MARKERS OF THE PROSTATE BASAL LAYER CELLS ARE EFFECTIVE INDICATORS OF ITS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION.

Development of local or general forms of prostate cancer (PC) depends on formation of metastasis the biological nature of which is based on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). ÅÌÒ presents highly conservative reversible program that is maintained by specific transcription factors which suppress E-cadherin expression and support production of mesenchymal polarity factors. The goal of this work was to study the functionally distinct markers in malignant prostate tissue of patients with prostate cancer using the histological evaluation, reverse polymerase chain reaction and immunobloting. Our results showed that mostly evident alterations in prostate tissue of patients with prostate cancer were associated with the cells of basal layer. Expression levels of the markers of this layer: Å-cadherin and ÑK5, were decreased, while that of AMACR ­ increased. These results support an idea that the basal cells are primarily targeted during transformation and acquired the luminal phenotype in the course of the following differentiation. The functional analysis of these results may be performed in future using selected prostate cancer stem cells.

[Basal-luminal epithelial cell differentiation in prostate cancer is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and epithelium migration in the mesenchyme].

AIM: In patients with prostate cancer to trace the pathway of the malignant cells of the basal layer of the prostate epithelium during their differentiation into luminal cells and/or migration in the mesenchyme. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used histological and immunohistochemical staining of the markers of the basal layer of the prostate: cytokeratin 5 (CK5), E-cadherin and AMACR, and Western blot to assess the production of the same markers in epithelial and stromal compartments of malignant and normal prostate tissue in patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that prostate cancer is associated with losing of the basal epithelial layer in the prostate tumor tissue, which is accompanied by a complete loss of CK5 secretion, increased levels of E-cadherin and AMACR in luminal epithelium and the emergence of cells producing E-cadherin and AMACR in the stromal compartment of the prostate. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that in prostate cancer the transformation the basal layer of the epithelial cells is associated with their differentiation into luminal cells and migration into the surrounding mesenchyme due to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSION: Prostate cancer pathogenesis of associated with changes in epithelial cell pathways and the levels of the markers expression. Their assessment can be used for studying the disease mechanisms and seeking new diagnosis and treatment options.

[Cellular mechanisms of regeneration of rats' liver after experimental myocardial infarction].

Morphological changes and regeneration activity of the rats' liver after an experimental myocardial infarction (MI), caused by a permanent left coronary artery occlusion, were investigated. It has been shown that in 6 months after MI there were considerable changes of the rats' liver circulatory system: the quantity of vessels per unit of area increased by 118%, thickness of their walls by 19%, and the average square of vessels lumens by 159%. The percentage of connective tissue in 6 months after MI increased more than in one and a half time in comparison with control. Inflammatory and necrotic changes in rats' liver remained for 6 months after MI. The liver injury caused by MI led to activation of regeneration processes in its parenchyma. In 6 months after MI, the number of 4c- hepatocytes decreased by 12% in comparison with control, and the number of 4c x 2- and 8c-hepatocytes increased by 45 and 71%, respectively. The mean level of hepatocytes ploidy increased in 6 months after MI by 11%. The dry mass of rats' hepatocytes increased in 6 months after MI by 19% in comparison with control. Thus, liver regeneration after MI is more due to hepatocytes hypertrophy than to their polyploidization.

Heterogeneity of left ventricular cardiomyocytes from rat heart.

Contractile cardiomyocytes in various parts of the heart differ in shape, size, ploidy, and other parameters. However, it is not known whether their population is heterogeneous within each heart chamber. In this paper, dry weight and ploidy of cardiomyocytes were estimated in different parts of rat left ventricle. It was found that the dry weight of cardiomyocytes in medial part of left ventricular anterior wall is higher than in other parts of the ventricle. Cardiomyocyte ploidy is the same in different regions of the left ventricle.