Usefulness of tissue Doppler-derived left ventricular isovolumic contraction velocity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a group of diseases classified by left ventricular (LV) EF, a measure of pump function. However, LVEF does not reflect LV contractility. Previous studies have shown that tissue Doppler-derived LV isovolumic contraction velocity (IVCv) correlates well with the LV peak dP/dt, an index of LV contractility. We explored whether LV IVCv is associated with 1-year post-discharge outcomes in HFpEF. METHODS: We enrolled 113 patients (median age, 86 years, 45 male) with HFpEF (EF on admission ≥ 50%) who were admitted to our hospital for the treatment of acute HF. Clinical characteristics including echocardiographic data were obtained before discharge. IVCv was obtained from the tissue Doppler waveforms of both the septal and lateral mitral annulus of the apical 4-chamber view and averaged data were used. Primary outcomes were all-cause death or unplanned hospitalization due to HF within the first year. RESULTS: Among all patients, median LVEF was 61%, left atrial diameter was 47 mm, E/e' was 17.5, and IVCv was 4.5 cm/sec; mean tricuspid regurgitation velocity was 2.6 m/sec. Regarding laboratory data, the median plasma B-type natriuretic peptide level was 185 pg/mL. Thirty-four events occurred (15 deaths, 19 unplanned hospitalizations due to HF) within the first year. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses, IVCv was significantly associated with outcomes (hazard ratio .68, 95% confidence interval .50-.89, p = .0095), independent of general characteristics, echocardiographic measures and pertinent laboratory parameters. CONCLUSION: LV IVCv was independently associated with 1-year outcomes in patients with HFpEF.

Changes in prognostic nutritional index during hospitalization and outcomes in patients with acute heart failure.

Although the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is reported as a prognosticator in patients with heart failure (HF), that is evaluated usually on one occasion, and any changes in PNI during hospitalization are not considered. This study aimed to assess between changes in the PNI during hospitalization and outcomes in patients with acute HF. We enrolled 141 patients (median age, 84 years, 75 male) admitted to our hospital for the treatment of acute HF. The PNI was calculated on admission and at discharge based on the original report. According to the PNI change during hospitalization, patients were classified as either improved (PNI at discharge ≥ PNI on admission) or deteriorated (PNI at discharge < PNI on admission). Primary outcomes were all-cause death or unplanned hospitalization due to HF within the first year. Forty-nine events occurred (19 deaths, 30 HF hospitalizations). The event-free survival rate determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis was significantly higher in patients in the improved group (log-rank test, P < 0.0001), regardless of the PNI value on admission. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11, P = 0.016), higher body mass index (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.98, P = 0.021) and the PNI in the improved group (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.57, P = 0.0006) were independently associated with favorable outcomes. In conclusion, changes in nutritional status during hospitalization, evaluated using the PNI on admission and at discharge, were independently associated with 1-year outcomes in patients with acute HF.

Association Between Albumin-Bilirubin Score at Admission and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute Heart Failure.

Liver dysfunction is one of the most recognized complications in patients with acute heart failure (HF) and therefore a liver function score may be useful for risk-stratification in those patients. Recently, the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score was developed as a new model to assess liver function in liver disease. We explored the association between the ALBI score at admission and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute HF.We enrolled 262 patients (median age, 86 years, 137 males) who were admitted to our hospital for treatment of acute HF. The following data were recorded: vital signs, laboratory data including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, echocardiographic data at admission, demographic and clinical characteristics, and treatment and prognostic information. The Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) risk score was calculated as an established risk model for each patient. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality.During hospitalization, 37 patients (14.1%) died. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with ALBI scores > -2.25 compared with patients with ALBI scores ≤ -2.25 (21.1% versus 4.5%, respectively; P = 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the GWTG-HF score (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.25, P < 0.0001), BNP level (OR 1.0007, 95% CI 1.0003-1.001, P = 0.0003) and ALBI score (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.8-19.6, P = 0.0017) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality.Our results indicated that the ALBI score was independently associated with in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for acute HF.

Relationship Between Mitral Leaflet Size and Coaptation and Their Associated Factors in Patients with Normal Left Ventricular Size and Systolic Function.

