[Clinical and laboratory parameters and pathomorphological features of the lungs in patients who have had COVID-19 viral pneumonia]. / Kliniko-laboratornye pokazateli i patomorfologicheskie osobennosti legkikh u patsientov, perenesshikh virusnuyu pnevmoniyu COVID-19.

Post-Covid syndrome is characterized by general somatic manifestations, changes in the psycho-emotional sphere, cognitive disorders, disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory systems and excretory function. However, there is little information in the literature about the mechanisms of thanatogenesis in patients who have had COVID-19. An analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters and pathomorphological changes was carried out in 9 autopsy cases of patients who had previously suffered a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The age of the deceased ranged from 80 to 96 years. At the time of hospitalization, the concentration of IgG varied from 32.61 to 1013.5 RLU, IgM - from 0.29 to 16.98 U/ml. The period from clinical diagnosis to death ranged from 12 to 46 days, and the time from clinical recovery (negative polymerase chain reaction) to death ranged from 2 to 30 days. In all cases, unresolved viral pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage (exudative-proliferative phase) were diagnosed.

[Shaping approaches to standardization of oropharynx mucous membrane assessment of immunological parameters]. / Formirovanie podkhodov k standartizatsii issledovaniya immunologicheskikh parametrov slizistoi obolochki rotoglotki.

Basis of acute pharyngitis pathogenesis is an inflammatory process at the entrance gate of the infection. Therefore, local immunity study proves to be the most informative. Difficulty in making that type of assessment is lack of generally accepted reference values and biological sampling techniques. OBJECTIVE: Validation of biological sampling techniques to study the parameters of local mucosal immunity in oropharynx acute inflammatory diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 people with acute catarrhal pharyngitis with intoxication syndrome were examined. The sampling was carried out in 7 different ways. 1. Collect saliva samples using the passive drool collection method. 2. Collect saliva, using cotton swabs placed into the mouth for 3 minutes. 3. Cotton swabs wrapped around a metal probe was placed on palatine tonsils and lateral walls of the oropharynx. 4. Instead of a cotton swab, a disc of laboratory filter paper with a diameter of 0.7 cm was used. 5. Scrape by the mucous membrane of the palatine tonsils and lateral walls of the oropharynx were made with a cytobrush. 6. Using a cytobrush, scrapings were made from the mucous membrane of only the posterior pharyngeal wall, excluding the region of the palatine tonsils. 7. Using a cytobrush to make scrapings from the only palatine tonsils mucous membrane. RT-PCR was used to determine IL-1ß mRNA. RESULTS: Minimal IL-1ß mRNA values were detected in saliva collected by passive flow (0.095 [0; 3.45] units) and on a cotton swab (0.21 [0.1; 3.82] units). IL-1ß mRNA in the material collected by methods No. 3 and No. 4 on a cotton swab and a paper disk did not differ significantly from each other. Its level was higher than in saliva and lower than in scrapings. The maximum result was revealed with method No. 5 when simultaneously taking scrapings from the palatine tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall mucous membrane (4.76 [0.92; 8.13] units). The expression of IL-1ß mRNA in the material obtained by methods No. 6 and No. 7 did not differ significantly from each other. CONCLUSION: Separated scrapings collecting from the palatine tonsils or posterior pharyngeal wall mucous membrane will allow assessing the inflammatory response autonomously in the lymphoid tissue and separately on the mucosa of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The mucosal scraping technique was the most effective for assessing cytokines in the oropharyngeal mucosal membrane.

Collagen Hydrolysis Products Reduce the Formation of Stress-Induced Ulcers by Regulating Stress-Associated Activation of the Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems.

We studied the effect of collagen fragments (PGP and AcPGP) on serum content of epinephrine, corticosterone, and IL-1ß in rats subjected to water-immersion stress. The degree of local inflammation accompanying ulceration was assessed by IL-1ß production by ln. gastricus caudalis cells. In 1 h, the sharp increase in hormone concentrations in the blood of stressed animals reflected the high stress intensity. Intranasal administration of PGP reduced the area of stress-induced ulcers by 63%, prevented the increase in the levels of stress hormones and the main proinflammatory cytokine in rat blood. The concentrations of IL-1ß in cell culture from regional lymph node of experimental animals returned to normal in 24 and 48 h after the stress. Acetylation of PGP prevents with gastroprotection, but does not abrogate other properties of the peptide.

