0.5 V Multiple-Input Fully Differential Operational Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application to a Fifth-Order Chebyshev Low-Pass Filter for Bio-Signal Processing.

This paper presents a multiple-input fully differential operational transconductance amplifier (MI-FD OTA) with very low power consumption. To obtain a differential MOS pair with minimum supply voltage and minimum power consumption, the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor operating in the subthreshold region is used. To show the advantage of the MI-FD OTA, a fifth-order Chebyshev filter was used to realize a low-pass filter capable of operating with a supply voltage of 0.5 V and consuming 60 nW at a nominal setup current of 3 nA. The proposed filter uses five MI-FD OTAs and five capacitors. The total harmonic distortion (THD) was 0.97% for a rail-to-rail sinusoidal input signal. The MI-FD OTA and the filter application were designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using a 0.18 µm CMOS process from TSMC. The robustness of the design was confirmed by Monte Carlo analysis and process, voltage, and temperature corner analysis.

1 V Tunable High-Quality Universal Filter Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers.

This paper presents a new multiple-input single-output voltage-mode universal filter employing four multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) and three grounded capacitors suitable for low-voltage low-frequency applications. The quality factor (Q) of the filter functions can be tuned by both the capacitance ratio and the transconductance ratio. The multiple inputs of the OTA are realized using the bulk-driven multiple-input MOS transistor technique. The MI-OTA-based filter can also offer many filtering functions without additional circuitry requirements, such as an inverting amplifier to generate an inverted input signal. The proposed filter can simultaneously realize low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, covering both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions in a single topology. The natural frequency and the quality factors of all the filtering functions can be controlled independently. The natural frequency can also be electronically controlled by tuning the transconductances of the OTAs. The proposed filter uses a 1 V supply voltage, consumes 120 µW of power for a 5 µA setting current, offers 40 dB of dynamic range and has a third intermodulation distortion of -43.6 dB. The performances of the proposed circuit were simulated using a 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS process in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform to confirm the performance of the topology.

1 V Electronically Tunable Differential Difference Current Conveyors Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers.

This paper presents electronically tunable current conveyors using low-voltage, low-power, multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The MI-OTA is realized using the multiple-input bulk-driven Metal Oxide Semiconductor transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique to achieve minimum power consumption. The MI-OTA also features high linearity, a wide input range, and a simple Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS). Thus, high-performance electronically tunable current conveyors are obtained. With the MI-OTA-based current conveyor, both an electronically tunable differential difference current conveyor (EDDCC) and a second-generation electronically tunable current conveyor (ECCII) are available. Unlike the conventional differential difference current conveyor (DDCC) and second-generation current conveyor (CCII), the current gains of the EDDCC and ECCII can be controlled by adjusting the transconductance ratio of the current conveyors. The proposed EDDCC has been used to realize a voltage-to-current converter and current-mode universal filter to show the advantages of the current gain of the EDDCC. The proposed current conveyors and their applications are designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using 0.18 µm TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) CMOS technology. The proposed circuit uses ±0.5 V of power supply and consumes 90 µW of power. The simulation results are presented and confirm the functionality of the proposed circuit and the filter application. Furthermore, the experimental measurement of the EDDCC implemented in the form of a breadboard connection using a commercially available LM13700 device is presented.

Current-Mode Shadow Filter with Single-Input Multiple-Output Using Current-Controlled Current Conveyors with Controlled Current Gain.

In this paper, a novel current-mode shadow filter employing current-controlled current conveyors (CCCIIs) with controlled current gains is presented. The CCCII-based current-mode shadow filters are resistorless and can offer a number of advantages such as circuit simplicity and electronic tuning capability. The proposed shadow filters offer five filtering functions, i.e., low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass functions, in the same topology. Furthermore, no component matching condition is required to realize all the transfer functions. The natural frequency and quality factor adjustment is possible by using the CCCII current gains without the need to use external amplifiers, all capacitors are grounded, and the filter terminals offer low-input and high-output impedance. To verify the functionality and feasibility of the new topologies, the proposed circuits were simulated using SPICE and the transistor model process parameters NR100N (NPN) and PR100N (PNP) from AT&T's bipolar arrays ALA400-CBIC-R. The simulation results are consistent with the theory. The CCCII experimental setup was designed using commercially available 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) transistors with a supply voltage of ±2.5 V. The measurement results confirm the performance of the designed filters.