Enlargement of the mitral valve (MV) has gained attention as a compensatory mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). We aimed to determine if MV leaflet area is associated with MV coaptation-zone area and identify the clinical factors associated with MV leaflet size and coaptation-zone area in patients with normal left ventricle (LV) systolic function and size using real-time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE).We performed RT3DE in 135 patients with normal LV size and ejection fraction. MV leaflet and coaptation-zone areas were measured using custom 3D software. The clinical factors associated with MV leaflet and coaptation-zone areas were evaluated using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.There was a significant relationship between MV leaflet and coaptation-zone areas (r = 0.499, P < 0.001). MV leaflet area was strongly associated with body surface area (BSA) (r = 0.905, P < 0.001) rather than LV size and age. MV leaflet area/BSA was independently associated with male gender (P = 0.002), lower diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.042), and LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) index (P = 0.048); MV coaptation-zone area/BSA was independently associated with lower LVEDV index (P = 0.01).In patients with normal LV systolic function and size, MV leaflet size has a significant impact on competent MV coaptation. MV leaflet area might be intrinsically determined by body size rather than age and LV size, and the MV leaflet area/BSA is relatively constant. On the other hand, some clinical factors might also influence MV leaflet and coaptation-zone area.

Mitral Valvular Coaptation-Zone Area Is Associated with the Severity of Atherosclerosis Assessed by Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index.

Preservation of the mitral valve (MV) size is essential for valve function, and a reduced MV coaptation-zone area increases the risk of developing functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). We aimed to determine if the MV leaflet and coaptation-zone areas were associated with the severity of atherosclerosis assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in patients with normal left ventricle (LV) systolic function and size by real-time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE).We performed RT3DE analysis in 66 patients with normal LV size and ejection fraction who underwent 2D echocardiography and CAVI. MV coaptation-zone areas were measured by custom 3D software and indexed by body surface area (BSA). The associations of clinical factors and mean CAVI with MV leaflet and coaptation-zone areas were evaluated by univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses.On univariable analysis, MV leaflet area/BSA was significantly associated with age (r = -0.335, P = 0.0069) and mean CAVI (r = -0.464, P < 0.001), and MV coaptation-zone area was significantly associated with age (r = -0.626, P < 0.001), hypertension (r = -0.626, P < 0.001), dyslipidemia (r = -0.626, P < 0.001), E/e' (r = -0.626, P < 0.001), and CAVI (r = -0.740, P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, mean CAVI was independently associated only with MV leaflet area/BSA (standardized coefficient = -0.611, P < 0.001) and MV coaptation-zone area/BSA (standardized coefficient = -0.74, P < 0.001).In patients with normal LV systolic function and size, MV leaflet and coaptation-zone areas might be reduced according to advancing atherosclerosis. Patients with atherosclerosis might be at increased risk of developing FMR.

Detection of Pulmonary Hypertension with Systolic Pressure Estimated by Doppler Echocardiography.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) ≥ 25 mmHg at rest as assessed by right heart catheterization (RHC), and Doppler-derived systolic PAP (sPAPECHO) or tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) is widely used to screen for PH. However, the cutoff value of sPAPECHO or TRPG for detecting a mean PAP ≥ 25 mmHg that was determined invasively has not been well defined.We studied 189 patients who underwent RHC. Echocardiography was performed within 24 hours of invasive evaluation, and sPAPECHO was defined as the TRPG with right atrial pressure estimated on the basis of the current guideline.From the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the optimal sPAPECHO, and TRPG cutoffs for detecting PH were 41 mmHg (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 91%; area under the curve = 0.95) and 36 mmHg (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 93%; area under the curve = 0.95), respectively. The area under the TRPG ROC curve was similar to the area under the sPAPECHO ROC curve.Given that Doppler echocardiography is required to accurately detect PH rather than to accurately estimate systolic PAP, our results provide useful information with regard to screening patients for PH and recommending further investigations on PH.

