Homoepitaxy of Boron Nitride on Exfoliated Hexagonal Boron Nitride Flakes.

Although large efforts have been made to improve the growth of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) by heteroepitaxy, the non-native substrates remain a fundamental factor that limits the quality. This problem can be solved by homoepitaxy, which is the growth of hBN on hBN substrates. In this report, we demonstrate the homoepitaxial growth of triangular BN grains on exfoliated hBN flakes by Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy and show by atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence that the stacking of these triangular islands can deviate from the AA' stacking of hBN. We show that the stacking order is enforced by the crystallographic direction of the edge of the exfoliated hBN flakes, with armchair edges allowing for centrosymmetric stacking, whereas zigzag edges lead to the growth of noncentrosymmetric BN polytypes. Our results indicate pathways to grow homoepitaxial BN with tunable layer stacking, which is required to induce piezoelectricity or ferroelectricity.

Effectiveness of the Bilateral and Bilevel Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) in Pediatric Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the effect of the ultrasound-guided bilateral and bilevel erector spinae plane block (ESPB) on pain scores, opioid requirement, intraoperative motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), and stress response to surgery expressed by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) versus standard analgesia methods following idiopathic scoliosis surgery. METHODS: This was a prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Sixty patients aged 10 to 18 years and physical status ASA 1 or 2 were randomized into 2 equal groups, each receiving an ESPB or sham block. The primary outcome was the pain scores (Numerical Rating Scale, NRS) within 48 hours after spinal correction and fusion surgery for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. The secondary outcomes were total opioid consumption, NLR, and PLR levels at 12 and 24 hours postoperatively and intraoperative MEPs. RESULTS: ESPB patients presented lower NRS scores, signifying less pain, at all time points (30, 60, 90, 120 min; and 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after surgery), all P <0.0001. The total opioid consumption, the incidence of nausea or vomiting, and the need for remifentanil and propofol during surgery were significantly lower in the ESPB group. The surgery-induced stress response expressed by NLR and PLR was considerably lower in the ESPB group. ESPB did not affect the intraoperative MEP's amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: ESPB is effective for postoperative analgesia, can reduce opioid consumption in patients undergoing scoliosis surgery, and reduces the stress response to surgery. ESPB does not interfere with neuromonitoring. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.

Epitaxial Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Hydrogen Generation by Radiolysis of Interfacial Water.

Hydrogen is an important building block in global strategies toward a future green energy system. To make this transition possible, intense scientific efforts are needed, also in the field of materials science. Two-dimensional crystals, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), are very promising in this regard, as it has been demonstrated that micrometer-sized flakes are excellent barriers to molecular hydrogen. However, it remains an open question whether large-area layers fabricated by industrially relevant methods preserve such promising properties. In this work, we show that electron-beam-induced splitting of water creates hBN bubbles that effectively store molecular hydrogen for weeks and under extreme mechanical deformation. We demonstrate that epitaxial hBN allows direct visualization and monitoring of the process of hydrogen generation by radiolysis of interfacial water. Our findings show that hBN is not only a potential candidate for hydrogen storage but also holds promise for the development of unconventional hydrogen production schemes.

Structure Effects on Swelling Properties of Hydrogels Based on Sodium Alginate and Acrylic Polymers.