Shadow Filters Using Multiple-Input Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifiers.

This paper presents new voltage-mode shadow filters employing a low-power multiple-input differential difference transconductance amplifier (MI-DDTA). This device provides multiple-input voltage-mode arithmetic operation capability, electronic tuning ability, high-input and low-output impedances. Therefore, the proposed shadow filters offer circuit simplicity, minimum number of active and passive elements, electronic control of the natural frequency and the quality factor, and high-input and low-output impedances. The proposed MI-DDTA can work with supply voltage of ±0.5 V and consumes 9.94 µW of power. The MI-DDTA and shadow filters have been designed and simulated with the SPICE program using 0.18 µm CMOS process parameters to validate the functionality and workability of the new circuits.

0.5-V 281-nW Versatile Mixed-Mode Filter Using Multiple-Input/Output Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifiers.

This paper presents a new low-voltage versatile mixed-mode filter which uses a multiple-input/output differential difference transconductance amplifier (MIMO-DDTA). The multiple-input of the DDTA is realized using a multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MI-BD-MOST) technique to maintain a single differential pair, thereby achieving simple structure with minimal power consumption. In a single topology, the proposed filter can provide five standard filtering functions (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass) in four modes: voltage (VM), current (CM), transadmittance (TAM), and transimpedance (TIM). This provides the full capability of a mixed-mode filter (i.e., twenty filter functions). Moreover, the VM filter offers high-input and low-output impedances and the CM filter offers high-output impedance; therefore, no buffer circuit is needed. The natural frequency of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled by a setting current. The voltage supply is 0.5 V and for a 4 nA setting current, the power consumption of the filter was 281 nW. The filter is suitable for low-frequency biomedical and sensor applications that require extremely low supply voltages and nano-watt power consumption. For the VM low-pass filter, the dynamic range was 58.23 dB @ 1% total harmonic distortion. The proposed filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform using the 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS technology.

0.5 V Versatile Voltage- and Transconductance-Mode Analog Filter Using Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifier.

In this work, a new versatile voltage- and transconductance-mode analog filter is proposed. The filter, without requiring resistors, employs three differential-difference transconductance amplifiers (DDTAs) and two grounded capacitors, which is suitable for integrated circuit implementation. Unlike previous works, the proposed filter topology provides: (1) high-input and low-output impedances for a voltage-mode (VM) analog filter, that is desirable in a cascade method of realizing higher order filters, and (2) high-input and high-output impedances for a transconductance-mode (TM) analog filter without any circuit modification. Moreover, a quadrature oscillator is obtained by simply adding a feedback connection. Both VM and TM filters provide five standard filtering responses such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass responses into single topology. The natural frequency and the condition of oscillation can be electronically controlled. The circuit operates with 0.5 V supply voltage. It was designed and simulated in the Cadence program using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from TSMC.

0.5-V Nano-Power Shadow Sinusoidal Oscillator Using Bulk-Driven Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifier.

This paper presents a low-frequency shadow sinusoidal oscillator using a bulk-driven multiple-input operational transconductance amplifier (MI-OTA) with extremely low-voltage supply and nano-power consumption. The proposed oscillator is composed using two-input single-output biquad filter and amplifiers. The condition and the frequency of oscillation of the shadow oscillator can be controlled electronically and independently using amplifiers. The circuit is designed in Cadence program using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from TSMC. The voltage supply is 0.5 V and the power consumption of the oscillator is 54 nW. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output signals is around 0.3% for 202 Hz. The simulation results are in accordance with theory.

0.3-V Voltage-Mode Versatile First-Order Analog Filter Using Multiple-Input DDTAs.

