RESUMO
We report herein that the anti-CD20 therapeutic antibody, rituximab, is rearranged into microclusters within the phagocytic synapse by macrophage Fcγ receptors (FcγR) during antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. These microclusters were observed to potently recruit Syk and to undergo rearrangements that were limited by the cytoskeleton of the target cell, with depolymerization of target-cell actin filaments leading to modest increases in phagocytic efficiency. Total internal reflection fluorescence analysis revealed that FcγR total phosphorylation, Syk phosphorylation, and Syk recruitment were enhanced when IgG-FcγR microclustering was enabled on fluid bilayers relative to immobile bilayers in a process that required Arp2/3. We conclude that on fluid surfaces, IgG-FcγR microclustering promotes signaling through Syk that is amplified by Arp2/3-driven actin rearrangements. Thus, the surface mobility of antigens bound by IgG shapes the signaling of FcγR with an unrecognized complexity beyond the zipper and trigger models of phagocytosis.
Assuntos
Complexo 2-3 de Proteínas Relacionadas à Actina , Fagocitose , Receptores de IgG , Transdução de Sinais , Quinase Syk , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Complexo 2-3 de Proteínas Relacionadas à Actina/metabolismo , Quinase Syk/metabolismo , Animais , Camundongos , Rituximab/farmacologia , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/química , Fosforilação , HumanosRESUMO
Understanding the cellular host factors that promote and inhibit viral entry is important for identifying viral countermeasures. CRISPR whole-genome screens can be used to rapidly discover host factors that contribute to or impair viral entry. However, when using live viruses and cellular lethality for selection, these screens can identify an overwhelming number of genes without specificity for the stage of the viral infection cycle. New screening methods are needed to identify host machinery contributing to specific steps of viral infection. Here, we developed a CRISPR whole-genome screen and counter-screen strategy based on a pseudoviral platform that allowed identification of genes specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) mediated entry. Screening of SARS-CoV-2 spike and VSV-G on the same lentiviral pseudovirus allowed the identification of entry-specific genes relative to genes associated with retro-transcription, integration, and reporter expression from the lentiviral pseudovirus. Second, a Cre-Gag fusion protein packaged into the pseudovirus was used to bypass retro-transcription and integration by directly activating a floxed fluorescent protein reporter upon entry reduced the number of gene hits and increase specificity for viral entry. Our approach correctly identified SARS-CoV-2 and VSV-G receptors ACE2 and low-density lipoprotein receptors, respectively, and distinguished genes associated with retroviral reporter expression from envelope-mediated entry. Moreover, the CRE-Gag fusion/flox reporter increased the screen specificity for viral entry-associated genes. Validation of a few hits demonstrates that this approach distinguishes envelope-specific host factors from genes affecting reporter expression. Overall, this approach provides a new strategy for identifying host genes influencing viral entry without the confounding complexity of live-viral screens which produce long gene lists associated with all aspects of viral pathogenesis and replication.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Genes Virais , Receptores ViraisRESUMO
Activation of the macrophage colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) by CSF-1 stimulates pronounced macropinocytosis and drives proliferation of macrophages. Although the role of macropinocytosis in CSF-1R signaling remains unknown, we show here that, despite internalizing large quantities of plasma membrane, macropinosomes contribute little to the internalization of the CSF-1-CSF-1R complex. Rather, internalization of the CSF-1R in small endocytic vesicles that are sensitive to clathrin disruption, outcompetes macropinosomes for CSF-1R endocytosis. Following internalization, small vesicles carrying the CSF-1R underwent homotypic fusion and then trafficked to newly formed macropinosomes bearing Rab5. As these macropinosomes matured, acquiring Rab7, the CSF-1R was transported into their lumen and degraded. Inhibition of macropinocytosis delayed receptor degradation despite no disruption to CSF-1R endocytosis. These data indicate that CSF-1-stimulated macropinosomes are sites of multivesicular body formation and accelerate CSF-1R degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that macropinocytosis and cell growth have a matching dose dependence on CSF-1, suggesting that macropinosomes might be a central mechanism coupling CSF-1R signaling and macrophage growth.
