Y chromosome haplogroup D2a1 is significantly associated with high levels of luteinizing hormone in Japanese men.

The association between the Y chromosome haplogroup D2 and risk of azoospermia and low sperm motility has been previously studied, and it was indicated that haplogroups DE (YAP lineage) are associated with prostate cancer risk in Japanese males. Our assumption had been that Y chromosome haplogroups may be associated with sex hormone levels, because sex hormones have been deemed responsible for spermatogenesis and carcinogenesis. In this study, we assessed the association between Y chromosome haplogroups and sex hormone levels, including those of testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), inhibin-B, and calculated free testosterone (cFT), in 901 young men from the general Japanese population (cohort 1) and 786 Japanese men of proven fertility (cohort 2). We found that the haplogroup D2a1 was significantly associated with high LH levels in a combined analysis involving two cohorts (ß = 0.068, SE = 0.025, p = 0.0075), following correction for multiple testing. To date, this result is the first evidence that implicates Y chromosome haplogroups in an association with sex hormone levels.

Capsaicin enhances the non-adrenergic twitch response of rat vas deferens.

1 Capsaicin (Cap) enhanced the twitch response of the epididymal and prostatic portions of rat vas deferens induced by field stimulation at 0.1 Hz. The effect of Cap was reproducible and showed no desensitization. 2 Prazosin, and pretreatment with reserpine or Cap did not affect the potentiating effect of Cap, whereas pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished the action of Cap. 3 Cap tended to attenuate the contractions induced by noradrenaline, tyramine and ATP. 4 Like Cap, substance K and substance P augmented the twitch response without causing desensitization, but their effects differed somewhat from that of Cap. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibited the twitch response. 5 These results suggest that Cap enhances a stimulation-induced, prazosin-resistant non-adrenergic twitch response of rat vas deferens through an as yet undefined prejunctional mechanism. This mechanism is possibly mediated by some peptide released in response to Cap from sensory neurones, which in turn acts on sympathetic nerves and increases stimulation-induced release of a mediator or cotransmitter responsible for the non-adrenergic twitch response. However, the possibility that Cap has a direct action on sympathetic nerves cannot be ruled out.

Age-related change in serotonin-mediated prejunctional inhibition of rat vas deferens.

The effect of age on the serotonin (5-HT)-induced prejunctional inhibition of twitch contractions induced in rat vas deferens by single-pulse field stimulation at 0.1 Hz was studied. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT gradually decreased with increasing age of the rats (4-15 weeks old) and was no longer detectable in preparations from rats over 15 weeks old. Moreover, on a further increase in age to 45 weeks, 5-HT conversely enhanced the twitch response of the vas deferens. The 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin and mianserin potentiated the 5-HT-induced inhibition of contractions of the vas deferens of young rats (8-15 weeks old), and attenuated the amplifying effect of 5-HT on the responses of preparations from old rats (95 weeks old). Thus unmasking of the inhibition depended on the age of rats. This change occurred earlier in life in the prostatic portion of the vas deferens than in the epididymal portion. A functional decrease in 5-HT-mediated prejunctional inhibition and the resultant increase in amplification of the twitch response by 5-HT are probably responsible for the age-related decrease in prejunctional inhibition.

Verapamil enhances the non-adrenergic twitch response of rat vas deferens.

Verapamil (3 X 10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) enhanced the twitch contractions of the epididymal and prostatic portions of vas deferens stimulated at 0.1 Hz. This verapamil effect was essentially similar to those of diltiazem, D-600 and Bay K 8644. However, when stimulation at 2 Hz was used verapamil (3 X 10(-5) M) attenuated the contractions of the epididymal portion by half but still augmented those of the prostatic portion. Verapamil enhanced the reserpine- and prazosin-resistant component of the stimulation-induced contractions of both portions of the vas deferens. Yohimbine augmented the twitch response but attenuated the verapamil-augmented response. Verapamil did not augment norepinephrine- or tyramine-induced contractions whereas it augmented ATP-induced contractions of the prostatic portion but not of the epididymal portion. Verapamil increased the stimulation-evoked 3H-efflux from the vas deferens labelled with [3H]norepinephrine. It is suggested that verapamil augments non-adrenergic responses of both portions of the vas deferens by acting as a Ca agonist on the prejunctional site to increase the release of co-transmitter, or by acting on the postjunctional site to enhance the action of the substance released. Its effect in augmenting norepinephrine release is concluded not to contribute to the potentiating action.

Ketanserin potentiates the prejunctional inhibitory effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on rat vas deferens.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) slightly inhibited the twitch contractions of rat vas deferens caused by single pulse field stimulation at 0.1 Hz. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT was much less in the epididymal portion than in the prostatic portion of the vas deferens. Ketanserin potentiated the prejunctional inhibitory effect of 5-HT and attenuated its stimulatory effect. This potentiation was observable only in the epididymal portion, of the vas deferens. Cyproheptadine and mianserin, but not methysergide, had essentially similar potentiating effects to those of ketanserin. These results suggest that the 5-HT receptor that mediates prejunctional inhibition is not of the 5-HT2 type, and that ketanserin acts by suppressing the 5-HT-induced stimulatory effect, which is possibly mediated by a postjunctional 5-HT2 receptor, thus unmasking the inhibitory effect of 5-HT.