This paper presents a versatile first-order analog filter using differential difference transconductance amplifiers (DDTAs). The DDTA employs the bulk-driven (BD) multiple-input MOS transistors technique (MI-MOST) operating in the subthreshold region. This results in low-voltage and low-power operational capability. Therefore, the DDTA, designed using 130 nm CMOS technology from UMC in the Cadence environment, operates with 0.3 V and consumes 357.4 nW. Unlike previous works, the proposed versatile first-order analog filter provides first-order transfer functions of low-pass, high-pass, and all-pass filters within a single topology. The non-inverting, inverting, and voltage gain of the transfer functions are available for all filters. Furthermore, the proposed structure provides high-input and low-output impedance, which is required for voltage-mode circuits. The pole frequency and voltage gain of the filters can be electronically controlled. The total harmonic distortion of the low-pass filter was calculated as -39.97 dB with an applied sine wave input signal of 50 mVpp@ 50 Hz. The proposed filter has been used to realize a quadrature oscillator to confirm the advantages of the new structure.

Electronically Tunable Memristor Emulator Implemented Using a Single Active Element and Its Application in Adaptive Learning.

In recent times, much-coveted memristor emulators have found their use in a variety of applications such as neuromorphic computing, analog computations, signal processing, etc. Thus, a 100 MHz flux-controlled memristor emulator is proposed in this research brief. The proposed memristor emulator is designed using a single differential voltage current conveyor (DVCC), three PMOS transistors, and one capacitor. Among three PMOS transistors, two transistors are used to implement an active resistor, and one transistor is used as the multiplier required for the necessary memristive behaviors. Through simple adjustment of the switch, the proposed emulator can be operated in incremental as well as decremental configurations. The simulations are performed using a 180 nm technology node to validate the proposed design and are experimentally verified using AD844AN and CD4007 ICs. The memristor states of the proposed emulator are perfectly retained even in the absence of external stimuli, thereby ascertaining the non-volatility behavior. The robustness of the design is further analyzed using the PVT and Monte Carlo simulations, which suggest that the circuit operation is not hindered by the mismatch and process variations. A simple neuromorphic adaptive learning circuit based on the proposed memristor is also designed as an application.

0.3-Volt Rail-to-Rail DDTA and Its Application in a Universal Filter and Quadrature Oscillator.

This paper presents the extremely low-voltage supply of the CMOS structure of a differential difference transconductance amplifier (DDTA). With a 0.3-volt supply voltage, the circuit offers rail-to-rail operational capability. The circuit is designed for low-frequency biomedical and sensor applications, and it consumes 357.4 nW of power. Based on two DDTAs and two grounded capacitors, a voltage-mode universal filter and quadrature oscillator are presented as applications. The universal filter possesses high-input impedance and electronic tuning ability of the natural frequency in the range of tens up to hundreds of Hz. The total harmonic distortion (THD) for the band-pass filter was 0.5% for 100 mVpp @ 84.47 Hz input voltage. The slight modification of the filter yields a quadrature oscillator. The condition and the frequency of oscillation are orthogonally controllable. The frequency of oscillation can also be controlled electronically. The THD for a 67 Hz oscillation frequency was around 1.2%. The circuit is designed and simulated in a Cadence environment using 130 nm CMOS technology from United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC). The simulation results confirm the performance of the designed circuits.

1.2 V Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application in Mixed-Mode Universal Filter.

This paper presents a new mixed-mode universal filter based on a differential difference transconductance amplifier (DDTA). Unlike the conventional transconductance amplifier (TA), this DDTA has both advantages of the TA and the differential difference amplifier (DDA). The proposed filter can offer four-mode operations of second-order transfer functions into a single topology, namely, voltage-mode (VM), current-mode (CM), transadmittance-mode (TAM), and transimpedance-mode (TIM) transfer functions. Each operation mode offers five standard filtering responses; therefore, at least twenty filtering transfer functions can be obtained. For the filtering transfer functions, the matching conditions for the input and passive component are absent. The natural frequency and the quality factor can be set orthogonally and electronically controlled. The performance of the proposed topology was evaluated by PSPICE simulator using the 0.18 µm CMOS technology from the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). The voltage supply was 1.2 V and the power dissipation of the DDTA was 66 µW. The workability of the filter was confirmed through experimental test by DDTA-based LM13600 discrete-component integrated circuits.