Assuntos
Macrófagos/metabolismo , Pinocitose , Receptor de Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/metabolismo , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Clatrina/metabolismo , Endocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Endossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Endossomos/metabolismo , Humanos , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitógenos/farmacologia , Modelos Biológicos , Pinocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Transporte Proteico/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Proteínas rab5 de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , proteínas de unión al GTP Rab7RESUMO
The ubiquitination of transmembrane receptors regulates endocytosis, intracellular traffic, and signal transduction. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from myeloid Cbl-/- and Cbl-b-/- double knockout (DKO) mice display sustained proliferation mirroring the myeloproliferative disease that these mice succumb to. Here, we found that the ubiquitin ligases Cbl and Cbl-b have overlapping functions for controlling the endocytosis and intracellular traffic of the CSF-1R. DKO macrophages displayed complete loss of ubiquitination of the CSF-1R whereas partial ubiquitination was observed for either single Cbl-/- or Cbl-b-/- macrophages. Unlike wild type, DKO macrophages were immortal and displayed slower CSF-1R internalization, elevated AKT signaling, and a failure to transport the CSF-1R into the lumen of nascent macropinosomes, leaving its cytoplasmic region available for signaling. CSF-1R degradation depended upon lysosomal vATPase activity in both WT and DKO macrophages, with this degradation confined to macropinosomes in WT but occurring in distributed/tubular lysosomes in DKO cells. RNA-sequencing comparison of Cbl-/-, Cbl-b-/- and DKO macrophages indicated that while the overall macrophage transcriptional program remained intact, DKO macrophages had alterations in gene expression associated with growth factor signaling, cell cycle, inflammation and senescence. Cbl-b-/- had minimal effect on the transcriptional program whereas Cbl-/- led to more alternations but only DKO macrophages demonstrated substantial changes in the transcriptome, suggesting overlapping but unique functions for the two Cbl-family members. Thus, Cbl/Cbl-b-mediated ubiquitination of CSF-1R regulates its endocytic fate, constrains inflammatory gene expression, and regulates signaling for macrophage proliferation.
Assuntos
Receptor de Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos , Ubiquitina , Camundongos , Animais , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Receptor de Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/genética , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-cbl/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismoRESUMO
Macropinosomes are formed by shaping actin-rich plasma membrane ruffles into large intracellular organelles in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-coordinated manner. Here, we utilize lattice lightsheet microscopy and image visualization methods to map the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of macropinosome formation relative to PI3K activity. We show that multiple ruffling morphologies produce macropinosomes and that the majority form through collisions of adjacent PI3K-rich ruffles. By combining multiple volumetric representations of the plasma membrane structure and PI3K products, we show that PI3K activity begins early throughout the entire ruffle volume and continues to increase until peak activity concentrates at the base of the ruffle after the macropinosome closes. Additionally, areas of the plasma membrane rich in ruffling had increased PI3K activity and produced many macropinosomes of various sizes. Pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K activity had little effect on the rate and morphology of membrane ruffling, demonstrating that early production of 3'-phosphoinositides within ruffles plays a minor role in regulating their morphology. However, 3'-phosphoinositides are critical for the fusogenic activity that seals ruffles into macropinosomes. Taken together, these data indicate that local PI3K activity is amplified in ruffles and serves as a priming mechanism for closure and sealing of ruffles into macropinosomes.
Assuntos
Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Pinocitose/fisiologia , Animais , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Cromonas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/ultraestrutura , Camundongos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Fosfatidilinositóis/metabolismo , Pinocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is critical for cellular signal transduction, receptor recycling, and membrane homeostasis in mammalian cells. Acute depletion of cholesterol disrupts CME, motivating analysis of CME dynamics in the context of human disorders of cholesterol metabolism. We report that inhibition of post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis impairs CME. Imaging of membrane bending dynamics and the CME pit ultrastructure reveals prolonged clathrin pit lifetimes and shallow clathrin-coated structures, suggesting progressive impairment of curvature generation correlates with diminishing sterol abundance. Sterol structural requirements for efficient CME include 3' polar head group and B-ring conformation, resembling the sterol structural prerequisites for tight lipid packing and polarity. Furthermore, Smith-Lemli-Opitz fibroblasts with low cholesterol abundance exhibit deficits in CME-mediated transferrin internalization. We conclude that sterols lower the energetic costs of membrane bending during pit formation and vesicular scission during CME and suggest that reduced CME activity may contribute to cellular phenotypes observed within disorders of cholesterol metabolism.