Hydrogels based on sodium alginate (SA) and partially neutralised poly(acrylic acid) were obtained by radical polymerisation. The hydrogels were cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), simultaneously grafting the resulting polymer onto SA. The findings of the FTIR spectroscopy showed that all of the hydrogels were effectively synthesized and sodium alginate was chemically bonded with the poly(sodium acrylate) matrix. DSC analysis of the melting heat and glass transition parameters indicated that the hydrogel structure had changed as a result of the cross-linking process. Sodium alginate and MBA were tested at different concentrations to determine how they affected the hydrogel properties. A very high content of the biopolymer, i.e., sodium alginate, was used in our research, up to 33 wt%. This resulted in durable and stable hydrogels with a very high ability to uptake water, comparable to hydrogels based on synthetic polymers only. The ability to swell is inversely proportional to the quantity of MBA present. By increasing the amount of sodium alginate in the hydrogel, the ability of the hydrogel to absorb water is reduced. However, water uptake remains relatively high at 350 g·g-1, even for the hydrogel with the highest SA content.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels following erector spinae plane block (ESPB) in posterior lumbar decompression: a randomized, controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Neutrophile-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are the inflammatory biomarkers of the stress response. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of erector spinae plane block (ESPB) on posterior lumbar decompression and stabilization by comparing NLR, PLR, postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and functional recovery between sham block and ESPB. METHODS: This was a prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial in a tertiary referral hospital. Sixty patients were randomized into two equal groups, each receiving either a sham block or ESPB. The primary outcome was the NLR and PLR 12 h and 24 h after lumbar posterior decompression and stabilization. The secondary outcomes were total opioid consumption and pain score 24 h postoperatively. Also, functional recovery determined by getting out of bed, verticalization, and walking by the balcony were reviewed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Significant differences existed between the sham block and ESPB group in NLR (29.08 ± 12.29 vs. 16.97 ± 10.38; p < 0.0001) and PLR (556.77 ± 110.32 vs. 346.43 ± 117.34; p < 0.0001) 12 h after surgery. Also, there was a significant difference in NLR (p = 0.0466) and PLR (p < 0.0001) 24 h after surgery. In addition, there was a substantial difference in pain score, total opioid consumption, and functional recovery. CONCLUSION: ESPB performance during spinal surgery lowers NRL and PLR ratios 12 h and 24 h after surgery. In addition, ESPB provides better analgesia and improves functional recovery compared to sham block following posterior lumbar decompression and stabilization.

Revisional bariatric surgery after adjustable gastric band: a multicenter Polish Revision Obesity Surgery Study (PROSS).

BACKGROUND: Adjustable gastric band (AGB) hadbeen the preferred treatment for morbid obesity because it is minimally invasive and reversible. But now it seems to be slowly becoming a historic procedure due to the disappointing effects. The aim of the study was to systematize and present the available data on revisional bariatric surgery (RBS) after AGB among Polish patients. METHODS: It is a multicenter, retrospective analysis of patients undergoing laparoscopic RBS after AGB in 12 Polish bariatric centers. The database included patient demographics, comorbidities and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: The group consisted of 234 patients who underwent AGB, which accounted for 29% of revisional cases recorded in the Polish Revisional Obesity Surgery Study (PROSS). 195 were women (83%), and 39 were men (17%). One hundred seventy-five patients after AGB experienced a weight regain (74.5%), 36 patients a gastric band slippage (15.0%), 14 patients had gastric band intolerance (6.0%). Types of RBS included 116 sleeve gastrectomies (SG) (49.4%), 86 Roux-en Y gastric by-passes (RYGB) (36.6%), 20 one anastomosis gastric by-passes (OAGB) (8,5%). The highest weight loss expressed as %EBMIL was observed after OAGB (63.5 ± 32.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The main indication for RBS after AGB was weight regain. SG was the most frequently chosen type of RBS after AGB. RBS after AGB leads to weight loss and improvement in type 2 diabetes and hypertension with an acceptable low risk of complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05108532.

Bilateral Bi-Level Erector Spinae Plane Blocks as a Part of Opioid-Sparing Multimodal Analgesia in Scoliosis Surgery: A Case Series of Six Pediatric Patients.

Background and Aim: Postoperative pain after scoliosis surgery is severe and usually requires long-term intravenous opioid therapy. Local anesthetic options, such as wound infiltration, are limited and include neuraxial analgesia. However, they are rarely used due to side effects and inconsistent efficacy. We report an opioid-sparing multimodal analgesia regimen with bilateral erector spinae plane blocks. This case series evaluated the analgesic effect of the bilateral bi-level erector spinae plane blocks (ESP) in congenital and neurogenic scoliosis surgery. Patients and Methods: Six pediatric patients with congenital or neurogenic scoliosis underwent posterior spinal fusion involving 5 to 12 vertebral levels. Bilateral single-injection ESPB was performed at one or two levels before incision. Preoperatively, patients received intravenous dexamethasone. General anesthesia with endotracheal intubation and volume-controlled ventilation was performed via TIVA with remifentanil and propofol. During and after the procedure, the basic hemodynamic parameters, opioid consumption, pain scores (numerical rating scale/NRS), and possible block complications were monitored. Results: All the patients experienced minimal postoperative pain levels. In addition, on the first day after surgery, they had low opioid requirements with no side effects. Conclusions: ESPB in patients undergoing congenital and neurogenic scoliosis correction surgery seems to be an essential analgesic technique that may reduce both severities of pain and opioid consumption.

