Significant high expression of cytokeratins 7, 8, 18, 19 in pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, compared to small cell lung carcinomas.

The aim of the present study was to clarify protein profiling in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). The proteomic approach was used, and involved cell lysate from two cell lines (N231 derived from SCLC and LCN1 derived from LCNEC), with 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE). In the present study, 25 protein spots with greater than twofold quantitative differences between LCN1 and N231 cells on 2-DE gels were confirmed. Within the 25 identified proteins, cytokeratins (CK) 7, 8, 18 and 19 were upregulated in LCN1 cells compared with N231 cells. The expression of CK7, 8, 18, and 19 was further studied on immunohistochemistry with 81 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded pulmonary carcinomas, which included 27 SCLC, 30 LCNEC, 14 adenocarcinomas, and 10 squamous cell carcinomas. Although the expression of CK7, 8, 18, and 19 was observed in all histological types, the mean immunostaining scores of CK7, 8, 18, and 19 were significantly higher in LCNEC than in SCLC (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). These data suggest that the biological characteristics of LCNEC and SCLC may be different and the expression of CK may serve as differential diagnostic markers.

A new possible lung cancer marker: VGF detection from the conditioned medium of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma-derived cells using secretome analysis.

The prognosis of malignant neuroendocrine tumors of the lung is known to be very poor. Aiming to identify new markers of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors in early stages and also differential diagnostic markers between large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung cancer, we comprehensively analyzed peptides which were secreted into conditioned medium by LCN1, a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma cell line. Specific peaks in conditioned medium but not in used medium alone were detected using matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Two peptide fragments of 40 and 19 amino acid residues were identified by matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. These two fragments were demonstrated to be parts of VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF), which is usually expressed in nerve cells or neuroendocrine cells. RT-PCR analysis of lung cancer cell lines showed that VGF mRNA was expressed only in neuroendocrine carcinoma-derived cells. Our data suggest that VGF can be used as a novel serological diagnostic marker of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.

Proteomics of tumor-specific proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with astrocytoma: usefulness of gelsolin protein.

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition have been shown to accurately reflect pathological processes in the CNS, and are potential indicators of abnormal CNS states, such as tumor growth. To detect biomarkers in high-grade astrocytomas, the differential expression of proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid was analyzed from two cases each of diffuse astrocytoma (grade II), and glioblastoma (grade IV) using agarose 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE). It was found that the expression of gelsolin protein decreased with histological grade. To examine whether gelsolin is a useful indicator of tumor aggressiveness or patient outcome, its expression was further studied on immunohistochemistry in 41 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded astrocytomas. The positive cell rate of gelsolin in tumors was 59.4% in grade II, 30.0% in grade III and 29.4% in grade IV, respectively. Gelsolin expression was significantly lower in high-grade astrocytomas (grade III or IV) than in low-grade astrocytomas (grade II; P < 0.05). Moreover, in astrocytomas the overall survival of patients in the low-expression group was significantly poorer than in the high expression group (P < 0.05). These data suggest that gelsolin is a prognostic factor in astrocytoma.

HEG1 is a novel mucin-like membrane protein that serves as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for malignant mesothelioma.

The absence of highly specific markers for malignant mesothelioma (MM) has served an obstacle for its diagnosis and development of molecular-targeting therapy against MM. Here, we show that a novel mucin-like membrane protein, sialylated protein HEG homolog 1 (HEG1), is a highly specific marker for MM. A monoclonal antibody against sialylated HEG1, SKM9-2, can detect even sarcomatoid and desmoplastic MM. The specificity and sensitivity of SKM9-2 to MM reached 99% and 92%, respectively; this antibody did not react with normal tissues. This accurate discrimination by SKM9-2 was due to the recognition of a sialylated O-linked glycan with HEG1 peptide. We also found that gene silencing of HEG1 significantly suppressed the survival and proliferation of mesothelioma cells; this result suggests that HEG1 may be a worthwhile target for function-inhibition drugs. Taken together, our results indicate that sialylated HEG1 may be useful as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for MM.