Assuntos
Vesículas Revestidas por Clatrina/metabolismo , Endocitose/fisiologia , Esteróis/farmacologia , Extensões da Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Extensões da Superfície Celular/fisiologia , Colesterol/metabolismo , Clatrina/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Lipídeos/fisiologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Receptores da Transferrina/metabolismo , Esteróis/metabolismoRESUMO
We evaluated the participatory role of human HLA-DR molecules in control of virus from the central nervous system and in the development of subsequent spinal cord demyelination. The experiments utilized intracranial infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a picornavirus that, in some strains of mice, results in primary demyelination. We studied DR2 and DR3 transgenic mice that were bred onto a combined class I-deficient mouse (beta-2 microglobulin deficient; beta2m(0)) and class II-deficient mouse (Abeta(0)) of the H-2(b) background. Abeta(0).beta2m(0) mice infected with TMEV died within 18 days of infection. These mice showed severe encephalomyelitis due to rapid replication of virus genome. In contrast, transgenic mice with insertion of a single human class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene (DR2 or DR3) survived the acute infection. DR2 and DR3 mice controlled virus infection by 45 days and did not develop spinal cord demyelination. Levels of virus RNA were reduced in HLA-DR transgenic mice compared to Abeta(0).beta2m(0) mice. Virus-neutralizing antibody responses did not explain why DR mice survived the infection and controlled virus replication. However, DR mice showed an increase in gamma interferon and interleukin-2 transcripts in the brain, which were associated with protection. The findings support the hypothesis that the expression of a single human class II MHC molecule can, by itself, influence the control of an intracerebral pathogen in a host without a competent class I MHC immune response. The mechanism of protection appears to be the result of cytokines released by CD4(+) T cells.
Assuntos
Doenças Desmielinizantes/prevenção & controle , Encefalomielite/prevenção & controle , Antígenos HLA-DR/imunologia , Theilovirus/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Encéfalo/imunologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Doenças Desmielinizantes/patologia , Encefalomielite/patologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Testes de Neutralização , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
The most highly studied endocytic pathway, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, mediates a wide range of fundamental processes including nutrient internalization, receptor recycling, and signal transduction. In order to model tissue specific and developmental aspects of this process, CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing was utilized to fluorescently label the C-terminus of clathrin light chain A (CLTA) within the phenotypically normal, parental CRMi001-A human induced pluripotent stem cell line. Successfully edited cells were isolated by fluorescently activated cell sorting, remained karyotypically normal, and maintained their differentiation potential. This cell line facilitates imaging of endogenous clathrin trafficking within varied cell types.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Clatrina/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Genes Reporter , HumanosRESUMO
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) internalizes plasma membrane by reshaping small regions of the cell surface into spherical vesicles. The key mechanistic question of how coat assembly produces membrane curvature has been studied with molecular and cellular structural biology approaches, without direct visualization of the process in living cells; resulting in two competing models for membrane bending. Here we use polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (pol-TIRF) combined with electron, atomic force, and super-resolution optical microscopy to measure membrane curvature during CME. Surprisingly, coat assembly accommodates membrane bending concurrent with or after the assembly of the clathrin lattice. Once curvature began, CME proceeded to scission with robust timing. Four color pol-TIRF showed that CALM accumulated at high levels during membrane bending, implicating its auxiliary role in curvature generation. We conclude that clathrin-coat assembly is versatile and that multiple membrane-bending trajectories likely reflect the energetics of coat assembly relative to competing forces.
Assuntos
Membrana Celular/fisiologia , Vesículas Revestidas por Clatrina/metabolismo , Endocitose , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Proteínas Monoméricas de Montagem de Clatrina/metabolismoRESUMO
Through the study of single molecules it has become possible to explain the function of many of the complex molecular assemblies found in cells. The protein titin provides muscle with its passive elasticity. Each titin molecule extends over half a sarcomere, and its extensibility has been studied both in situ and at the level of single molecules. These studies suggested that titin is not a simple entropic spring but has a complex structure-dependent elasticity. Here we use protein engineering and single-molecule atomic force microscopy to examine the mechanical components that form the elastic region of human cardiac titin. We show that when these mechanical elements are combined, they explain the macroscopic behaviour of titin in intact muscle. Our studies show the functional reconstitution of a protein from the sum of its parts.