High-Molecular-Weight Polyampholytes Synthesized via Daylight-Induced, Initiator-Free Radical Polymerization of Renewable Itaconic Acid.

Herein, it is reported for the first time that when mixed with choline chloride, itaconic acid (IA), normally a low-reactive vinyl monomer, undergoes initiator-free radical polymerization under normal daylight. Furthermore, the process results in the formation of abnormally high-molecular-weight poly(itaconic acid) derivatives with Mw greater than ≈800 000 g mol-1 . Detailed 1D/2D NMR studies indicate that the polymers have two types of ionizable moieties, that is, anionic carboxylic and cationic choline ester groups in an average molar ratio of 12:1. Potentiometric titration shows polyampholyte behavior of the polymers. Tentative mechanistic studies reveal that the daylight-induced polymerization is initiated by species generated via interactions of near UV light with IA. However, EPR findings show that choline also participates in secondary radical reactions. The obtained polyampholytes are useful bio-based materials for fast and straightforward fabrication of polymer-clay nanocomposite hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties.

Growth of highly oriented MoS2via an intercalation process in the graphene/SiC(0001) system.

A method of growing highly oriented MoS2 is presented. First, a Mo film is deposited on a graphene/SiC(0001) substrate and the subsequent annealing of it at 750 °C leads to intercalation of Mo underneath the graphene layer, which is confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements. Formation of highly oriented MoS2 layers is then achieved by sulfurization of the graphene/Mo/SiC system using H2S gas. X-ray diffraction reveals that the MoS2 layers are highly oriented and parallel to the underlying SiC substrate surface. Further SIMS experiments reveal that the intercalation process occurs via the atomic step edges of SiC and Mo and S atoms gradually diffuse along SiC atomic terraces leading to the creation of the MoS2 layer. This observation can be explained by a mechanism of highly oriented growth of MoS2: nucleation of the crystalline MoS2 phase occurs underneath the graphene planes covering the flat parts of SiC steps and Mo and S atoms create crystallization fronts moving along terraces.

Hepatic chemerin mRNA in morbidly obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate hepatic chemerin mRNA, serum chemerin concentration, and immunohistochemical staining for chemerin and and chemokine receptor-like 1 (CMKLR1) in hepatic tissue in 56 morbidly obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to search for a relationship with metabolic and histopathological features. Chemerin mRNA was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, chemerin, and CMKLR1 immunohistochemical expression with specific antibodies, while serum chemerin concentration was assessed with commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum chemerin concentration reached 874.1 ±234.6 ng/ml. There was no difference in serum chemerin levels between patients with BMI < 40 kg/m2 and ≥ 40 kg/m2. Serum chemerin concentration tended to be higher in patients with hepatocyte ballooning, greater extent of steatosis, and definite nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver chemerin mRNA was observed in all included patients and was markedly, but insignificantly, higher in those with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, hepatocyte ballooning, greater extent of steatosis, and definite NASH. Hepatic chemerin mRNA might be a predictor of hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and NAFLD activity score (NAS) but seemed not to be a primary driver regulating liver necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis. The lack of association between serum chemerin and hepatic chemerin mRNA may suggest that adipose tissue but not the liver is the main source of chemerin in morbidly obese women.

