[Cross-sectoral interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy : Recommendations on structural and process parameters of the ad hoc commission "Interdisciplinary Multimodal Pain Therapy" of the German Pain Society (Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft e.  V.)]. / Sektorenübergreifende interdisziplinäre multimodale Schmerztherapie : Empfehlungen zu Struktur- und Prozessparametern der Ad-hoc-Kommission "Interdisziplinäre Multimodale Schmerztherapie" der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e. V.

Based on the fundamental concept of the biopsychosocial model, interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy (IMPT) has developed to one of the most important components in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic pain. The process criteria for IMPT in Germany are described in the German OPS catalogue and IMPT is mainly offered as an inpatient treatment only. This article updates some of the fundamental criteria for IMPT for adult inpatient treatment and the task force defines basic structural and process criteria for the implementation of IMPT for outpatients.

[Implementation of interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy according to OPS 8­918 : Recommendations of the ad hoc commission for interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy of the German Pain Association]. / Umsetzung der interdisziplinären multimodalen Schmerztherapie nach OPS 8­918 : Empfehlungen der Ad-hoc-Kommission "Interdiziplinäre multimodale Schmerztherapie" der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft.

With the implementation of the German diagnosis-related groups (DRG) reimbursement system in hospitals, interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy was incorporated into the associated catalogue of procedures (OPS 8­918). Yet, the presented criteria describing the procedure of interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy are neither precise nor unambiguous. This has led to discrepancies in the interpretation regarding the handling of the procedure-making it difficult for medical services of health insurance companies to evaluate the accordance between the delivered therapy and the required criteria. Since the number of pain units has increased in recent years, the number of examinations by the medical service of health insurance companies has increased. This article, published by the ad hoc commission for interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy of the German Pain Association, provides specific recommendations for correct implementation of interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy in routine care. The aim is to achieve a maximum level of accordance between health care providers and the requirements of the medical examiners from health insurance companies. More extensive criteria regarding interdisciplinary multimodal pain treatment in an in-patient setting, especially for patients with chronic and complex pain, are obviously needed. Thus, the authors further discuss specific aspects towards further development of the OPS-code. However, the application of the OPS-code still leaves room regarding treatment intensity and process quality. Therefore, the delivery of pain management in sufficient quantity and quality still remains the responsibility of each health care provider.

[Chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors (F45.41) : Validation criteria on operationalization of the ICD-10-GM diagnosis]. / Chronische Schmerzstörung mit somatischen und psychischen Faktoren (F45.41) : Prüfkriterien zur Operationalisierung der ICD-10-GM-Diagnose.

In 2009 the diagnosis chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors (F45.41) was integrated into the German version of the International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10-GM). In 2010 Paul Nilges and Winfried Rief published operationalization criteria for this diagnosis. In the present publication the ad hoc commission on multimodal interdisciplinary pain therapy of the German Pain Society now presents a formula for a clear validation of these operationalization criteria of the ICD code F45.41.

[Acute inpatient multimodal pain therapy and rehabilitation: Framework conditions, tasks and differentiated patient allocation]. / Akutstationäre multimodale Schmerztherapie und Rehabilitation: Rahmenbedingungen, Aufgaben und differenzierte Patientenzuweisung.

Multimodal pain treatment programs are widely accepted as the medical treatment standard in the management of patients with chronic pain syndromes. The concepts and treatment strategies are based on the biopsychosocial model of pain and programs for early restoration of function. Although this concept is primarily implemented in the curative field, i.e. in hospitals for the treatment of patients with chronic pain diseases, modified programs based on the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) can now also be found in rehabilitation clinics. Despite the assumed similarities, significant differences in, for example the aims of the therapy and relevant structural and process variables have to be kept in mind when allocating patients to a program as provided by a hospital or a rehabilitation clinic. The aim of this article is to present the framework structures of both treatment levels with respect to the implementation of multimodal pain therapy programs and to elucidate the differential diagnostic approach to the indications.

[Multimodal pain therapy for treatment of chronic pain syndrome. Consensus paper of the ad hoc commission on multimodal interdisciplinary pain management of the German Pain Society on treatment contents]. / Multimodale Schmerztherapie für die Behandlung chronischer Schmerzsyndrome. Ein Konsensuspapier der Ad-hoc-Kommission Multimodale interdisziplinäre Schmerztherapie der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft zu den Behandlungsinhalten.