Effect of heparin on hemagglutination by equine arteritis virus.

Heparin inhibited hemagglutination (HA) by equine arteritis virus (EAV) as well as did HA by Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), but failed to inhibit HA by parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3). The minimal concentration of heparin required to inhibit 8 HA U of EAV was 0.1 U/ml. In addition, most EAV hemagglutinin was retained by heparin acrylic beads, as was ADV hemagglutinin, but was not PIV-3 hemagglutinin. Mouse erythrocytes failed to combine with the HA inhibitory factor of heparin. However, mouse erythrocytes treated with heparinase had greatly reduced agglutinability by EAV. All these findings suggest that a heparin-like molecule on the surface of mouse erythrocytes serves as the virus-cell receptor.

[Clinicopathological study of the testicular microlithiasis].

PURPOSE: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a relatively rare condition characterized by calcific concref1p4 within the seminiferous tubules. Little has been reported on the incidence or the clinical implication of TM among Japanese. To address the problem, we evaluated pathologic specimens from biopsies and orchiectomies, of testes with various conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pathologic specimens of the testes of 200 cases, 56 from orchiectomy and 144 from testicular biopsy, were investigated. RESULTS: The pathological diagnosis of TM was confirmed in seven (3.5%) cases, four of which were associated with germ cell tumors and the other three were obtained from testicular biopsies performed for examination of infertile men. Of the 41 patients with germ cell tumors, four (9.8%) were found to have TM, and another three (2.5%) were identified among 122 patients with infertility. The prevalence of TM is significantly higher in specimen with germ cell tumors than those without germ cell tumors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although TM is rarely encountered, this condition is relatively often accompanied by testicular malignancy. Further investigation would be fundamental to ascertain the relationship between TM and testicular malignancy.

Production cross sections of niobium and tantalum isotopes in proton-induced reactions on (nat)Zr and (nat)Hf up to 14 MeV.

Production cross sections of Nb and Ta isotopes in the proton-induced reactions on (nat)Zr and (nat)Hf, respectively, were measured up to 14 MeV using a stacked-foil technique. The observed nuclides in the (nat)Zr(p,x) reactions were (90g,91m,92m,95m,95g,96)Nb, (95)Zr, and (87g,88)Y. In the (nat)Hf(p,x) reactions, (175,176,177,178,179)Ta and (175)Hf were observed. The obtained cross sections for each nuclide were compared with the previously reported data and with the theoretical cross sections calculated by the TALYS-1.4 code. Thick-target yields of the observed nuclides were deduced from the measured production cross sections.

Nuclear chemistry. Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex.

Experimental investigations of transactinoide elements provide benchmark results for chemical theory and probe the predictive power of trends in the periodic table. So far, in gas-phase chemical reactions, simple inorganic compounds with the transactinoide in its highest oxidation state have been synthesized. Single-atom production rates, short half-lives, and harsh experimental conditions limited the number of experimentally accessible compounds. We applied a gas-phase carbonylation technique previously tested on short-lived molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) isotopes to the preparation of a carbonyl complex of seaborgium, the 106th element. The volatile seaborgium complex showed the same volatility and reactivity with a silicon dioxide surface as those of the hexacarbonyl complexes of the lighter homologs Mo and W. Comparison of the product's adsorption enthalpy with theoretical predictions and data for the lighter congeners supported a Sg(CO)6 formulation.

Adrenal steroids in human prostatic cancer cell lines.

Adrenal androgens function as an androgen source within prostate and androgen target tissue. This study compares the ability of three human prostatic cancer cell lines to metabolize the adrenal androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione under living culture conditions. Androgen-independent cell lines PC-3 and DU145 and androgen-dependent cell line LNCaP were investigated. The effect of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates was also investigated. There was a strong tendency in PC-3 or DU145 to convert androstenedione to DHEA or DHEA-S reservoir. On the other hand, LNCaP was capable of converting DHEA into androstenedione and subsequently into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Moreover, androgens were converted into a glucuronide conjugate in LNCaP, but not in PC-3 or DU145. As a result, the metabolism of the adrenal precursor shifted to androgen formation in LNCaP. This could be confirmed by means of reverse transcription-PCR of uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl-transferase (UGT) 2B15. Kinetic properties of UGT activity in LNCaP revealed DHT to be a better substrate than testosterone. In conclusion, the findings show that the adrenal precursor pool has the potential to contribute to the regulation of prostatic cells. Moreover, the presence of UGT activities in LNCaP may have a regulatory effect on the active androgen level in the intracellular environment.

Atropine for the treatment of hiccup after laryngeal mask insertion.

IMPLICATIONS: We describe three patients in whom hiccups were treated successfully by atropine. Although further clinical investigation is needed, atropine may be useful in the treatment of hiccups after the laryngeal mask airway insertion.