Vaspin mRNA levels in the liver of morbidly obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The aim of this study was to evaluate hepatic vaspin mRNA in morbidly obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to look for its relationships with metabolic and histopathological features. The study included 56 severely obese women who underwent intraoperative wedge liver biopsy during bariatric surgery. Hepatic vaspin mRNA was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Vaspin mRNA found in all included patients was markedly higher in patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2 (4.59 ±3.09 vs. 0.44 ±0.33; p = 0.05). An evident but statistically insignificant difference in vaspin mRNA levels was observed between patients with and without hepatocyte ballooning (4.77 ±4.23 vs. 0.45 ±0.29, respectively), with and without steatosis (4.80 ±4.20 vs. 0.41 ±0.29, respectively), without and with fibrosis (0.25 ±0.80 vs. 6.23 ±7.2, respectively), and those without and with lobular inflammation (0.27 ±1.0 vs. 5.55 ±10.1, respectively). There was marked difference in vaspin mRNA between patients with simple steatosis/borderline nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) compared to those with definite NASH (0.24 ±0.96 vs. 10.5 ±10.4). Adiposity is an undoubted confounding factor influencing vaspin levels. Hepatic vaspin mRNA seems to be markedly elevated in morbidly obese patients with more advanced NAFLD and when hallmarks of NASH were observed. Pointing to non-linear mRNA levels within the NAFLD spectrum and an evident increase in patients with fibrosis and definite NASH, the detrimental action of vaspin cannot be excluded.

[Diverticulosis of the proximal part of the jejunum causing intestinal obstruction - case report].

Diverticulosis is a rare disease with a multifactorial aetiology, with a large majority in the elderly. It is characterized by a mildly symptomatic and non-specific clinical symptom. Unequivocal diagnosis can be difficult and not always possible before intraoperative examination. Delayed diagnosis can result in life-threatening consequences such as intestinal perforation or hemorrhage. A case of an 86-year-old patient with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting lasting for 2 days was reported. In the physical examination of the deviation from the normal state, general abrasion, flatulence and tenderness were found in the mesogastric abdominal area. In the past 6 months, the patient reported weight loss and a change in bowel movements. In laboratory tests, low leucocytosis, with normal levels of C-reactive protein. Despite intensive treatment, no improvement in general condition was observed. Due to persistent abdominal pain and gastrointestinal symptoms, it was decided to perform reconnaissance laparotomy. Several diverticulae of the initial small intestine were found in the intestine at ca. 20 cm from the Treitz ligament. The intestines were decompress by cutting them. Due to localization of lesions, no inflammation, perforation or haemorrhage, age and general condition of the patient, resection of the diseased segment of the small intestine was rescued. Perioperative and postoperative course without complications. Patient was discharged home in good general condition 10 days after surgery.

Characteristics of polyaniline cobalt supported catalysts for epoxidation reactions.

A study of polyaniline (PANI) doping with various cobalt compounds, that is, cobalt(II) chloride, cobalt(II) acetate, and cobalt(II) salen, is presented. The catalysts were prepared by depositing cobalt compounds onto the polymer surface. PANI powders containing cobalt ions were obtained by one- or two-step method suspending PANI in the following acetonitrile/acetic acid solution or acetonitrile and then acetic acid solution. Moreover different ratios of Co(II) : PANI were studied. Catalysts obtained with both methods and at all ratios were investigated using various techniques including AAS and XPS spectroscopy. The optimum conditions for preparation of PANI/Co catalysts were established. Catalytic activity of polyaniline cobalt(II) supported catalysts was tested in dec-1-ene epoxidation with molecular oxygen at room temperature. The relationship between the amount of cobalt species, measured with both AAS and XPS techniques, and the activity of PANI-Co catalysts has been established.

Morphine (10, 20 mg) in a Postoperative Dressing Used with Patients After Surgical Debridement of Burn Wounds: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: This is the first clinical trial to evaluate the analgesic effect of 10 and 20 mg of morphine used in a postoperative dressing with patients after surgical debridement of burn wounds. Approach: In this randomized controlled trial, 20 adult patients with third-degree flame burns, who had undergone surgical debridement under general anesthesia, were randomly assigned to either group A, whose members were treated with a burn dressing that contained 10 mg of morphine, or group B, whose members were treated with a burn dressing that contained 20 mg of morphine; the dressing was also soaked with octenidine and phenoxyethanol in the case of both groups. The plasma morphine concentrations were measured 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after surgery, while the level of pain intensity was determined on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS), and the occurrence of side effects was observed. Results: The serum morphine concentration levels were very low, but statistically different between the two groups at all time points. The NRS value was similar in both groups at all time points (p > 0.05). Despite this, in group B, the NRS value was 0 in all patients in postoperative hours 1, 2, and 3. No adverse effect of morphine sulfate was observed in any patient. Innovation: This project is the first clinical study to have demonstrated that morphine administered in dressings in concentrations of 0.02-0.08 mg/mL significantly reduces the occurrence of pain. Conclusion: The use of morphine in dressings after surgical treatment of burn wounds is very effective when it comes to pain management and is safe for the patient.

