hepatitis B virus infection in the Western Pacific region. Notably, approximately 17% of new cases occurred in individuals aged 15-49 years. Despite an overall decline in the burden of primary liver cancer in the Asia-Pacific region over the past decade, increases in incidence were noted for several etiologies, including MASLD and ALD. However, viral hepatitis remains the leading cause, responsible for over 60% of the total burden. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address the rising burden of primary liver cancer in the Asia-Pacific region.

Clostridioides difficile Infection in the Elderly: Trend Analysis from 2000 to 2019.

Background/Objective: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common healthcare-associated ailment, presenting major health and economic challenges, especially for the elderly. Despite its prevalence, comprehensive data about CDI's impact on the elderly are limited. Methods: This study used the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 data to analyze CDI trends from 2000 to 2019, considering factors like sex, region, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Results: This study revealed that CDI caused approximately 18,181 deaths and 252,709 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among the elderly worldwide. The Americas showed the highest CDI burden, while the Eastern Mediterranean saw the steepest rate increase from 2000 to 2019. Regions with a high SDI also displayed substantial CDI impact. Conclusions: The escalating burden of CDI in the elderly, especially in high-SDI areas and the Americas, emphasizes an urgent need for targeted public health strategies.