Production of Brewster angle thin film polarizers using a ZrO2/SiO2 pair of materials.

The production of polarizers for high-intensity applications based on a ZrO2/SiO2 pair of thin film materials is discussed. A special approach to accurate determination of a ZrO2 refractive index and the application of direct broadband optical monitoring enable obtaining good manufacturing results.

[Effect of External Irradiation and Immobilization Stress on the Reproductive System of Male Rats].

We studied the state of the reproductive system of male rats after irradiation at a dose of 2.0 Gy, immobilization stress (6 hours/day for 7 days) and their combined effects. On the 30th day after the combined treatment (37 days after irradiation) a decrease in the testicular weight by almost 50% compared with the control and lesions connected with the process of spermatogenesis are observed. In the remote period--on the 60th day (67th after irradiation) the effect of irradiation and irradiation in combination with immobilization stress leads to a sharp drop in the number of epididymal sperm (up to 18% of the control), and a reduction of their viability. The reaction ofthe reproductive system to the immobilization stress is expressed in a certain increase in the mass of the testes and epididymis, moderate imbalances in the composition of spermatogenic cells in the testis tissue, and in the long term--in the increased number of epididymal sperm and the decrease in their viability. Changes of testosterone in the blood serum, especially significant for the combined effect, reflect impairments of the regulation of the reproductive system of males under these conditions. With regard to individual indicators of the reproductive system of male rats in some cases, the- combined effects of radiation and stress had a synergistic, or, on the contrary, antagonistic character.

Antiproliferative Effects of Modified Bioflavonoid in Ex Vivo Model.

We studied the effect of modified bioflavonoid and reference drug quercetin dihydrate on proliferation of mononuclears triggered by T- and B-cell mitogens. Lymphocytes were in vivo pretreated with the examined agents followed by their explantation and in vitro activation with T- and B-cell mitogens in cell culture. Intraperitoneal injection of modified bioflavonoid and quercetin dihydrate produced a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of the in vitroactivated splenocytes; modified bioflavonoid demonstrated higher antiproliferative activity.

[Sex differences in the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum blood lipids in health youth.

Correlations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D, serum concentration with the blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and apolipoprotein E were analyzed in young non-overweight men (n = 40) and females (n = 61) aged 14­23 having no excess body mass. The measured variables have been standardized within each of four locality groups. The spearman rank correlation coefficients of 25(OH)D were Rsp = 0.306 (p = 0.017) with TC in females, and Rsp =­0.372 (p = 0.018).

[CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CARDIAC BIOMARKERS INCREASING AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS IN SURGERY WITH CARDIO-PULMONARY BYPASS.]

BACKGROUND: Levelfor cardiac troponin I (TrI) and MB-fraction of creatine kinase (CKMB) increases in cardiomyocyte necrosis, and B-type natriuretic peptide (of BNP) increasing reflects ventricular overload. THE AIM: to study the dynamics of BNP, TRI and CKMV in myocardial revascularisation with cardio-pulmonary bypass and to evaluate the clinical significance of these biomarkers elevated levels and establishing the relationship between BNP and markers of myocardial damage in the perioperative period Materials and methods. The study included 52 patients aged 62.5 (54.75; 70) years. Biomarkers concentrations was determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The initial value of BNP were 57.9 (38.675;88.5) pg/ml, and then increased (p<0,01): at the end of the operation up to 91.75 (59.6;132.75) pg/ml, at 1st day following surgery - up to 260 (157;407) pg/ml, and at 2nd day - up to 184 (115.25;274.5) pg/ml. TrI and CKMV increased (p<0,01) up to 0.95 (0.4175;1.4525) ng/ml and up to 13.1 (5.575;15.525) U/L at the end of surgery, and up to 1,355 (0.76;3.8) ng/ml and 10.5 (5;18.325) U/L at thr Istpostoperative day. Preoperative BNP level and TrI level at the end of surgery were the predictors (p

Evaluation of the Effect of Modified Bioflavonoid and Quercetin Dihydrate on Cytokine Secretion by Mitogen-Activated Mononuclear Cells.