Multimodal pain management is a comprehensive treatment of complex chronic pain syndromes. In addition to medical therapy various other specialized therapeutic interventions based on the biopsychosocial model of pain origin and chronic pain development, are added. During the last few years treatment centers for chronic pain have been established throughout Germany. Multimodal pain management has been included in the official catalogue of the recognized medical procedures for day clinic units as well as for inpatient pain management. In daily practice there is, however, still a lack of clarity and of consistency about the components that multimodal pain management should contain. This is the reason for the ad hoc commission on multimodal interdisciplinary pain management of the German Pain Society to propose the following position paper that has been worked out in a multilevel and interdisciplinary consensus process. The paper describes the mandatory treatment measures in the four core disciplines of multimodal pain management, pain medicine, psychotherapy, exercise therapy including physiotherapy and assistant medical professions including nurses.

[Multidisciplinary assessment for multimodal pain therapy. Indications and range of performance]. / Interdisziplinäres Assessment zur multimodalen Schmerztherapie. Indikation und Leistungsumfang.

According to evidence-based German national guidelines for non-specific low back pain, a broad multidisciplinary assessment is indicated after persisting pain experience of 6 weeks in order to check the indications for an multi- and interdisciplinary pain therapy program. In this paper the necessary topics, the content and the disciplines involved as well as the extent of the multidisciplinary assessment are described as developed by the ad hoc commission on multimodal pain therapy of the German Pain Society.

[Importance of education level for effectiveness of multimodal pain therapy]. / Bedeutung des Bildungsniveaus für die Wirksamkeit der multimodalen Schmerztherapie.

BACKGROUND: The recommended treatment for chronic pain is multidisciplinary with a cognitive approach. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the education level of patients was predictive of main outcome dimensions (pain intensity, disability, depression, physical functioning and return to work). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of 413 patients who participated in an in-patient multidisciplinary pain treatment program. All patients were studied at baseline and after 6 months. The aim was to find predictors for the changes in scores of outcome measures (from admission to follow-up). Possible predictors were educational level and other available variables that are considered prognostic of treatment outcome, including age, gender, body mass index, endurance of pain, pain intensity, depressive symptoms and work status. Classification trees were used to predict outcome variables. RESULTS: The outcome was markedly improved in the sampling collective at follow-up compared with baseline. Education was the best predictor of treatment outcome and affected 4 out of the 5 outcome dimensions analyzed. CONCLUSION: If education level proves to be an intervening variable in further research, education adjusted treatment programs should be developed and evaluated.

[Psychotherapy for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Systematic review, meta-analysis and guideline]. / Psychotherapie von Patienten mit Fibromyalgiesyndrom. Systematische Übersicht, Metaanalyse und Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: The scheduled update to the German S3 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften", AWMF; registration number 041/004) was planned starting in March 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the guidelines was coordinated by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy ("Deutsche Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie", DIVS), 9 scientific medical societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. Eight working groups with a total of 50 members were evenly balanced in terms of gender, medical field, potential conflicts of interest and hierarchical position in the medical and scientific fields. Literature searches were performed using the Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases (until December 2010). The grading of the strength of the evidence followed the scheme of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The recommendations were based on level of evidence, efficacy (meta-analysis of the outcomes pain, sleep, fatigue and health-related quality of life), acceptability (total dropout rate), risks (adverse events) and applicability of treatment modalities in the German health care system. The formulation and grading of recommendations was accomplished using a multi-step, formal consensus process. The guidelines were reviewed by the boards of the participating scientific medical societies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with aerobic exercise (multicomponent therapy) is strongly recommended. Relaxation as single therapy should not be applied. The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").

[Fibromyalgia syndrome. General principles and coordination of clinical care and patient education]. / Das Fibromyalgiesyndrom. Allgemeine Behandlungsgrundsätze, Versorgungskoordination und Patientenschulung.

BACKGROUND: The scheduled update to the German S3 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften", AWMF; registration number 041/004) was planned starting in March 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the guidelines was coordinated by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy ("Deutsche Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie", DIVS), 9 scientific medical societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. Eight working groups with a total of 50 members were evenly balanced in terms of gender, medical field, potential conflicts of interest and hierarchical position in the medical and scientific fields. Literature searches were performed using the Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases (until December 2010). The grading of the strength of the evidence followed the scheme of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The formulation and grading of recommendations was accomplished using a multi-step, formal consensus process. The guidelines were reviewed by the boards of the participating scientific medical societies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of FMS should be explicitly communicated with the afflicted individual. A step-wise treatment, depending on the severity of FMS and the responses to therapeutic measures, is recommended. Therapy should only be continued if the positive effects outweigh the side effects. The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").