Prognostic Value of a Simple Echocardiographic Parameter, the Right Ventricular Systolic to Diastolic Duration Ratio, in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure with Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

The prognostic value of the right ventricular (RV) systolic to diastolic duration ratio (S/D ratio) in patients with advanced heart failure is not clear.We enrolled 45 patients with DCM (40 ± 13 years, 33 male) who were admitted to our hospital for evaluation or treatment of heart failure. The RV systolic and diastolic durations were measured using continuous Doppler imaging of tricuspid regurgitation, and the RV S/D ratio was calculated. Cardiac events were defined as cardiac death or left ventricular assist device implantation within the first year. Twenty-eight cardiac events occurred. The RV S/D ratio was significantly higher in the event group than in the event-free group (1.8 ± 0.8 versus 1.2 ± 0.5, P = 0.008). Univariate analysis showed that the RV S/D ratio, plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration, left atrial volume index, and mitral deceleration time were associated with these events. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the optimal RV S/D cutoff value to predict events was 1.2 (sensitivity 79%, specificity 65%, area under the curve 0.745). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significantly higher event rate in patients with an RV S/D ratio > 1.2 (log-rank test, P = 0.003). The addition of an RV S/D ratio > 1.2 improved the prognostic utility of a model that included conventional variables (P = 0.014).In patients with advanced heart failure with DCM, the RV S/D ratio was higher in patients with events than in those without events. The addition of the RV S/D ratio to conventional parameters may provide better prognostic information.

Reconsideration of Inferior Vena Cava Parameters for Estimating Right Atrial Pressure in an East Asian Population　- Comparative Simultaneous Ultrasound-Catheterization Study.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound measurements of the inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter (IVCD), together with its respiratory variation, provide a noninvasive estimate of right atrial pressure (RAP). However, there is a paucity of studies that have compared this technique with simultaneous catheterization. We explored the best cut-off values of IVC parameters for elevated RAP in comparison with RAP measured by catheterization.Methods and Results:We prospectively enrolled 120 East Asian patients who were scheduled for catheterization. The IVCD and IVC collapsibility index (IVCCI) were measured according to the current guidelines. The optimal maximum IVCD (IVCDmax) and IVCCI cut-offs for detecting elevated RAP (RAP ≥10 mmHg) were 17 mm and 40%, respectively. When we combined both in proportion to the guidelines, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting elevated RAP were 75% and 94%, respectively. When the cut-off values from the current guidelines (>21 mm and <50%) were applied, the respective sensitivity and specificity were 42% and 99%. Interestingly, the cut-off value of the optimal IVCDmax indexed by body surface area (11 mm/m2) was similar to previous Western population data. When we combined both cut-off values (11 mm/m2and 40%), the sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal absolute IVCDmax and IVCCI cut-offs to detect elevated RAP were smaller than those in the current guidelines. Indexed IVCDmax may be an IVC parameter that can be used internationally.

Significance of Coronary Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Afterload in Unoperated Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Because the covariates of cardiovascular events in unoperated patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) have not been adequately evaluated, we aimed to identify them. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 230 patients with asymptomatic severe AS were retrospectively enrolled. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on aortic valve replacement (AVR) after enrollment: a non-AVR group (n=112), and an AVR group (n=118). The primary clinical endpoint was cardiovascular events, which were defined as cardiovascular death or hospitalization. Coronary artery disease [hazard ratio (HR): 3.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.585-8.245, P<0.01] and high valvulo-arterial impedance (HR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.261-7.532, P<0.05) were identified as independent covariates of cardiovascular events in the non-AVR group. The relative risk of cardiovascular events rose with an increase in the number of risk factors (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In unoperated patients with asymptomatic AS, the presence of coronary artery disease and increased global left ventricular afterload may be associated with a poor prognosis.