An experimental study revealed the effect on modified bioflavonoid on the inhibition of secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2 by ConA-stimulated mononuclear cells. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the secretion of IL-17 and IL-6. Our results suggest the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells into Th1 and Th17 subpopulations. The reference drug quercetin dihydrate induced an insignificant change in the level of IL-2 and IL-6 and small increase in IFN-γ content. The content of IL-17 was shown to decrease above the detection limit.

Correlation analysis of cytokine gene expression changes and antiulcer effects of Pro-Gly-Pro and N-Acetyl-Pro-Gly-Pro in experimental models of ulceration.

Direct correlation of the cytokine gene expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (BMNCs) and gastric mucosa (GM) cells with the development of gastric ulcers of various etiologies was shown for the first time. Ethanol-induced ulceration causes an increased transcription of IFNa, IL-8, and IL-12 mRNA in BMNCs. GM damages caused by water immersion stress were accompanied by an increased transcription of TNFa. The sizes of acetate-induced damages were positively correlated with the expression of IL-10 and IL-8 genes in BMNCs and with the expression of IFNa, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF genes in GM cells. Intranasal administration of Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) reduced ethanol-induced ulceration, activating the transcription of IFNγ, IL-2, and IL-4 mRNA in BMNCs and prevents the formation of stress- and acetateinduced ulcers by inhibiting the expression of IL-8 and IL-10 genes, respectively.

[Microdialysis--a new method of monitoring of the transplanted cadaveric kidneys function].

PURPOSE: To assess ischemia-reperfusion injury of renal allograft by microdialysis. DESIGN: A pilot, single-center; prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 7 patients (4 males and 3 females, average age was 46.71 ± 6.53 years) after cadaveric kidney allograft transplantation (CKA) under general combined anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Microdialysis provides an opportunity of continuous monitoring of metabolic changes in the tissue of transplanted kidney. The main advantage of the monitoring by microdialysis is an opportunity of early identifying of ischemia-reperfusion complications. Thus, early assessment of CKA by microdialysis can be for the improving of patient's treatment in the early post operative period. Further clinical studies must be done to define the role of microdialysis.

[Role and place of ipidacrine in the therapy of diseases of the peripheral nervous system. The resolution of the expert council]. / Rol' i mesto ipidakrina v terapii zabolevanii perifericheskoi nervnoi sistemy. Rezolyutsiya Soveta ekspertov.

The resolution of the expert council is devoted to discussing aspects of the use of ipidacrine for the treatment of mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies and radiculopathies of various etiologies. Specialists prepared recommendations for ipidacrine's application in treating peripheral nervous system disorders.

[Tactics of surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis].

585 patients were operated on the reason of chronic pancreatitis. 246 patients received various drainig operations: cystojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis (n=97), longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy (n=86), external draining of the absceding postnecrotic cysts (n=51), internal draining (n=12). Resections of the pancreas were performed in 327 cases: Frey operation (n=83), Beger operation (n=46), pancreatoduodenal resection (n=61) - of them 55 were suspicious to cancer and 6 had pancreatic dystrophy. Distal resection of the pancreas was performed in 6 cases. 33 patients were operated on pseudoaneurisms, of the 12 patients received endovascular operations. Posoperative complications were registerd in 119 (20.3%) patients. 7 (1.2%) patients died.

Quantitative evaluation of learning and memory trace in studies of mnemotropic effects of immunotropic drugs.

Apart from restoration of disordered immunological parameters, tactivin and derinat exhibit a pronounced effect on the higher integrative functions of the brain. Experiments on Wistar rats have shown that these drugs accelerated conditioning of food and defense responses. New methods for quantitative evaluation of memory trace consolidation are proposed.

[The postoperative pancreatitis after the pancreatic surgery].

The results of 302 operations on the pancreas were analyzed: of them 107 were pancreatoduodenal resections; 67 were distal resections of the pancreas; 74 were various resections of the head of the pancreas and middle resections and 54 other operations. The postoperative pancreatitis was registered in 178 patients. The preventive use of the octreotide intraoperatively and in early postoperative period showed no influence on the frequency and severity of the postoperative pancreatitis. The ultrasound was the optimal screening diagnostig method, whereas the computed tomography was the best in pancreonecrosis diagnostics and the volume of the pancreatic tissue damaged. Of 178 patients with the postoperative pancreatitis 17 died, the lethality rate was 9.5%.

[Signal receptors of congenital immunity: a new molecular target for diagnostics and treatment of inflammatory diseases].