[Structure and process quality of multimodal pain therapy. Results of a survey of pain therapy clinics]. / Struktur- und Prozessqualität multimodaler Schmerztherapie. Ergebnisse einer Befragung von schmerztherapeutischen Einrichtungen.

Multimodal therapy has demonstrated good clinical effectiveness in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes. However, within the German health system a comprehensive and nationwide access to multimodal therapy is not available and further improvement is therefore necessary. In order to analyze the current status of multimodal therapy and specifically its structural and procedural requirements and qualities, a survey was carried out in 37 pain clinics with established multimodal treatment programs. An anonymous questionnaire was used for data collection. Results demonstrated that a substantial accordance was found between all pain clinics concerning requirements for space, facilities and staff. Structured multidisciplinary assessments were carried out by all pain clinics even though the amount of time allocated for this varied widely. The main focus of multimodal therapy in all facilities was based on a common philosophy with a cognitive-behavioral approach to reduce patient helplessness and avoidance behavior and to increase physical and psychosocial activities as well as to strengthen self-efficacy. Some differences in the ways and means to achieve these goals could be demonstrated in the various programs.

[Multimodal pain therapy: principles and indications]. / Multimodale Schmerztherapie: Konzepte und Indikation.

Multimodal pain therapy describes an integrated multidisciplinary treatment in small groups with a closely coordinated therapeutical approach. Somatic and psychotherapeutic procedures cooperate with physical and psychological training programs. For chronic pain syndromes with complex somatic, psychological and social consequences, a therapeutic intensity of at least 100 hours is recommended. Under these conditions multimodal pain therapy has proven to be more effective than other kinds of treatment. If monodisciplinary and/or outpatient therapies fail, health insurance holders have a legitimate claim to this form of therapy.Medical indications are given for patients with chronic pain syndromes, but also if there is an elevated risk of chronic pain in the early stadium of the disease and aiming at delaying the process of chronification. Relative contraindications are a lack of motivation for behavioural change, severe mental disorders or psychopathologies and addiction problems. The availability of multimodal pain treatment centers in Germany is currently insufficient.

Enzymes of neutrophils in women with malignant tumors of reproductive organs.

Enzymatic equipment in peripheral blood neutrophils has been determined in 10 women with cervical carcinoma, 5 with carcinoma of the uterus body and 30 women with myomas of the uterus. Using cytochemical techniques the authors observed the intracellular deficiency of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase accompanied by diminished absolute count of the enzyme-positive cells as well as the beta-glucuronidase- and the myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils. Lowered activity of the myeloperoxidase was another pattern of cells in question. The acid phosphatase activity of neutrophils in the patients was significantly elevated. It has been suggested that observed intracellular deficiencies of selected enzymes within the neutrophils are of importance with regard to lowered antitumor activity of that cells operating mainly through the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system.

Indomethacin increases abortifacient effect of PGE2 in man.

Results of this study indicate that pretreatment with indomethacin significantly increases the abortifacient effect of an intravenous infusion of PGE2 in patients admitted for abortion as a result of fetal death in utero. Indomethacin pretreatment shortened the duration of PGE2-induced abortion in primigravid and multigravid groups of patients by about 4 and 2 hours respectively. When primigravid and multigravid groups were combined, the dose of PGE2 needed for complete delivery decreases in the indomethacin-treated group by 39.9%.

PIP: Pretreatment with indomethacin (INDO) significantly increased the abortifacient effect of prostaglandin (PG) E2 when administered intravenously to abort pregnancies with fetal death in utero. Of 31 cases trated with PGE2 alone, 24 aborted successfully and 7 were unsuccessful; when INDO was used with PGE2 in 30 fetal-death terminations, 28 cases were successful and 2 were not (P=.081). Duration of delivery was significantly shorter in pretreated (P .05 for multigravidas, and P .001 for primigravidas). In hours, the differences were 4 and 2 for primi- and multigravidas, respectively. Amount of PGE2 needed to induce the 1st uterine contraction, complete cervical dilatation, and deliver the fetus and placenta was smaller in the INDO-pretreated patients than in PGE2 alone patients (P .05 - P . 01). Blood loss was significantly less in the INDO group (P .01). INDO pretreatment did not affect the associated drop in systolic and diastolic pressures which occurs with PGE2 administration.