Relationship of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function to Obesity and Overweight in a Japanese Population With Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been found to be associated with future development of diastolic heart failure. Other evidence has indicated that the effect of obesity on left ventricular (LV) mass varies among ethnicities. However, there are few data on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and LV diastolic dysfunction in the Japanese population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed echocardiography in 788 subjects without valvular disease or LV systolic dysfunction. They were divided into 3 groups by BMI: normal weight, overweight, and obese. We used multivariable linear regression analysis to assess the clinical variables associated with diastolic parameters, including BMI. We also assessed the risk of diastolic dysfunction associated with BMI using multivariable logistic models. Overweight and obese subjects had significantly worse LV diastolic function and greater LV mass than normal weight subjects. In the multivariable analysis, BMI was independently associated with diastolic parameters. Furthermore, after adjusting for clinical factors, the increased risks of diastolic dysfunction in overweight subjects (adjusted odds ratio: 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.21-3.36) and obese subjects (4.85, 3.36-16.27) were greater than those previously observed in Western populations. CONCLUSIONS: The Japanese population might be more susceptible than Western subjects to the effect of BMI on LV diastolic function. Differences between ethnicities should be taken into consideration in strategies for the prevention of diastolic heart failure. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1951-1956).

Heart Failure Complicated by Alveolar Hemorrhage due to Vascular Collapse and Amyloid Deposits in Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloidosis.

The main clinical manifestations of wild-type transthyretin (TTR)-related amyloidosis are progressive heart failure and neuropathy. There have been some reports on cerebral hemorrhage due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy in patients with TTR-related amyloidosis, but little is known about the vascular involvement in other organs. A 77-year-old woman experienced heart failure and was admitted for deteriorating heart failure status. Echocardiography showed diffuse hypokinesis of the left ventricle with biventricular wall thickness. On the 12th hospital day, the blood oxygen saturation level suddenly dropped and, despite oxygen supplementation and intensive care, the patient died. An autopsy revealed systemic deposition of amyloids which were immunolabeled by an anti-TTR antibody. Furthermore, gene-sequencing analysis showed no evidence of TTR gene mutations. The patient was diagnosed postmortem with wild-type TTR-related amyloidosis. Pathological findings revealed alveolar hemorrhage of the lung. Massive amyloid deposits were present in the vessels, and collapsed internal elastic laminae with lymphocyte infiltration were observed at the site of amyloid deposits in the bronchial artery, suggesting that deposits with inflammation might cause the collapse of the bronchial artery and lead to hemorrhage. In amyloidosis patients who suffer heart failure, there is the potential for vascular collapse caused by the accumulation of amyloid deposits with inflammation.

Utility of Cystatin C for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Muscular Dystrophy.

Emerging concerns regarding heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death in patients with muscular dystrophy are of significant clinical importance. On the other hand, little attention has been paid to renal dysfunction because these patients have low serum creatinine levels. Serum cystatin C, unaffected by muscle quantity, is a potentially superior marker for estimating renal function. Here, we present cases with muscular dystrophy in which estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by cystatin C (eGFRcys) provided good agreement with simultaneously measured GFR by inulin renal clearance (differences less than 20%). Sudden death with acute heart failure occurred in a patient with underlying renal dysfunction and elevated BNP. Neurologists and cardiologists should evaluate renal function using GFR with cystatin C in patients with muscular dystrophy.

Coronary microvascular function is independently associated with left ventricular filling pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is known as an early marker of myocardial alterations in patients with diabetes. Because microvascular disease has been regarded as an important cause of heart failure or diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients, we tested the hypothesis that coronary flow reserve (CFR), which reflects coronary microvascular function, is associated with LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We studied asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes but without overt heart failure. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was performed that included pulsed tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus and CFR of the left anterior descending artery (induced by adenosine 0.14 mg/kg/min). The ratio of mitral velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (E/e') was used as a surrogate marker of diastolic function. We also evaluated renal function, lipid profile, parameters of glycemic control and other clinical characteristics to determine their association with E/e'. Patients with LV ejection fraction <50%, atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, regional wall motion abnormality, renal failure (serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dl) or type 1 diabetes were excluded. Patients with a CFR <2.0 were also excluded based on the suspicion of significant coronary artery stenosis. RESULTS: We included 67 asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and 14 non-diabetic controls in the final study population. In univariate analysis, age, presence of hypertension, LV mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate and CFR were significantly associated with E/e'. Multivariate analysis indicated that both LV mass index and CFR were independently associated with E/e'. In contrast, there were no significant associations between parameters of glycemic control and E/e'. CONCLUSIONS: CFR was associated with LV filling pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. This result suggests a possible link between coronary microvascular disease and LV diastolic function in these subjects.