IL-22/STAT3-Induced Increases in SLURP1 Expression within Psoriatic Lesions Exerts Antimicrobial Effects against Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: SLURP1 is the causal gene for Mal de Meleda (MDM), an autosomal recessive skin disorder characterized by diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma and transgressive keratosis. Moreover, although SLURP1 likely serves as an important proliferation/differentiation factor in keratinocytes, the possible relation between SLURP1 and other skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, has not been studied, and the pathophysiological control of SLURP1 expression in keratinocytes is largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to examine the involvement of SLURP1 in the pathophysiology of psoriasis using an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis model mice and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). RESULTS: SLURP1 expression was up-regulated in the skin of IMQ-induced psoriasis model mice. In NHEKs stimulated with the inflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α, which are reportedly expressed in psoriatic lesions, SLURP1 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated by IL-22 but not the other two cytokines. The stimulatory effect of IL-22 was completely suppressed in NHEKs treated with a STAT3 inhibitor or transfected with siRNA targeting STAT3. Because IL-22 induces production of antimicrobial proteins in epithelial cells, the antibacterial activity of SLURP1 was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is known to be associated with disease severity in psoriasis. SLURP1 significantly suppressed the growth of S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate SLURP1 participates in pathophysiology of psoriasis by regulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, and by suppressing the growth of S. aureus.

Hishot display--a new combinatorial display for obtaining target-recognizing peptides.

Display technologies are procedures used for isolating target-recognizing peptides without using immunized animals. In this study, we describe a new display method, named Hishot display, that uses Escherichia coli and an expression plasmid to isolate target-recognizing peptides. This display method is based on the formation, in bacteria, of complexes between a polyhistidine (His)-tagged peptide including random sequences and the peptide-encoding mRNA including an RNA aptamer against the His-tag. When this system was tested using a sequence encoding His-tagged green fluorescent protein that included an RNA aptamer against the His-tag, the collection of mRNA encoding the protein was dependent on the RNA aptamer. Using this display method and a synthetic library of surrogate single-chain variable fragments consisting of VpreB and Ig heavy-chain variable domains, it was possible to isolate clones that could specifically recognize a particular target (intelectin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-α). These clones were obtained as soluble proteins produced by E. coli, and the purified peptide clones recognizing intelectin-1 could be used as detectors for sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The Hishot display will be a useful method to add to the repertoire of display technologies.

Specific expression of human intelectin-1 in malignant pleural mesothelioma and gastrointestinal goblet cells.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal tumor. It is often hard to discriminate MPM from metastatic tumors of other types because currently, there are no reliable immunopathological markers for MPM. MPM is differentially diagnosed by some immunohistochemical tests on pathology specimens. In the present study, we investigated the expression of intelectin-1, a new mesothelioma marker, in normal tissues in the whole body and in many cancers, including MPM, by immunohistochemical analysis. We found that in normal tissues, human intelectin-1 was mainly secreted from gastrointestinal goblet cells along with mucus into the intestinal lumen, and it was also expressed, to a lesser extent, in mesothelial cells and urinary epithelial cells. Eighty-eight percent of epithelioid-type MPMs expressed intelectin-1, whereas sarcomatoid-type MPMs, biphasic MPMs, and poorly differentiated MPMs were rarely positive for intelectin-1. Intelectin-1 was not expressed in other cancers, except in mucus-producing adenocarcinoma. These results suggest that intelectin-1 is a better marker for epithelioid-type MPM than other mesothelioma markers because of its specificity and the simplicity of pathological assessment. Pleural intelectin-1 could be a useful diagnostic marker for MPM with applications in histopathological identification of MPM.

Anti-HuC and -HuD autoantibodies are differential sero-diagnostic markers for small cell carcinoma from large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung.

Aiming to identify novel sero-diagnostic markers for neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung, the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-immunoblot method was used to analyze tumor-associated autoantibodies in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). Several autoantigens were revealed and anti-HuC autoantibody was detected only in sera of SCLC patients. Since Hu family proteins including HuC are well-known causes of paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy (PEM/SN), the expression of HuC as well as HuD mRNAs and their proteins was studied in 11 lung cancer cell lines. The expression of HuC and HuD mRNAs and proteins was only detected in SCLC- and LCNEC-derived cells. To validate the existence of anti-HuC and -HuD auto-antibodies, we studied a large number of sera including those from lung cancer patients employing dot blot analysis. Anti-HuC and -HuD autoantibodies were detected only in SCLC cases with or without PEM/SN, and not in the sera of LCNEC patients. The mechanism leading to different anti-HuC and -HuD autoantibody production between SCLC and LCNEC is unclear; however, the results from the present and previous studies suggest that anti-HuC and -HuD auto-antibodies are novel differential sero-diagnostic markers for SCLC from LCNEC.