0.5 V, nW-Range Universal Filter Based on Multiple-Input Transconductor for Biosignals Processing.

This paper demonstrates the advantages of the multiple-input transconductor (MI-Gm) in filter application, in terms of topology simplification, increasing filter functions, and minimizing the count of needed active blocks and their consumed power. Further, the filter enjoys high input impedance, uses three MI-Gms and two grounded capacitors, and it offers both inverting and non-inverting versions of low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF), band-pass (BPF), band-stop (BS) and all-pass (AP) functions. The filter operates under a supply voltage of 0.5 V and consumes 37 nW, hence it is suitable for extremely low-voltage low-power applications like biosignals processing. The circuit was designed in a Cadence environment using 180 nm CMOS technology from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). The post-layout simulation results, including Monte Carlo and process, voltage, temperature (PVT) corners for the proposed filter correlate well with the theoretical results that confirm attractive features of the developed filter based on MI-Gm.

Universal Filter Based on Compact CMOS Structure of VDDDA.

This paper proposes the simulated and experimental results of a universal filter using the voltage differencing differential difference amplifier (VDDDA). Unlike the previous complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) structures of VDDDA that is present in the literature, the present one is compact and simple, owing to the employment of the multiple-input metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor technique. The presented filter employs two VDDDAs, one resistor and two grounded capacitors, and it offers low-pass: LP, band-pass: BP, band-reject: BR, high-pass: HP and all-pass: AP responses with a unity passband voltage gain. The proposed universal voltage mode filter has high input impedances and low output impedance. The natural frequency and bandwidth are orthogonally controlled by using separated transconductance without affecting the passband voltage gain. For a BP filter, the root mean square (RMS) of the equivalent output noise is 46 µV, and the third intermodulation distortion (IMD3) is -49.5 dB for an input signal with a peak-to peak of 600 mV, which results in a dynamic range (DR) of 73.2 dB. The filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using a 0.18-µm CMOS process from Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC). In addition, the experimental results were obtained by using the available commercial components LM13700 and AD830. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental one that confirmed the advantages of the filter.

Single Commercially Available IC-Based Electronically Controllable Voltage-Mode First-Order Multifunction Filter with Complete Standard Functions and Low Output Impedance.

This paper presents the design of a voltage-mode three-input single-output multifunction first-order filter employing commercially available LT1228 IC for easy verification of the proposed circuit by laboratory measurements. The proposed filter is very simple, consisting of a single LT1228 as an active device with two resistors and one capacitor. The output voltage node is low impedance, resulting in an easy cascade-ability with other voltage-mode configurations. The proposed filter provides four filter responses: low-pass filter (LP), high-pass filter (HP), inverting all-pass filter (AP-), and non-inverting all-pass filter (AP+) in the same circuit configuration. The selection of output filter responses can be conducted without additional inverting or double gains, which is easy to be controlled by the digital method. The control of pole frequency and phase response can be conducted electronically through the bias current (IB). The matching condition during tuning the phase response with constant voltage gain is not required. Moreover, the pass-band voltage gain of the LP and HP functions can be controlled by adjusting the value of resistors without affecting the pole frequency and phase response. Additionally, the phase responses of the AP filters can be selected as both lagging or leading phase responses. The parasitic effects on the filtering performances were also analyzed and studied. The performances of the proposed filter were simulated and experimented with a ±5 V voltage supply. For the AP+ experimental result, the leading phase response for 1 kHz to 1 MHz frequency changed from 180 to 0 degrees. For the AP- experimental result, the lagging phase response for 1 kHz to 1 MHz frequency changed from 0 to -180 degrees. The design of the quadrature oscillator based on the proposed first-order filter is also included as an application example.

0.5 V Fifth-Order Butterworth Low-Pass Filter Using Multiple-Input OTA for ECG Applications.

This paper presents a 0.5 V fifth-order Butterworth low-pass filter based on multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA). The filter is designed for electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition systems and operates in the subthreshold region with nano-watt power consumption. The used multiple-input technique simplifies the overall structure of the OTA and reduces the number of active elements needed to realize the filter. The filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using a 0.18 µm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). Simulation results show that the filter has a bandwidth of 250 Hz, a power consumption of 34.65 nW, a dynamic range of 63.24 dB, attaining a figure-of-merit of 0.0191 pJ. The corner (process, voltage, temperature: PVT) and Monte Carlo (MC) analyses are included to prove the robustness of the filter.