Bradyarrhythmias may induce central sleep apnea in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea.

The relationship between central sleep apnea (CSA) and bradyarrhythmia remains unclear. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with severe obstructive sleep apnea and bradyarrhythmia due to sick sinus syndrome in whom concomitant CSA was alleviated after pacemaker implantation.

Evaluation of right ventricle by speckle tracking and conventional echocardiography in rats with right ventricular heart failure.

Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has been reported to be a promising technique for evaluating right ventricular (RV) function in the clinical setting. On the other hand, the usefulness of STE for RV evaluation in small animal models has not been clarified, although the rat model is among the most commonly used animal models to develop novel effective treatments against pulmonary hypertension and RV heart failure (HF).We validated the use of STE and conventional echocardiographic variables for evaluating RV functions in a rat model by comparing the echocardiographic values of RVHF rats (n = 12) induced by monocrotaline injection with those of control rats (n = 12).Most conventional echocardiographic variables demonstrated that RVHF rats have significant RV dysfunction. The area under the curve (AUC) values to distinguish RV dysfunction in RVHF rats from normal RV function in control rats using fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV myocardial performance index (MPI), peak tissue Doppler tricuspid annular velocities at systole (Sa), and at early diastole (Ea) were 0.71, 0.98, 0.79, 0.92, and 0.91, respectively. However, using STE analysis for RV evaluation, limited reproducibility was observed (variability 19-37 %, ICC 0.74-0.88) and the only circumferential strain showed significantly lower absolute values (P = 0.039, AUC = 0.76).To evaluate RV function in rat models, circumferential strain may be useful, however, the reproducibility and diagnostic utility were limited. Conventional echocardiographic variables such as TAPSE, tissue Doppler Sa, and Ea have superior diagnostic utility.

Assessment of elevation of and rapid change in left ventricular filling pressure using a novel global strain imaging diastolic index.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether global strain imaging diastolic index (SIDI) obtained using 2-D speckle tracking imaging (2DSI) could predict elevation in and rapid change of LV filling pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients (n=126) underwent echocardiography and 2DSI during simultaneous cardiac catheterization. There were 60 patients in whom the same measurements were repeated 5min after i.v. glyceryl trinitrate. LV pre-atrial contraction pressure (pre-A) was measured as a surrogate of LV filling pressure. SIDI was defined as the change of LV longitudinal strain measured using 2DSI during the first one-third of diastole. Then, longitudinal global SIDI (L-global SIDI) was calculated as the mean SIDI of 18 LV segments. Mitral inflow and tissue Doppler imaging were also assessed. Among 126 patients, 93 patients had LV pre-A ≥15mmHg. L-global SIDI had a better correlation with LV pre-A (P<0.001, r=-0.56) than E/e' (P<0.01, r=0.35). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, L-global SIDI <0.48 was the optimum cut-off to predict LV pre-A ≥15mmHg (sensitivity, 82%; specificity, 68%). In addition, the ratio of L-global SIDI (after nitrate/before nitrate) was correlated with the ratio of LV pre-A (after nitrate/before nitrate; P=0.02, r=-0.34). CONCLUSIONS: A novel L-global SIDI derived from 2DSI may reflect elevated LV filling pressure and its rapid change better than conventional diastolic parameters.

Early hemodynamic performance of the trifecta bioprosthetic valve in patients with aortic valve disease.

BACKGROUND: The Trifecta valve (St Jude Medical) is a novel supra-annular aortic bioprosthesis designed to improve hemodynamic performance. We hypothesized that the Trifecta may offer better hemodynamic performance in Japanese patients, in whom the annulus is smaller, compared with Western populations. We compared the early results of hemodynamic performance between the Trifecta and the Magna (Edwards Lifescience) valves at our institution. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Trifecta was implanted in 33 patients and the Magna was implanted in 41 patients who had aortic valve disease. Postoperative echocardiography was performed just before discharge, and the mean pressure gradient (MPG), effective orifice area (EOA) index and energy loss coefficient (ELCo) index were compared between the 2 groups. The average prosthesis size was similar between the 2 groups (21.1 vs. 21.3mm). The Trifecta group had a significantly lower MPG (P=0.001) and larger EOA index and ELCo index than the Magna group (P<0.001 for both). On multivariate linear regression analysis, use of the Trifecta was the strongest independent determinant of postoperative MPG, EOA and ELCo index. CONCLUSIONS: The Trifecta valve provides excellent early postoperative hemodynamic performance in Japanese patients. Patients with a small annulus size relative to body size may benefit more from the Trifecta in terms of postoperative hemodynamic performance.

