RESUMO
This article presents the design, implementation, and first data of a uniquely flexible, multi-channel, frequency comb Doppler backscattering diagnostic recently made operational in the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak [A. Gruber and O. Gruber, Fusion Sci. Technol. 44, 569 (2003)]. It uses a double side-band signal fed into a ×6 frequency multiplier to produce a multiple-frequency output spectrum. Seven of these frequencies are simultaneously measured in the receiver via a two-step frequency down-conversion and traditional I/Q demodulation. The frequency comb spectrum is fully tunable to sit anywhere in the W-band. The inter-frequency separation is also uniquely tunable remotely between 0.1 and 6 GHz without any hardware changes. The diagnostic can be operated in both O and X-mode polarizations and at both oblique and normal incidence to the cutoff layer. The time evolution of backscattered signals, in excess of 30 dB, from seven distinct frequencies sampled simultaneously is presented across an L-to-H-mode confinement regime transition.
RESUMO
This manuscript presents a new method of interpreting the ion temperature (Ti) measurement with a retarding field analyzer (RFA) that accounts for the intermittent/turbulent nature of the scrape off layer (SOL) plasmas in tokamaks. Fast measurements and statistical methods are desirable for an adequate description of random fluctuations caused by such intermittent events as edge localized modes (ELMs) and blobs. We use a RFA that can sweep its current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with up to 10 kHz. The RFA uses an electronics compensation stage to subtract the capacitive pickup due to the finite connecting cable capacitance, which greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio. In the 10 kHz case, a single I-V characteristic is obtained in time, which is an order of magnitude faster than the ELM cycle. The fast sweeping frequency allows us to reconstruct the Ti probability density function (PDF), which we use as the Ti representation. The boundary conditions that we place on the I-V characteristics when calculating the Ti values impact the resulting Ti PDF. If the boundaries are insensitive to the plasma fluctuations, then the most probable Ti value of the PDF (20 eV-25 eV) is similar to the Ti value obtained via the classical conditional averaging method (20 eV-27 eV). However, if the boundary conditions follow the fluctuations, then the PDF-based method gives a substantially higher most probable Ti value (35 eV-60 eV). Overall, we show that a fast sweeping RFA diagnostic should be used in intermittent SOL plasmas to reconstruct the PDF for accurate Ti measurements.
RESUMO
Infrared (IR) thermography is widely used in fusion research to study power exhaust and incident heat load onto the plasma facing components. Due to the short pulse duration of today's fusion experiments, IR systems have mostly been designed for off-line data analysis. For future long pulse devices (e.g., Wendelstein 7-X, ITER), a real time evaluation of the target temperature and heat flux is mandatory. This paper shows the development of a real time capable IR system for ASDEX Upgrade. A compact IR camera has been designed incorporating the necessary magnetic and electric shielding for the detector, cooler assembly. The camera communication is based on the Camera Link industry standard. The data acquisition hardware is based on National Instruments hardware, consisting of a PXIe chassis inside and a fibre optical connected industry computer outside the torus hall. Image processing and data evaluation are performed using real time LabVIEW.