The discovery of signal receptors of congenital immunity (signal PRR) not only provided a novel view of basic aspects of pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases but also created a basis for the development of additional diagnostic criteria for these pathologies and new pharmaceuticals for their treatment. Reduced expression and function of PRR due to mutations/polymorphisms or epigenetic disturbances of regulation can be regarded as immunodeficient conditions manifest as severe infectious inflammatory diseases. In contrast, excessive expression and activation of PRR as a rule leads to chronic autoinflammatory, autoimmune, and atopic diseases involving adaptive immunity and aggression against own tissues and cells. Assessment of certain mutations in PRR genes, their expression and activation provides a powerful tool for in-depth diagnostics of inflammatory diseases. Simultaneously, new lines of immunostimulating and anti-inflammatory therapy are developed based on the knowledge of molecular physiology of PRR with the use of synthetic agonists and antagonists of signal PRR.

[Intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor of the pancreas: difficulties and mistakes of diagnostics and treatment].

15 patients with intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors (IPMT) of the pancreas were observed. Clinical manifestation corresponded with chronic pancreatitis. Ultrasound study, including endosonography, contrast-enhanced computer and magnetic resonance tomography were used in complex observation of the patients. Dilation of main or lateral pancreatic ducts, connection of tumor with pancreatic duct system and absence of septal calcinosis are typical signs in radiodiagnostics of IPMT. Visualization of parietal papillary proliferations and their contrast enhancement are undeniable signs f or neoplastic character of pancreatic duct dilation. Sensitivity of CT, MRТ and endoUS amounted accordingly 66, 83 and 88%. All patients were operated. Extent of operation was determined by morphological character, localization and size of the tumor (pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenal resection was carried out to 6 patients, distal resection including robot-assisted - to 7 patients, midline resection - to 1 patient, duodenum-preserving resection of head and body of pancreas - to 1 patient). Intraoperative urgent histologic study of pancreatic section was carried out by all means. Tumors with borderline degree of malignancy were detected in 4 cases.

[Surgical treatment of the unformed intestinal fistulae].

Treatment results of 5 patients with unformed intestinal fistulae are represented. High unformed intestinal fistulae are acknowledged to be completely unsuitable for conservative treatment and should be operated on. Complex treatment should include complete parenteral feeding, adequate fecal diversion with the use of aspirational drainage. Surgical treatment must be y the increase of fistula discharge or absence of fistula formation. Low intestinal fistulae should better be surgically dissected after their organization, otherwise urgent surgery is to be performed by complications development, such as purulent leakage into the abdominal cavity or severe wound infection.

[Ultrasound diagnosis of extrahepatic portal hypertension in chronic pancreatitis].

AIM: To evaluate the potential of the color duplex scanning in revealing of the portal hypertension in patients with chronic pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 94 patients with chronic pancreatitis were investigated. In 61 patients (65%) pancreatitis was complicated by extrahepatic portal hypertension (EHPH) and 31 patients (35%) were without signs of rising of the portal pressure. RESULTS: Investigations in B-regime have shown that in patients with EHPH chronic calculous pancreatitis was revealed in 48%, development of pancreatic hypertension in 75%, increase of the pancreas head up to more than 40 mm in 58% of patients. We did not reveal statistically significant differences in pseudo-cysts in pancreas, extension of extrahepatic and intrahepatic ducts and infiltrative changes in parapancreatic cellular tissue in patients with and without EHPH. A development of EHPH in 31 (51%) patients was preconditioned by an extravasal compression of veins of portal system, combination of extravasal compression with thrombosis was found in 11 (18%) patients, in 12 (20%) patients thrombosis of the magistral veins of portal system was revealed and in 7 (11%) patients hemodynamics was not changed. Resections were found to be preferable operations for recovery of portal circulation. Increase and normalization of portal circulation found after transversal section of pancreas (Beger operation, pancreo-duodenal resection, distal resection of pancreas). A tendency to normalization of the blood flow was observed after the Frey operation.

[Early activation of patients after myocardial revascularization as a means for optimization of cardiosurgical treatment].

Analyzing the commonest characteristics of early activation (EA) programs could objectively confirm the expediency of their wide introduction, by studying the commonest characteristics of EA as a means for improving anesthetic and resuscitative provision of surgery with extracorporeal circulation for coronary heart disease and postoperative rehabilitation.