Factors contributing to weight loss success after bariatric procedures in patient over 65 years old: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although bariatric surgery in patients over 65 years of age gives comparable results to treatment in the younger population, there are still controversies regarding the indications for surgery, risk assessment, and choice between different types of surgery. The study aimed to identify the factors contributing to weight loss success after bariatric surgery in patients over 65 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, multicenter cohort study of patients with obesity aged over 65 years undergoing primary laparoscopic bariatric surgery in the years 2008-2022. Data came from 11 bariatric centers. Patients were divided into two groups: responders (R) who achieved more than 50% EWL and nonresponders (NR) who achieved less than 50% EWL. Both groups were compared. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of weight loss success. RESULTS: Out of 274 analyzed patients, the average BMI before surgery was 42.9 kg/m 2 . The most common obesity-related diseases were hypertension (85.1%) and type 2 diabetes (53.3%). Sleeve gastrectomy was the most frequently performed procedure (85.4%). Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed preoperative BMI (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.82-0.98, P =0.02), duration of diabetes >10 years (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.09-0.82, P =0.02), balloon placement (OR=10.6, 95% CI: 1.33-84.83, P =0.03), time since first visit (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.84-0.99, P =0.04), preoperative weight loss (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.86-0.98, P =0.01), and OAGB (OR=15.7, 95% CI: 1.71-143.99, P =0.02) to have a significant impact on weight loss success 1 year after bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with higher preoperative weight loss may have a poorer response to surgery. OAGB emerged as the most beneficial type of surgery in terms of weight loss. Intragastric balloon placement before surgery may be effective in patients above 65 years of age and may be considered as a two-stage approach.

Dexamethasone as a perineural adjuvant to a ropivacaine popliteal sciatic nerve block for pediatric foot surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the effect of perineural dexamethasone on block duration, opioid requirement, blood glucose levels, and stress response to surgery as measured by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), following pediatric foot and ankle surgery. METHODS: In this parallel, double-blinded randomized controlled trial, 90 children (ages 2-5 years, >5 kg) scheduled for foot or ankle surgery under spinal anesthesia with ultrasound-guided single-shot popliteal sciatic nerve block were randomized into 3 groups: 0.5% ropivacaine with saline (control), 0.5% ropivacaine plus dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg (DEX0.1), and 0.5% ropivacaine plus dexamethasone 0.05 mg/kg (DEX0.05). Primary outcome was the time to first rescue opioid analgesia. Secondary outcomes included motor block duration, pain scores, NLR, PLR, and blood glucose levels. RESULTS: Time to first rescue opioid analgesia was significantly longer in the DEX0.1 group compared with the DEX0.05 group (18.4 hours, SD 2.6 hours vs 16 hours, SD 2.8 hours), with a mean difference of 2.2 hours (95% CI 0.7 to 3.6), p<0.01; and the control group (8.5 hours, SD 1.5 hours), with a mean difference of -9.9 (95% CI -11.4 to -8.4), p<0.001. Motor block was significantly longer in the DEX0.1 group (17.3 hours, SD 2.5 hours) compared with the DEX0.05 (15.2 hours, SD 2.7 hours; p<0.01) and control groups (7.8±1.1, p<0.001). Total opioid consumption was significantly lower in the DEX0.1 group compared with the control group (p=0.01). NLR, PLR, and glucose levels did not differ significantly between the groups at baseline, 24 hours, and 48 hours post surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Perineural dexamethasone significantly prolonged postoperative motor block duration and did not influence blood glucose, NLR, or PLR levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT06086418.