Estimation of right atrial pressure on inferior vena cava ultrasound in Asian patients.

BACKGROUND: Right atrial pressure (RAP) is commonly estimated using inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter and its respirophasic variations. Although a guideline has been provided for estimation of RAP due to variation in IVC dimensions based on studies in Western subjects, echocardiographic values in Asian subjects are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 369 patients who underwent IVC ultrasound within 24h of right heart catheterization (RHC). The maximum and minimum IVC diameter during a respiratory cycle and the percent collapse after a sniff test were measured. These IVC parameters were compared with mean RAP measured on RHC. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated for each IVC parameter to determine the optimal cut-off to detect RAP >10mmHg. The IVC maximum diameter cut-off for detecting RAP >10mmHg was 19mm (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 78%) and the percent collapse cut-off was 30% (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 83%). Both cut-offs were smaller than those previously reported in patients from Western countries. When the cut-off values from the existing guideline were applied to the present cohort, the sensitivity and specificity for normal RAP (0-5mmHg) were 38.6% and 74.2%, respectively, and 60.0% and 92.0% for elevated RAP (>10mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: The optimal IVC maximum diameter and percent collapse cut-offs to detect elevated RAP were smaller in Asian subjects than in a previously reported Western cohort.

[Echocardiography].

Assessment of ischemic mitral regurgitation( IMR) severity is important to stratify patients' management. Because IMR is influenced by loading condition seriously, it is difficult to evaluate severity of IMR in clinically stable condition at rest. Exercise stress echocardiography is useful tool to assess "true" severity of IMR. Recently, mitral valve plasty( undersized annuloplasty) creates a new problem, which is called "functional mitral stenosis". Exercise stress echocardiography also reveals this hemodynamics. Recent 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography enables an intuitive understanding a valve anatomy by surgeon's view, and a more detailed quantitative evaluation. The 3D echocardiography can contribute to exact valve area calculation and can evaluate the forms of the valve ring which had difficulty in evaluation by 2D echocardiography. The treatment of structural heart disease with catheter has been introduced, and therefore the importance of the 3D echocardiography increases in this field. In this review, we describe the role of stress echocardiography on the assessment of IMR and the current status of 3D echocardiography.

Influencing factors on cardiac structure and function beyond glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that clinical factors other than glycemic control may influence abnormal cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate the independent factors for abnormal cardiac function among clinical factors in T2DM. METHODS: We studied 148 asymptomatic patients with T2DM without overt heart disease. Echocardiographic findings were compared between diabetic patients and 68 age-matched healthy subjects. Early (E) and late (A) diastolic mitral flow velocity and early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e') were measured for assessing left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. We evaluated insulin resistance, non-esterified fatty acid, high-sensitive CRP, estimated glomerular filtration rate, waist/hip ratio, abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and other clinical characteristics in addition to glycemic control. VAT and SAT were quantified by computed tomography. RESULTS: In T2DM, E/A and e' were significantly lower, and E/e', left atrial volume and LV mass were significantly greater than in control subjects. In multivariate liner regression analysis, VAT was an independent determinant of left atrial volume (ß =0.203, p=0.011), E/A (ß =-0.208, p=0.002), e' (ß =-0.354, p<0.001) and E/e' (ß=0.220, p=0.003). Age was also an independent determinant, whereas fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were not. In addition to systolic blood pressure, waist-hip ratio (ß=0.173, p=0.024) and VAT/SAT ratio (ß=0.162, p=0.049) were independent determinants of LV mass. CONCLUSION: Excessive visceral fat accompanied by adipocyte dysfunction may play a greater role than glycemic control in the development of diastolic dysfunction and LV hypertrophy in T2DM.