HADHA is a potential predictor of response to platinum-based chemotherapy for lung cancer.

To identify a cisplatin resistance predictor to reduce or prevent unnecessary side effects, we firstly established four cisplatin-resistant sub-lines and compared their protein profiles with cisplatin-sensitive parent lung cancer cell lines using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Between the cisplatin-resistant and -sensitive cells, a total of 359 protein spots were differently expressed (>1.5 fold), and 217 proteins (83.0%) were identified. We focused on a mitochondrial protein, hydroxyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase alpha subunit (HADHA), which was increased in all cisplatin-resistant cells. Furthermore, pre- treated biopsy specimens taken from patients who showed resistance to platinum-based treatment showed a significantly higher positive rate for HADHA in all cases (p=0.00367), including non-small cell lung carcinomas (p=0.002), small-cell lung carcinomas (p=0.038), and adenocarcinomas (p=0.008). These results suggest that the expression of HADHA may be a useful marker to predict resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer.

The balance between the expressions of hASH1 and HES1 differs between large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung.

To clarify the biological differences between small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), we investigated the expression of two bHLH type transcription factors, human achaete-scute homolog 1 (hASH1) and hairy/enhancer of split 1 (HES1), which positively and negatively regulate the neuroendocrine differentiation of respiratory epithelial cells, respectively. Eighty-eight formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded pulmonary carcinomas (32 SCLC, 32 LCNEC, 14 adenocarcinomas, and 10 squamous cell carcinomas) and 14 SCLC and 1 LCNEC derived cell lines were used. hASH1 and HES1 mRNA were detected using a highly sensitive in situ hybridization method with digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probes and biotinylated tyramide. The staining results were scored from 0 to 12 by multiplying the staining intensity by the percentage of positive tumor cells. The mean staining score of hASH1 mRNA was significantly higher in SCLC than in LCNEC (p<0.01); conversely, that of HES1 mRNA was lower in SCLC than in LCNEC (p<0.01). These findings reveal that SCLC more strongly expresses the neuroendocrine phenotype, while LCNEC shows characteristics more similar to the ciliated epithelium phenotype, suggesting that the biological characteristics of these two tumors are different.

Proteomic study of sera from patients with bladder cancer: usefulness of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins.

To effectively obtain tumour-specific markers, fractionated proteins obtained using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for patient-matched pre- and postoperative sera from bladder cancer patients were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The usefulness of the identified proteins was confirmed immunohistochemically. S100A8 and S100A9 were identified as tumour-associated proteins. The increased immunoreactive expression of S100A8 protein was associated with bladder wall muscle invasion of the tumour and cancer-specific survival (p<0.05), and the increased immunoreactive expression of S100A9 protein was associated with the tumour grade (p<0.05). In addition, increased expressions of both proteins was associated with recurrence-free survival at a median follow-up of 32.9 months (both p<0.05). On multivariate analysis, the expression of S100A8 was a significant predictor of recurrence (p<0.05). These findings may help to identify biologically aggressive tumors and, thus, patients who might benefit from more intensive adjuvant therapy.

Expression of RACK1 is a novel biomarker in pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

To develop useful early and/or differential diagnostic markers for pulmonary adenocarcinomas, we generated monoclonal antibodies using A549 cells derived from pulmonary adenocarcinomas as an immunogen. Hybridoma supernatants were immunohistochemically screened for antibody production by AMeX-fixed and paraffin-embedded A549 cell preparations. Positive clones were monocloned twice by limiting dilutions. From a group of obtained antibodies, an antibody designated as KU-Lu-3 showed cytoplasmic staining. The antigen recognized by KU-Lu-3 was detected by modified two-dimensional immunoblotting, and was determined to be the receptor of activated C kinase 1 (RACK1). To evaluate the utility of KU-Lu-3, we immunohistochemically studied 184 cases of pulmonary carcinoma and paired normal lung tissues, using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue microarray sections. The expression was significantly high and frequent in adenocarcinomas but was barely detected in a few squamous cell carcinomas and large cell carcinomas (p<0.0001). Moreover, RACK1 expression was also significantly associated with the pathological stage, tumor size and lymph node status of adenocarcinoma patients, but not with tumor differentiation, or patient age and gender. These results suggest that RACK1 may be a novel differential diagnostic marker for pulmonary adenocarcinomas.