Analgesic Efficacy of Oxycodone in Postoperative Dressings after Surgical Treatment of Burn Wounds: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the analgesic efficacy of oxycodone at doses of 10 mg and 20 mg in dressings after surgery of burn wounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty adult patients who underwent surgical treatment of third-degree burn wounds under general anaesthesia were included. Burn wounds were treated with dressings, to which oxycodone was added at 20 mg in Group 1 and 10 mg in Group 2. After the surgery, plasma oxycodone and noroxycodone concentrations were assayed, and pain intensity was assessed with Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). RESULTS: In Group 1, no patient reported pain; in Group 2, four patients reported pain. The pain intensity, according to NRS, was 1-8. Plasma concentration of oxycodone in the blood serum was in the range of 1.24-3.15 ng/mL and 1.09-1.28 ng/mL in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Noroxycodone was not detected in the plasma. Adverse effects were not observed in any of the treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Oxycodone in dressings provides patients with adequate and safe analgesia.

Periarticular injection, iPACK block, and peripheral nerve block in pain management after total knee arthroplasty: a structured narrative review.

INTRODUCTION: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is commonly performed in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis of the knee to reduce joint pain, increase mobility, and improve quality of life. However, TKA is associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain, which remains a significant clinical challenge. Surgeon-administered PAI and anesthesiologist-administered iPACK have proven viable alternatives to conventional peripheral nerve blocks. This review aims to discuss which IPACK block or periarticular injection, combined or not with different peripheral nerve blocks, has better effects on postoperative rehabilitation, patient satisfaction, and overall outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature review was performed on standards of care, current therapeutic options, a pain management protocol, and innovative treatment options for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The literature was reviewed through four electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Embase. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 694 articles. Fifty relevant articles were selected based on relevance, recentness, search quality, and citations. Six studies compared PAI to peripheral nerve block (PNB), and eight studies checked the effectiveness of adding PNB to PAI. Three studies compared iPACK to PNB, and ten reviewed the point of adding PNB to iPACK. CONCLUSIONS: The literature review indicates that the best analgesic effect is obtained by combining PAI or iPACK with a peripheral nerve block, particularly with ACB, due to its analgesic, motor-sparing effect, and satisfactory analgesia.

Pain Management and Functional Recovery after Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block for Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The immediate postoperative period after total hip arthroplasty can be associated with significant pain. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of pericapsular nerve block on pain management and functional recovery after total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 489 adult patients scheduled for total hip arthroplasty, ASA 1-2, operated under spinal analgesia. Participants were assigned to receive either a pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine or a sham block. RESULTS: The primary outcome measure was the postoperative NRS score in motion. The secondary outcomes were cumulative opioid consumption, the time to the first opioid, and functional recovery. Demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Intraoperative pain scores were significantly lower in patients who received the PENG block than in the control group (p < 0.0001). Also, the time to the first opioid was considerably longer in the PENG group (p < 0.0001). Additionally, 24% of PENG patients did not require opioids (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The pericapsular nerve group showed significantly decreased opioid consumption and improved functional recovery. Pericapsular nerve group block improved pain management and postoperative functional recovery following total hip arthroplasty.

Pericapsular Nerves Group (PENG) Block in Children under Five Years of Age for Analgesia in Surgery for Hip Dysplasia: Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: The Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block is a novel technique that allows for analgesia of the anterior hip capsule via the articular branches of the accessory obturator nerve and femoral nerve, which have a significant role in the innervation of the hip capsule. A PENG (Pericapsular Nerves Group) blockade is effective in both adult and pediatric patients. However, no studies on patients under five are available in the literature. Herein, we describe our experience with two pediatric patients with hip dysplasia. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of the pericapsular nerves group (PENG) in preschool children undergoing hip surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included two patients, aged 4 and 2 years old, who were qualified for hip surgery. Spinal or general anesthesia with the addition of a PENG block was performed. During the procedure, the basic hemodynamic parameters were monitored. The pain was assessed using the FALCC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale) score. A dose of 15 mg/kg-1 of metamizole was administered if the FLACC score was 3. In the case of a score of 4 on the FLACC scale, the application of 0.2 mg/kg-1 of nalbuphine was ordered. RESULTS: After the surgery, the patients received 15 mg/kg-1 IV paracetamol every 6 h to prevent rebound pain. The patient's hemodynamic parameters were stable and within normal range. In the first 24 h period, the FLACC scores from all patients ranged from 0 to 3. One patient required metamizole 12 h after surgery. No evidence of block complications was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This case series showed that the PENG block assured opioid-free pain management and provided adequate postoperative analgesia. However, we are convinced that future randomized, controlled trials are needed in this field.